MEĐUNARODNI SIMPOZIJUM GRAFIČKOG INŽENJERSTVA I DIZAJNA

Abstract:
This paper does not intend to be an exhaustive state of the art in the field of color differences. From the main concepts used in color-difference evaluation, this work tries to provide the reader critical information about the current status in this specific field of Colorimetry, which could be used as a guide for people working in different aspect of color but are not expert in the topic. In the paper, mainly written in a chronological order, a revision of both, some historically important and recent, color-difference formulae can be found. Since the recommendation of CIELAB, together with CIELUV, by the Commission International of Illumination (CIE) in 1978, many color difference formulae have been proposed. The last recommendations on industrial color-difference formulas by CIE, (i.e. the CIE94 and CIEDE2000 color-difference formulas) are considered. However, after the proposal of CIEDE2000 by the Technical Committee 1-47, in 2001, research and development of new equations continue, not only in CIELAB color space, as DIN99 formulas, but others as OSA-UCS color space, where OSA-GP color-difference formula. In the very last years, color differences and color appearance models have converged. Then, in the base of CIECAM02 have appeared color difference formulas with quite good performance.
Keywords:
CIELAB, CIE94, CIEDE2000, OSA-UCS, CIECAM02

Abstract:
Intensive changes in the development of information technology are an important generator of changes in various aspects of the human society and directly influences businesses. A pervasive technology and trend changes across the economy influences also the graphic arts industry. In the area of graphics technology the Drupa world fair is a four year milestone which outlines the future development trends. We are currently in the middle of this time interval which points out to certain financial and technological development trends and their impact. This paper tries to point out on important topics for the graphic engineering and design research area. The financial changes on the market induces structural changes in the leading manufacturers of printing equipment and the restructuring of media products. The number of classic printers has a decreasing trend while printing is more and more applied as an industrial manufacturing process of electronic and other digital device. New opportunities are opening with functional printing, 3D printing, multichannel publishing, green printing with the combination of innovations in packaging sector. Graphic arts companies have to broaden their scope and from production driven business model to adopt a more complex service based products with continual investment primarily in innovation and knowledge.
Keywords:
graphic industry, trends and changes, intelligent packaging

Abstract:
Graphic products containing information that can be recognized with infrared camera are introduced. Multicolor infrared printing that camouflages planned hidden graphics is developed. A hidden image that exists in reproduction is added, but can be visualized with the aim of ZRGB camera, and is scanned into Z record (Žiljak V. et al, 2012) (Žiljak V. 2013). Reproduction containing two images for two spectral domains can not be copied or altered, while todays scanning technique does not accept collectiveness of visual and infrared spectrum (Uglješić et al, 2014). Conventional banknotes and valuables as first and top rate graphic product contain only one infrared dye. INFRAREDGRAPHIC® makes possible a large number of tones on the same document in two set-up conditions: V-visual, and Z- infrared. The work approves merging of two graphics, where Z graphic is halftoned with new individualized stochastic screens, that are in function of high quality stealthy information in printing procedures. The proof for merging possibilities of two independent images is demonstrated in two extreme areas. First: camouflage military uniform with hidden graphics. Second example is micro infrared image containing textual information in invisible QR-code mode. Results of double security images are based on “twins theory” of colors. The work displays spectrograms of some twin colors that allowed successful appliance of investigations results of light absorption in visual and infrared spectrum.
Keywords:
security printing, IRDMark, hidden image, camouflage uniform

Abstract:
Microcapsules have been for many years successfully used in the graphic technology – printing processes. Their use has different purposes, depending on the type and structure, as well as filling. Many times microcapsules are added on the surface of different materials with simple padding or spraying techniques but we must not forget that printing is also one of the application possibilities. Regardless of their aim, microcapsules have been mainly applied to the surface of printing materials with flexo or screen printing, being mixed into the printing ink or varnish. The reason lies in the printing technology, which causes no damages to the microcapsules in the printing ink. Because other printing technologies have rarely been used, we wanted to conduct a research, which would include one of the most widely used printing technologies – offset. This technology applies inks or varnishes to the surface of paper substrates with rather high pressures between the printing rollers, which can cause damages to the microcapsules. This research presents the influence of microcapsule application in printing varnish and the results of structural and mechanical properties of printed paper substrates.
Keywords:
offset printing, varnish, microcapsules, printing

Abstract:
Nowadays, UV curable systems (inks, varnishes) are frequently used in printing industry. These systems can be classified according to the type of polymerization reactions as free radical and cationic. In the majority, UV inks and varnishes are based on free radical polymerization. This type of polymerization is characterized by very fast curing (fraction of seconds). On the other hand, the inhibition by atmospheric oxygen and worse adhesion of cured films to polymeric or metallic foils are the main disadvantages of free radical polymerizations. Cationic polymerization is not as fast as free radical polymerization and the final properties of cured film are obtainable approximately after 24 hours. Cationic systems are not inhibited by atmospheric oxygen and cured films have very good adhesion to various substrates. Disadvantage of cationic systems is their inhibition by air humidity and alkaline substances. Hybrid UV systems are simultaneously cured by free radical and cationic polymerization. Hybrid systems have lower sensitivity to inhibition by atmospheric oxygen and air humidity, thus the final film properties could be much better than those of systems cured by only free radical or cationic polymerization. The aim of this work was to study the polymerization reaction of hybrid systems and to compare them with systems polymerizing by only free radical or cationic polymerization. Hybrid systems were prepared from photoinitiators: Darocure 1173 (free radical photoinitiator) and Irgacure 250 (cationic photoinitiator), and monomers: pentaerythritol triacrylate (free radical polymerization) and Uvacure 1500 (epoxyde monomer, cationic polymerization). The molar ratio of monomers in hybrid systems was 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1. Concentration of photoinitiator was 3 mol% in all cases. The degree of conversion was evaluated based on results obtained from FTIR spectroscopy. The polymerization reaction of samples was observed for various UV doses (medium pressure mercury lamp as UV source) and the optimal UV dose was estimated from FTIR spectra. The results show that hybrid polymerization systems reached higher overall degree of conversion. For example, pure pentaerythritol triacrylate reached 51 % degree of conversion pure epoxyde monomer Uvacure 1500 reached 91 %. In hybrid system (1:1 molar ratio), pentaerythritol triacrylate reached 63 % degree of conversion and Uvacure 1500 reached degree of conversion of 85 %.
Keywords:
radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, hybrid polymerization

Abstract:
Microencapsulation technology has been initially used in the paper industry for the production of carbonless copy paper (with encapsulation of leuco dyes) and its use has been later transferred from its basic application purpose to other areas of use: microencapsulated perfumes in cosmetics, special coatings in textile industry and versatile application possibilities in graphic and printing industry, medicine, pharmacy, food industry, agriculture and even in construction, biotechnology etc. Various conditions of microencapsulation procedure have impact on the size, proportion of particles size, thickness and structure of walls and properties of microcapsules. Size and material used for the microencapsulation determine field of the application. The aim of this paper is to give a general introduction and overview on microcapsules and its use in industry with emphasis on graphic industry.
Keywords:
microcapsules, paper and graphic industry

Abstract:
Lithographic printing is characterized by the fact that the selective ink adsorption in the printing process is achieved by opposite physical-chemical properties of printing and nonprinting areas on the printing plate. The majority of the printing plates used in the offset printing are built from aluminium foil, which is chemically and electrochemically processed in order to form rough and porous aluminium-oxide film and in the end coated by a photoactive coating. The rough aluminium-oxide film will form nonprinting areas, and the photoactive coating forms printing areas. In the plate making process the plate is exposed to an electromagnetic radiation with certain wavelength and subsequently developed to remove parts of the photoactive coating and open the aluminium-oxide layer. The developing solutions are often highly alkaline and could as well dissolve the aluminium oxide layer, thus deteriorating its wetting characteristics. The aim of this paper is to determine influence of the developer saturation and developing time on the characteristics of a printing plate. For that purpose, printing plate samples were made by varying the investigated parameters. To evaluate the influence of considered parameters, contact angle measurements and determination of roughness parameters were performed. Results of the investigation showed that both, developer saturation and the developing time influence surface properties of the made printing plate. It could be concluded that for the investigated range of process parameters increase of the developer saturation and of the developing time increases the wetting characteristics of printing plate. In addition, future research is needed to investigate range of the developer saturation in which the noticed behaviour is occurring i.e. which developer saturation results in unacceptable printing plate’s surface properties.
Keywords:
printing plate, wetting, developing process, sodium metasilicate

Abstract:
Flexography today is printing process widely used in packaging domain. Due to its high printing speed and ability to print on variety of substrates, including flexible and nonporous printing materials, it found its place on highly demanding printing market, having tendency to become leading printing process in packaging industry, leaving behind gravure and offset printing. The technological improvements made in domain of anilox rollers, photopolymer plates and ink development has led to predictable and stable print quality, ready to answer almost any quality demands. One of the main advantages of flexo printing process is its flexible printing plate. But on the other hand, its advantage is at the same time one of the leading threats to insufficient final imprint quality. Being flexible, it influences printing image deformation caused by plate mounting and the pressure during printing. Thus proper and controlled printing plate reproduction is one of key factors which verily influence print quality. Although today CtP flexo plate making process is well known, the conventional plate making process, which evolves usage of negative film, is still frequently used. It is usually economically driven choice and it still gives satisfactory results concerning tone value reproduction. Regardless of used technology, the control over the plate making procedure is essential for stable, repeatable and satisfactory platemaking production in terms of aimed, high quality final printing product. The plate making procedure affects the final area and profile of the halftone dots and consequently, the amount of ink transferred to the substrate. Thus the research in domain of flexo printing plates is mostly aimed on defining tone value reproduction, dot shape, dot profile, dot shoulder angle and dot surface. In conventional flexo plate making process where negative film is used, these parameters are highly influenced by the characteristic of used film. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using different negative films on line and dot elements reproduction on conventional flexo printing plates. Beside different film making technology, two different screen rulings were applied. Three different negative films were used (ink-jet, matte and non-matte negative film), two different screen rulings (120 lpi and 150 lpi) and two flexo printing plates (Nyloflex Ace and Nyloflex FAR, both 1.14 and 2.84 mm thick).
Keywords:
film making technologies, conventional flexo plates, line and dot reproduction

Abstract:
Surface properties of the materials play very important role in their usability in many industries. The best example in graphic arts industry is lithographic printing where printing process is based on the opposite surface properties of the printing and nonprinting areas on the printing plate. Another aspect of the surface phenomena could be seen in the ink acceptance on the printing substrates in conventional and digital printing techniques. This makes determination of the surface properties and wetting characteristics of the solid materials and properties of the liquids very significant. Contact angle is the value which determines wetting characteristics between observed solid and liquid as liquid drop forms different shapes depending on the solid surface. It is known that formation of the liquid drop’s shape is a dynamic process. One differentiates two contact angle values, static one, measured when the drops shape is stable and dynamic one, where measurement of the contact angle is varying in time from applying the liquid on the solid surface. But beside time variation, one could measure advancing and receding contact angle when liquid is added and sucked back from the surface, respectively. The aim of this paper is to perform evaluation of the applicability of dynamic contact angle determination in characterization of the surface properties of graphic materials. For that purpose a set of the offset printing plate was prepared by immersing them into developing solution made of sodium metasilicate. Measurements of the time dependant and advancing and receding contact angle were performed by applying redistilled water on the image areas of the prepared printing plate samples. Results of the investigation showed that the time dependant contact angle is similar on all printing plate samples and is not depending on the value of the contact angle. The value of the contact angle hysteresis is smallest on the unprocessed printing plate, but it decreases by increasing the developing time. Obtained results showed that observing time dependant contact angle one could not detect all changes of the printing plate’s surface due to the chemical processing. The value of the contact angle hysteresis is implying the change of the surface roughness and therefore could be useful tool for the surface analysis of the printing plate. But to confirm that results, one should take further research including performing other methods for surface characterization to confirm usability of the dynamic contact angle in graphic materials characterization.
Keywords:
wetting, dynamic contact angle, printing plate, material characterization

Abstract:
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a standards-based technology used to provide short range wireless connectivity that carries secure two-way interactions between electronic devices. It works on the base of high frequency (HF) RFID technology. NFC has the advantage over the regular HF RFID technology because it allows wireless communication with or between common mobile devices like phones or tablets with integrated NFC chips. Present and anticipated applications of NFC technology include contactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi. Communication is also possible between a NFC device and a passive NFC tag. Depending on the type of the NFC tag’s chip it can have also a fully integrated various sensors for e.g. temperature or humidity tracking. This paper presents process of manufacturing NFC tag with integrated temperature sensor. Antenna design and simulation, process of screen printing and final NFC tags operability are described in experimental part. NFC tags were read by two devices, the classical reader and a mobile device – tablet. After operability testing, the tag’s operating frequency, real and imagined resistance and its capacitive or inductive nature was analyzed using network analyzer. The results have enabled us to see the characteristic of printed NFC tags, their strengths and weaknesses and the possibility to what extent mobile device can replace conventional reader.
Keywords:
NFC, HF, RFID, printed electronics, sensors, mobile phone

Abstract:
Due to the global economic situation and growing competition, both within the graphic arts industry as well as between print and other media, many printers are at present forced to look for the new markets beyond the traditional product types. Thanks to the recent intensive research and development, extending the functionality of printed products using digital technologies seems to be a promising way. A number of various products are on their way to customers, moving from scientific laboratories to the production. However, many of them are difficult to implement for a common printer, as they require investments into advanced technologies, special materials, and qualified staff. This work briefly summarizes the main options how to utilize digital features in printed products and their potential use in the near future with respect to their demands. Based on this comparison, the experiment was focused on the possibility to extend the functionality of printed matter by adding a marker for augmented reality (AR) and supplementary information in form of the common quick response (QR) code. The preparation and use of a model printed product featuring the AR markers for three freely accessible applications and QR code was examined to verify the required functionality at different conditions. Namely, the influence of marker size on the distance and angle of reading device needed for proper response was investigated. For all AR applications, the significant effect of the movement direction of both tablet and mobile phone was observed. The results are discussed with the respect to the anticipated end user requirements. Further, the attitude of printers in Central and Eastern Europe towards production of digital features or their employment in printed products was surveyed within the printing industry companies. The findings of the survey form the base for the planned aggregate study in European countries in scope of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action named New Possibilities for Print Media and Packaging – Combining Print with Digital.
Keywords:
augmented reality, marker, printed product

Abstract:
The presented study is focused on development of primary batteries as an energy source for developed RFID based Smart Label which is intended for monitoring of climate conditions. The developed battery is based on well-known Zn/MnO2 system, which is consisted of relatively cheap and environmentally friendly chemical substances. The energy requirements of Smart label are in interval 2 - 3 V, so experimental plan was focused on preparation of two serially connected cells. The study was oriented to development of technology where the most of the parts of battery should be fabricated by printing or coating technologies. As a main fabrication technique was used screen printing technique, because of the required layers thickness and ink viscosity, solid of ink respectively.
Keywords:
Printed battery, Zn, MnO2, electrolyte, screen printing, smart label, monitoring

Abstract:
The use of QR codes in textile printing is increasing because QR codes give the possibility to store greater amounts of data compared to bar codes, which insures wider possibilities for information storage. QR codes can be printed on textile using different printing techniques (screen, pad, as well as ink jet printing). Materials used in textile printing are often exposed to influence of different factors such as heat, UV light, moist, rain, washing, rubbing and etc. The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of washing treatment on readability of QR codes printed on textile materials, wherein the analyzed QR codes have different content, size, and level of data protection.
Keywords:
QR codes, textile printing, washing treatment

Abstract:
Printing on polyethylene foils is a long–term studied issue. In case the foil is used as a package for aggressive materials such as peat substrate, it begins to degrade, the optical properties change and often a significant reduction in the adhesion of the ink layer to a substrate occurs, which can result into abrasion due to handling of the packaged goods. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of light and thermal aging on the colour stability of the ink layer and the degradation processes in LDPE foils (monolayer and multilayer) and their possible correlation with poor adhesion of the ink to the substrate.
Keywords:
LDPE foil, flexographic inks, accelerated ageing, peat substrate

Abstract:
This paper deals with accelerated ageing of imitations of historical prints using black ink on paper substrates. Two types of black printing inks, containing bone black and lamp black, were used to print onto a handmade paper and machine made grand wood paper. The samples were exposed to heat, light and NO2 pollutions. Infrared spectroscopy using ATR technique, VIS reflectance spectroscopy and electron microscopy were used in sample analyses. Results shows, that the wet heat has the largest influence on colour changes of unprinted paper and paper imprinted by linseed oil, the clear binder. Infrared spectroscopy also shows changes in characteristic peaks of linseed oil, especially on samples exposed to wet heat.
Keywords:
black ink, heat ageing, light ageing, NO2 pollutions

Abstract:
Manufacturers today are using different textile materials for making clothes. Those materials can look the same, but in the same time, they can have significantly different characteristics. The material and its characteristics should allow clothes making that will meet the aesthetic, ergonomic and physiological requirements. Increase of the aesthetic value of clothing, nowadays, is often carried out with the process of printing. This paper presents the influence of parameters of digital printing, such as the number of passes and tone value, on thermo-physiological properties of different material composition. For research were used fabric made of 100% cotton fiber (100% CO), 100% polyester fibers (100% PES) and their mixture (50% CO / 50% PES). The influence of printing parameters on thermo-physiological properties of the material is evaluated through thermal resistance of textiles and textile resistance to the flow of water vapor as a parameter of a thermo-physiological comfort of clothing. The results showed that in addition to the process and printing parameters, a material composition also has a major influence on thermo-physiological properties of textile materials.
Keywords:
digital printing, textile materials, material composition, thermal resistance of textiles, textile resistance to the flow of water vapor

Abstract:
Due to the ecological concerns and difficulty in the treatment of packaging waste, biodegradable polymers can be good alternative to traditional polymer materials. Nowadays there are a lot of biodegradable materials on the market which have different properties and polylactide (PLA) is one of the most important. PLA as a thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources (such as corn starch or sugarcane) is printable with all conventional printing techniques and has high optical density, good scratch resistance and high dyne level without surface treatment. These properties position this material as a replacement for traditional petroleum-based polymers used in the packaging industry. PLA contains a methyl group as polypropylene (PP) and has the same carbonyl function group as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), these similarities may contribute to similar printing properties. The main purpose of this study was to observe the influence of aging on optical, mechanical and thermal properties of printed polylactide films. PLA films were printed and subjected to aging. Tensile strength and elongation at break tests were measured on a universal tensile testing machine before and after aging. After mechanical properties testing, surface of printed PLA films and the breaking area of printed samples were analysed in order to determine the degree of cracking and disordering of surface morphology. The optical microscopy was used for this purpose. The interaction between printing ink and PLA film was observed by scratch resistance and abrasion resistance tests. Spectrophotometric parameters were measured to determine how the optical properties of PLA films change with time do. Thermal properties of aged and unaged printed PLA films were obtained using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).
Keywords:
polylactide, mechanical properties, thermal properties.

Abstract:
Situated on the crossroad of various artistic and technical interests, photography represents an important part of everyday life for over 160 years. Its importance is accented by documentary character of the records, which increases steeply with time. To preserve the recorded information for the future, detailed knowledge of constitution of the numerous photographic processes is needed. The relevance of this topic is further emphasized by inherent quality of all photographic materials – low photostability. The aim of this work is to study spectral characteristics of original historical salted paper, albumen silver print, cyanotype and silver gelatin photographs from reference collection of the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and optical microscopy. Features of the original photographs were compared to the properties of model system samples, prepared according to instructions in historical photographic literature, a good correlation in infrared spectra between original and model samples was found. Although the diversity of photographic processes prevents from postulating an exact microscopy-based identification method, optical microscopy represents rapid, informative and low-cost method for basic categorization and evaluation of the state of preservation.
Keywords:
historical photography, infrared spectroscopy, identification

Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to review methods of molecular spectroscopy in studying the properties of graphical documents on paper support and basis and potential of chemometric methods, esp. factor analysis methods in processing of spectral data. The reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, Vis and NIR spectroscopy is discussed. Examples of applications of combination of spectroscopy methods with chemometric processing of spectral data are presented.
Keywords:
molecular spectroscopy, chemometry, graphical documents, iron gal inks

Abstract:
Protective packaging design and development have to take multiple considerations into account. These are the product’s requirements for protection, the protective properties of the designed package, as well as the balance between the cost of packaging and the product value. A variety of testing methods were developed in order to test for protection performance of packages with respect to shocks and vibrations. These require the making of test specimens and the use of vibration tables which are limited in the ability of reproducing shock pulses and vibrations encountered in the transport environment. On the other hand, there exist mathematical models capable of predicting protective performance of a package at fair accuracy. This paper gives an overview of such models and clarifies common misconceptions on their use. In particular, it clarifies the use of the SRS (Shock Response Spectrum) in the context of protective packaging and points out the distinction between its proper use for this purpose and the purpose it was originally developed for.
Keywords:
protective packaging, shock response spectrum

Abstract:
Forensic analysis of writing means is useful to classify documents if they are originals or forgeries. Material analysis is very important in this field, not only for writing means as well as for paper substrate. In this paper is introduced image analysis technique of writing means samples as a non-destructive analyzing methods against destructive analysis methods. The samples consist of three type of writing means: ball pens with paste, gel pens and ink pens. Image analysis methods consist of modulation transfer function, analysis of line spread function (line width), color coordinate calculation and analysis of fluorescence. Modulation transfer function (MTF) of the ink line edge gives information about its deformation based on paper quality and ink bleeding. Line spread function (LSF) describes line width and its deformation based on ink and paper quality. Color coordinates CIE L*a*b* calculation presents information about color of ink and ink variability on paper surface. The samples consist of micro lines and were digitized using microscopy. All image analyzing methods and colorimetry will be evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which is able transform too much variables to only a few variables (2 or 3 principal components) to identify the sample. Reduced variable space is than represented into 2D or 3D space for better visual identification of the samples.
Keywords:
forensic analysis, fluorescence, colorimetry, modulation transfer function

Abstract:
The folding process is one of the basic converting operations in graphic production and essentially it represents an extreme bending mechanism resulting in high and localized surface strains. If the surface layers become strained beyond their yield points, characteristic surface damages appear in form of crack lines along the folded edge of the paper which can lead to decreased aesthetic appearance of printed products or even to complete loss of functionality. Since the surface cracking of coated papers can have significant economic and environmental effects, the improvement of the fold cracking resistance of coated papers has become an important field of research. This study presents an instrumental analysis of fold-crack resistance of commercially available glossy coated paper conducted in order to determine the referent fold-crack measurements for the needs of developing a computer aided fold-crack evaluation method. The investigated papers are characterized by basis weight, thickness, ash content, surface roughness, tensile strength, tensile index and burst strength. For the fold-crack resistance evaluation methods based on residual tensile and burst strength of unfolded samples have been used. The obtained results showed that the residual tensile strength, as a commonly used fold-crack resistance assessment method can be employed for determination of overall surface damage amount, and due to the specific mechanism of Mullen-burst strength test it can derive relevant information about the structure of surface damages.
Keywords:
fold-cracking, coating, tensile strength, burst strength

Abstract:
In this study we made tests suitable for identifying potential problems related to lamination plastic layers that might occur when applying different metal inks and the results may provide assistance when choosing different types of ink that can be used in manufacturing of plastic cards in a reliable manner. Qualification analysis of processability of six screen inks of different colour and metallic outlook was carried out. Our examinations were primarily focused to screen printing inks, but as in the industrial practice it may happen that offset printing ink is applied on the screen printing ink layer, we carried out offset printing of a spot colour on the plastic foils screen printed previously. Based on measurement results of layer peel strength, layer adhesion, dynamic bending and torsion tests, it was established that out of the selected metal printing inks, the best laminating level can be achieved by using the gold coloured, UV curing two-component ink of Engler Company. It was also established that adhesion force between the layers of samples printed with screen inks only is higher than the adhesion force between the layers printed also with offset printing inks. Cause of this effect may be the ink layer applied during the wet offset printing process that interferes with fusing of the core and cover foils to a certain extent. This effect can be observed mainly at darker shades where tone value of the print elements is higher.
Keywords:
screen printing, metal printing inks, plastic cards

Abstract:
In this paper we present the first results of the research, attempted to enhance the basic CMYK colour gamut by adding two more colours (Orange and Green) for the accurate reproduction of Artwork material with the screen printing method. In fact, the basic principles of the HexachromeTM (Pantone Trademark) were used for offset reproduction (CMYKOG). The addition of the two inks provides better visual effect versus CMYK reproduction. The same observation could be stated by comparing the two colour spaces that were produced. The enlargement of the colour gamut by adding green (G) and bright orange (O) is obvious and the reproduction produces more bright and light colours compared to the CMYK colour gamut. The whole procedure included three basic challenges which are Ink formulation, Colour standardization and Moiré settlement in order to yield some fruitful results. Ink formulation For the ink preparation, the basic CMYK inks were used in order to be modified for the final production of the ChMhYhKh inks. It is obvious that HexachromeTM inks do not have the same colour characteristics with the CMYK inks that are used in common separations. For the modification of the 4 basic inks and the formulation of the orange (O) and green (G) inks that were finally used, some basic colour inks were used combined with some basic pigments such as Rodamine Red, Rubine Red and fluorescent pigments. Moiré settlement In the six-colour separation procedure the first technical issues occurred: raster angle, mesh angle, mesh count, undercutting effect were some of the problems that had to be considered. In the preliminary study many techniques were tested in order to reduce or to eliminate the moiré phenomenon. Finally a modified single angle printing technique was suggested and the moiré phenomenon was reduced, almost eliminated, in acceptable limits. Colour standardization For the colour standardization of the produced inks a Gretag MacBeth SpectroEye was used in order to depict the spectra and to measure the L*a*b* values of the produced inks. A colour differentiation (ΔΕ) between the HexachromeTM prototype targets and the screen printing formulated inks below 3,0 was defined as the acceptable colour error limit. The results of this study were encouraging and gave us the opportunity to standardize the screen printing reproduction of an Artwork without taking into account the Artwork itself but the methodology that was developed. As it was shown most Artworks could be reproduced with high colour accuracy depending on the methodology but not the Prototype material that was used. The colour gamut of the Artwork that was reproduced was satisfactory extended in comparison to the classical four colour screen printing reproduction.
Keywords:
HexachromeTM, Screen printing, Artwork reproduction, Ink formulation, Accurate colour reproduction

Abstract:
Printed packaging surely is the most perspective field of graphic technology. Packaging is the crucial part of the good placement of products on the market, while constant competition increment makes it even more important. Even though paper is the uppermost material used for packaging production, there are some products (meat products, beverages, fluids…) that demand materials of greater resistance and firmness, like metals. Traditionally, metal packaging is printed in offset printing technique, but digital Inkjet techniques that use UV curing systems also have the possibility to print on any material, accordingly also metals. This enables personalization of metal packaging, short runs and more relevant proof sheet printing. The possibility of Inkjet printing on the steel tin plates (that are normally used for offset printing) will be analyzed in this paper. The aim of the experiment is to determine the successfulness of color printing in Inkjet printing technique onto metals and the possible usage of it for the proof sheets printing. The efficacy of the reproduction of UV LED Inkjet inks on the metal substrate will also be determined. To define every relevant printing parameter (gamut, CIE L*a*b* values, ΔE, ΔL, ΔC, ΔH) and quality of reproduction of the smallest screen dots, colorimetric and imaging analysis were applied. For the printing of samples on the metal and paper substrate, Roland VersaUV LEC-300 machine was used, applying ECO-UV CMYK colors and UV curing system. Measurements were done by spectrophotometer and colorimeter X-Rite DTP20 Pulse. Results have shown there is a possibility of printing on metal substrates using Inkjet. Average color differences of CMYK patches, between metal and paper substrate, suggest that cyan (ΔEC;metal-paper,avg.=4,50) and black (ΔEK;metal-paper,avg.=4,63) give the best reproductions. Magenta and yellow show somewhat higher color differences between metal and paper substrate, which is caused by the lower lightness of the metal substrate itself (ΔEM;metal-paper,avg.=6,57; ΔEM;metal-paper,avg.=5,61). Reproductions of dark hues and solid colors are especially good. Light hues and low halftone values should be avoided or corresponding corrections should be made before printing.
Keywords:
metal packaging, UV Inkjet printing, proof sheet printing

Abstract:
Colour differences were measured during drying process of Avanta Prima and Excellent Top cardboard samples, printed using four conventional lithographic inks taken from Pantone catalogue, in-line coated with water-based primer and varnished using UV-varnish on the top. We measured colour spectra, CIELAB values and colour differences immediately after printing and in different time intervals with final measurements after 24 h. Colour constancy varied between different colours and substrates. The highest ΔE*ab = >10 colour difference in relation to standard value was achieved at Pantone 072C (blue) colour printed on Excellent Top substrate after 24 h, however even at the first approved print, made by using originally delivered ink, we only achieve ΔE*ab = >5. Uneven changes of reflection spectra during drying process at Pantone 2592C (violet) and Pantone 432C (dark grey) represent a challenge for further research based on lab-simulation of used printing and varnishing process and measurement and analysis of IR spectra obtained on FTIR-ATR spectrophotometer. Spectral changes confirmed changes in chemical composition of printed samples coated with a primer after drying.
Keywords:
Pantone, in-line UV-varnishing, color difference, reflection spectra, IR spectra analysis

Abstract:
This paper presents research on the influence of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanocomposite overprint coating on the color change of offset printed paperboard. To investigate this issue color test card was developed via spectrophotometric software and offset printed on paperboard. The color values of the printed sample were measured before and after the coating application to facilitate the measurement and comparison of the results. The coatings applied on the printed sample were three different concentrations (1%, 2% and 3%) of silica nanoparticles in PCL biopolymer. The research found a color change in all investigated samples. It is observed that adding silica nanoparticles to PCL coatings improve the color stability of the coated samples. Detailed analysis of hue (ΔH), chroma (ΔC) and lightness (ΔL) of the tested samples show that PCL coating with 2% silica nanopartices result in the least amount of color change.
Keywords:
Polycaprolactone; silica; nanocomposite; color change; packaging;

Abstract:
Texts and images in graphic industry are made of small dots, thus the printed dot fidelity greatly affects image reproduction quality as one of its most important elements. However, reproduction quality does not only depend on printing techniques and inks used in the printing process but also on paper substrates. As paper industry is faced with a global deficiency of wood raw materials, alternative sources of virgin cellulose fibres play an important role in the paper production. For that purpose, this research was performed on paper substrates produced by mixing fibres isolated from triticale straw and recycled wood fibres in different weight rations. In order to isolate cellulose fibres, the triticale straw was exposed to alkaline treatment using two methods. The printability of handsheets, laboratory paper substrates made of fibres isolated from triticale straw, was analysed by way of classifying dot fidelity. The handsheets were printed using UV-curable inkjet printer. Dot fidelity was observed by analysing images comparing seven different dot dimensions in relation to their dot area and dot shape descriptors (roundness, aspect ratio and solidity). Determined dot characteristics on six different paper substrates with triticale fibres were compared against a control paper substrate made only of recycled fibres.
Keywords:
dot area, dot fidelity, dot shape descriptors, image analysis, paper substrate, triticale straw fibres

Abstract:
Print quality includes the desired color reproduction and adequate reproduction of image elements. In this paper were analyzed transparent polymer materials printed by screen printing technique. Research has primarily consisted of an analysis of macro non-uniformities, and as additional quality parameters, the results of reproduction of text and MTF on obverse and reverse side of print. Considering the results, it can be concluded that the thickness of the substrate affect the macro non-uniformity, and the reflection from the substrate also increases the macro non-uniformity measured from the reverse side of printing. Results of the analysis of text reproduction and modulation transfer function analysis indicate certain changes of these parameters measured on the reverse side of the print and compared to the obverse side. So it was determined that printing surface, with its characteristics, significantly affects the print quality.
Keywords:
polyethylene films, obverse and reverse print measuring, macro non-uniformity, text reproduction, MT

Abstract:
The appearance of Moiré pattern can significantly affect the quality of offset reproduction. It is formed by superimposingof fine details of two or more structures.It appears in printing when: screen structures are misaligned because of misregistration (it is very difficult to predict it, because it is not visible on the proof), inappropriate combination of screen frequency and screen angles is used, an original halftone that contains patterned objects is scanned and exposed or when fine details of continuous tone original are superimposed whit input frequency of scanner or with CCD element structure of digital camera. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of reproduction parameters, such as screen frequency, imaging resolution, register accuracy or input bit-map resolution to appearance of Moiré pattern. Tests will be done on a limited number of combinations of screen frequencies and input resolutions. The test result will be recommendations, which parameters combination should be avoided and which to use so that Moiré pattern could be minimized on the final printing product.
Keywords:
Moiré, quality, reproduction, screening

Abstract:
Print mottle is a common print defect, so its evaluation is vital in print quality assessment. The aim of this research is print mottle, i.e. solid-tone print uniformity estimation of polyester textile material printed using ink-jet technology. GLCM image processing method was chosen for solid-tone print uniformity assessment, as it proved to be good surface roughness and print mottle estimator. An attempt was made to determine influence of several factors on solid-tone print uniformity: different ink deposits (1 and 5 ink layers), accelerated weathering process (UV light exposure), different color spaces for image processing and different scanning resolutions for printed samples digitalization. Samples were also visually compared in order to get qualitative information about its solid-tone print uniformity and check the reliability of GLCM image processing method types.
Keywords:
print mottle, solid-tone ink uniformity, GLCM, ink-jet

Abstract:
Differences in halftoned images are influenced by halftoning technique, halftone dot shapes, line count, printing process and substrate properties. The measurement of colour patches on control bars via densitometric and colourimetric measurement of colour patches does not guarantee good results in final image appearance of differently halftoned samples. By using image difference metrics - based on human visual system (HVS) we can evaluate more precisely the differences in final image appearance. S-CIELAB is an extension of the CIE L*a*b* Delta E colour difference formula. It includes a spatial processing step, prior to the CIELAB ΔE calculation, so that the results correspond better to colour difference perception by the human eye. As different paper substrates have different absorption and surface properties, the ink spreading is also different on these surfaces. Since the ink spreading changes the spatial distance between separate halftone dots there is a possibility that paper substrates will influence the image difference measured through S-CIELAB values. We had printed three types of images on 5 different paper substrates using ink jet - Epson Stylus A3 printer. As ink jet inherently uses frequency modulated halftoning we used GMG Dot Proof software for AM halftone dot shape generation. The images which were halftoned with elliptical and square halftone dot shapes were printed on paper substrates and were scanned and evaluated using S-CIELab module in Matlab software. On the bases of the results we can indicate that the substrate influence the difference magnitude of the reproduced images calculated with S-CIELab image difference metric.
Keywords:
S-CIELab, halftoning, ink jet paper

Abstract:
Graininess is one of the 14 attributes for controlling the digital prints defined by the ISO standard 13660:2001. ISO 13660:2001 metric of graininess is the standard deviation of density of print's small areas. This attribute can help to detect small variations in terms of lightness. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between the measured values of graininess and its visual salience. Samples were printed on coated paper (130g/m2) using Xerox DocuColor 252 (a digital printing machine).The graininess of six samples (each sample contained different black tone value, ranging from 30-80%, with an increment of 10%) was quantified with measurement device Personal IAS that is based on image analysis method. The participants’ task in the experiment was to place the six samples in order of increasing value of graininess. Statistical analysis of the results did not reveal any direct relation between the values measured by the device and the human visual evaluation. That is, participants were not able to distinguish graininess at different tonal values.
Keywords:
digital printing, graininess

Abstract:
The main aim of this research was to analyze if UV ink surface coverage is dependent on roughness when printed on metal substrate by Inkjet technology. Inkjet technology is contactless technology which covers the surface with ink by spreading the droplets directly from print head. This can make the surface unevenly covered. This paper presents the analysis of four metal substrates with different surface roughness covered with one and two ink layers printed with UV inkjet piezoelectric technology. The printed surface was analyzed for two types of unevenness: visual and physical. The visual assumes analysis of print mottle by using GLCM method, while the physical represents measuring of surface area that stayed uncovered by ink. The results showed that the print mottle decreases by increasing the surface roughness, while the surface ink coverage increases by decreasing the surface roughness. Surfaces covered with two layers have better results of ink area coverage and print mottle than surface covered with one layer.
Keywords:
UV Inkjet, surface coverage, metal substrate, roughness

Abstract:
Although digital projection has been an established method of presentation for some time now and continues to gain on popularity, the field of accurate colour display is relatively unexplored. Experience has shown that colours are displayed inaccurately or imprecisely, yet the sources that would determine how precisely, in fact, they are displayed, cannot be found not even in established institutions, such as UGRA. Projectors have had a very long history and over the last few years, they have become a component part of every serious presentation. In our research, digital projection of projector NEC NP210 was examined and measurements were performed according to the instructions and recommendations of the ISO standards. Screen illumination (Ev) of digital projection was performed and evaluated according to the ISO 11315-1:2003 standard, the screen luminance (Lv) test was performed according to the ISO 11315-2:2011 standard, while measurements of the projected images were evaluated according to the ISO 12646:2010 standard. Calibration and profiling were performed using the application basICColor display 4.1.22 in combination with the i1Pro spectrophotometer, whereas the photometric and colorimetric accuracy of digital projection were evaluated using the digitalized colour chart Color Checker Classic. It was established that the projection evaluation based on chromaticity, graduation, channel, grey balance, and colour gamut according to the ISO 12646:2010 standard is relatively complicated and time-consuming. The results have shown that colorimetric accuracy evaluation by using a digitalized Color Checker Classic test chart is the only that produces useful results, especially if the chromatic colours display with a focus on skin tones and achromatic colours with a focus on grey balance and chromaticity respectively are separately examined.
Keywords:
digital projector, standards, projected colour, profiling

Abstract:
Till appearance of Infraredgraphic® we were occupied only with the visual part of the spectrum, meaning the part people can see. Managing with colors and dyes we widen to first part of near infrared, and the whole range of interest we separate to three parts: visual (400-700 nm, V), spectrum part of transient divarication (700-850 nm) and Z spectrum domain (850-1000 nm). We manage absorption and reflection of light from colorants in the whole region from 400 to 1000 nm with aim of creating new securing graphic system. Visual and and infrared spectrum are carrying individual (separate) graphics, where the second one is observed through appropriate “infrared glasses”. We are introducing new cognitions about colors, investigations and printing praxis with two assortments of dyes that achieve the same response in visual, but different spectral values in infrared spectrum. A new theory in graphic arts science is being established, entitled “dyes and color twins“. Discovery of twins dyes and colors managing, creating twin color twins, is based on CMYKIR separation that has purpose to merge two different, independent images in unique printing form for conventional printing reproduction processes. The document contains multiple information, that each belongs to its own color twin. In the article is presented four color print of a postal stamp in INFRAREDGRAPHIC® technique, twins spectrograms from the same postal stamp, scanning results in several blockage points of V and Z spectrum.
Keywords:
postage stamps, twin colorants, CMYKIR separation, double image, dye color management

Abstract:
This article addresses recent approaches to the evaluation of lightfastness in both classically- and digitally-printed photographs. It presents an experimental method used to measure colour changes. As a consequence, a proprietary software VolGa for the gamut volume calculation was created. The primary goal is to investigate the influence of additional protection in the enhancement of lightfastness. The lightfastness of digitally-printed images was investigated by means of accelerated ageing. Samples were created by printer on different print media. The surface of the final prints was left untreated or modified by varnishing or lamination. In this way, the sample set monitored print behaviour under the influence of light. The colour changes in the samples were evaluated in terms of measured reflective spectra, from which colorimetric evaluations were made. The results were processed using VolGa software. Actual print-life was calculated from dependence of loss of normalized gamut volume upon exposure. Finally, the effects of the receiving layer employed, whether ink alone or with additional surface treatment, are discussed.
Keywords:
VolGa, gamut volume, lightfastness

Abstract:
Image segmentation is a crucial digital image processing step that decisively affects the outcome of any higher-level operation such as pattern recognition and image understanding. It can be defined as a procedure that subdivides (partitions) an image into its constituent regions or objects. All the pixels in the same region are similar with respect to some characteristic or computed property, such as color, intensity, or texture. Adjacent regions are significantly different with respect to the same characteristic(s). Color in a digital image often contains valuable information about the scene or object being imaged, which can be lost during the routine color-to-grayscale image conversion. This fact together with a rapid increase in the power of personal computers caused color image segmentation algorithms to be readily available on modern PCs. Numerous approaches have been developed during the last decades that enable efficient segmentation of images based on color. Sometimes conversion from RGB into a suitable color space, such as Lab, YIQ, YCbCr is necessary before the segmentation step can be accomplished. The presentation will after a brief overview of color image segmentation schemes focus on two typical algorithms that will be explained through a machine learning viewpoint. K-nearest neighbor classification is an example of a supervised learning algorithm where the aim is to learn a mapping from the input to an output whose correct values are provided by a supervisor. In unsupervised learning, on the other hand, there is no such supervisor and we only have input data and the aim is to find the regularities in the input. K-means clustering algorithm belongs to this class of machine learning methods. Efficiency of the two algorithms will be discussed using several synthetic, computer generated color images as well as photographs.
Keywords:
color image segmentation, K-means clustering, nearest neighbor classification, image processing, machine learning

Abstract:
Colour mapping is a well-known problem with many approaches in the bibliography. The term itself refers to the function that transforms colours of a source image to the colours of a target image with an intention to visually match the target scenery. Simplified case implies having only one target colour which is applied (i.e. fused) to the source image. This approach is often referred to as ‘colour to texture fusion’ and is used in textile and apparel industry to predict the appearance of a textured sample if dyed in another colour. Over the years many methods for colour to texture mapping/fusion have been developed. They are divided mainly according to the type of the source image (grey-scale or coloured) and/or the information used to quantify the texture. In addition, different colour spaces have been employed, with the distinctions in the computation of the final image colour coordinates. In this paper we present three methods for colour to texture fusion which can be used when the target image is not available or known. As a source for the mapping process we used colour image of a texture, while the target colour values were taken from the pre-defined colour centres set. Fusion itself was performed in HSI colour space. It was shown that the intensity channel can be seen as the main carrier of the texture information, but in some cases the contribution of the other two channels should not be neglected as well. Hence, we tested and compared three different methods, modifying and adjusting the ideas from different previous works. In the first case hue and saturation channels from the source image were discarded and only the intensity component, as it is the main texture descriptor, was taken for the fusion. The second method relied on discarding only the hue component from the source image, since for our sample set in most of the cases hue channel exhibited the smallest variation. Third method implied using the information from all the channels of the source image, since hue channel was not completely uniform. Efficiency of each of the proposed approaches had been evaluated both visually and by obtaining the similarity ratio, where the source image was taken as the reference. The results indicate that the best similarity with the source image is obtained if the second method was used for the fusion, showing that for colour to texture fusion in general saturation component from the source image should not be neglected.
Keywords:
texture, colour mapping, HSI colour space

Abstract:
Colour vision deficiency represents an inability to perceive differences between some of the colours that can be distinguished in the case of normal colour vision and affects in different forms approximately 8% of the male and 0.4% of the female population. Red-green vision deficiencies, characterized by dysfunction or absence of L or M cone types, comprise majority of all colour vision deficiencies. These deficiencies entail a loss of hue discrimination and result in a reduced colour gamut which is defined and experimentally confirmed with comprehensive researches over past decades. Despite the relevance of viewing environment in which object is observed, little has been published on how it affects people with common colour vision deficiencies. The aim of paper is to simulate the influence of viewing conditions on colour gamut of anomalous colour vision by including CIECAM02 transformations. The conclusions deducted from the analysis of simulated images are that decreasing in colour temperature of illuminant leads to even more reduced colour gamut and, thus, to enhanced number of hardly distinguishable colour combinations; while changing viewing surround from average to dark leads to better image contrast. The results of study can be used for defining compensating colour adaptation for certain viewing environment.
Keywords:
colour vision deficiencies, viewing conditions, CIECAM02, colour gamut, illuminant

Abstract:
How many times have you heard someone say that print is dead? It may be a tough time for printing industry, but we all know the world of print is much bigger than the average person understands … and it is certainly not dead. The paper seeks to dispel that myth and to help our industry find its meaning and purpose once again through the development of innovative printed products. From author’s perspective, we need to think about new ways to use the equipment we have on our pressroom floors, new markets to serve, and new ways to get the attention and talk to prospective customers. This paper is not a business theory or “insider intelligence” for sales people – instead it showcases unique, creative, and innovative products that make print practical. It shares concrete examples of how real world business looked to markets outside of their normal customer base, harnessed change, and come out on top. The paper describes how you can conceive, design, research, test, market and launch new products from within your organization. With these steps it is possible to learn how to enhance sales and productivity by breaking into and existing markets through the development of product that reinvent the purpose and uses of printing and get the salespeople into offices where they can share ideas instead of waiting to “get the order”.
Keywords:
Keywords: marketing, print sales, graphic communication business, innovation

Abstract:
The current economic situation and the signs of recovery appear to influence every sector of the industry with no exception. Forward-looking companies invest in quality relative projections and sustainable development. These days, printing and packaging producers not only have to forecast the price-sensitive consumers’ behaviour and impress them with the products but also search for the smart solutions which reduce costs and time while keeping the high quality standards. From producer’s point of view, these solutions imply more investment in terms of equipment, raw materials as well as human resources. Effectiveness is no longer enough to stay ahead of the competitors; efficiency is the new goal of the companies. After a clear understanding of the dynamics of the market as well as sustainability trends and best practices, many companies seek for the most efficient solution to keep up with all the requirements. The answer for many is the innovation and MIS solution, which nowadays without doubt qualifies to be on the top of innovations in the company and a way to more sustainable business. MIS solution is more than just an ERP, it leads to sustainable development. The company not only knows the detailed information about the production processes, including the consumption and waste but it also allows analysing company’s profitability. The industries are able to monitor the pillars of sustainability, such as environment, for instance, manage energy consumption within the company or monitor eco-efficiency. Another solution contributing to the increase of efficiency is maintenance management, which results in the improvement of the planning as well as the raise of equipment life-cycle. To conclude, MIS helps increasing profit by lowering operating costs, saving time, facilitating access to the data and optimising the use of resources. The companies have the critical information about the operations and procedures which allows the managers to make better decisions.
Keywords:
MIS, ERP, sustainability, efficiency, eco-efficiency, energy management, SCADA, Shop Floor Control, MES, Manufacturing Execution System, maintenance management, Overall Equipment Effectiveness, OEE, Analysis of Mass and Energy Flow, AMEF, Environmental Performance Evaluation, EPE, Life Cycle Assessment, LCA.

Abstract:
Modern computer and software systems offer a new approach in the development of a knowledge base about the processes, process parameters and graphic systems as complex structures that combine a wide variety of knowledge. Modern acquisition of knowledge in today's level of development of computer and programming systems enables a new concept of distance learning. If the knowledge base contains good and important data, it can be used for making quick decisions regarding the process for the implementation of the system. Modern knowledge base can be defined as the base of expert knowledge about the processes and parameters of complex systems from which you can get with a lot of conclusions that reliability can identify certain procedural problems. This paper suggests an approach to the concept of the development of modern knowledge base in order to identify the parameters of the printing process.
Keywords:
parameters of the printing process, knowledge base, modern computer and software systems

Abstract:
Gravure printed cellulose based packaging materials always contain small amount of retained solvents after printing. Residual solvents migrated to the packed product might change its taste and flavour, that potentially cause a loss of brand confidence and market share of the end-user, in consequence it became a need to measure retained solvents amount in the gravure printed packaging materials. In order to avoid off-flavour and off-taste effect, the solvent retention values must be kept under the maximum tolerance specified by the Food Industry. The major end-user companies have their own specified limits on acceptable total and individual solvent retention levels. Isopropyl acetate and ethyl acetate are considered as critical solvents due to their highest retained amount in the printed packaging out of all the solvents detected. In this study cellulose based, FBB type, 225 gsm and 230 gsm unprinted cartonboards with multiple coating on top side, coated and uncoated on reverse side had been studied in order to determine their retained isopropyl acetate and ethyl acetate content. The interaction between board pieces and esters vapour was analysed with the help of desiccator. The amount of absorbed solvents was measured by gas chromatography. It was concluded that coating has a significant influence on the retained solvent results of cellulose based, FBB type cartonboards.
Keywords:
gravure, evaporation, solvent retention, coating, gas chromatography

Abstract:
In paper recycling industry flotation deinking is one of the most applied technique in which great amount of water and chemicals have been used. According to that, effluents from paper recycling industry can be huge environmental problem. It is of great importance to find a process that will give a good quality of recycled pulp but also effluents with minor inorganic and organic pollution. In this study effluent characteristics from deinking flotation of naturally aged daily newspaper were examined. The influence of chemicals used in three recycling process were compared. In the first recycling process defined deinking chemicals according to INGEDE Method 11 were used. In the second recycling process oleic acid as surfactant and naturally gained alkali, Eco-alkali, were used while the third one was done using the same chemicals as in the first process where sodium hydroxide was replaced with Eco-alkali. The effluents obtained after all chemical flotation deinking processes were analysed by standard analytical methods, in terms of the concentration of the sulphate and nitrate, total organic compound, chemical oxygen demand, pH and electrical conductivity. According to the results it could be conclude is it possible to discharged effluents into the environment without treatment or they need to be pre-treated before discharging into the environment.
Keywords:
effluent characteristics, deinking chemicals, deinking flotation, newspaper

Abstract:
In the present study, cobalt oxide precursor was prepared and used for fabricating metal-bentonite composit. Composit was impregnated with Fe-salt and tested as catalyst in the Fenton process of Reactive Blue 4 degradation. Under the following experimental conditions: 50 mg/L Reactive Blue 4 solution; pH 3; 22° C; 20 mM H2O2 and 0.5 g/L catalyst dosage, 95.5% decolourization and 69.9 % COD removal could be achieved with 180 min of reaction. Hence, taking into account the favorable catalytic properties and low leaching of iron ions (<2 mg/L), impregnated bentonite catalyst is a promising catalyst for anthraquinone reactive dye degradation.
Keywords:
impregnated bentonite, Fenton process, reactive dye

Abstract:
In the last decade, sales of laser printers have increased. Nowadays every office and more and more homes own one or even more. But like any other technology, this should be used with precautions due to health concerns that have been pointed out. Some studies have found increased levels of ultra-fine particles in offices with laser printers. It is known that inhalation of ultra-fine particles can cause respiratory problems. To understand how to use laser printer safely, without any risk, it is necessary to study this problem more thoroughly. In this study Casella Microdust Pro device was used for the determination of the particles concentration in the air during operation of laser printer. This device can measure the concentration of particles between 0.01 and 2500 mg/m3 using the techniques of light scattering angle. Two identical printers were chosen and tested with different operation speeds and print quality. Obtained results showed that during operation, laser printers release ultra-fine particles, but the particle concentration number did not exceed the maximal allowed limit of 4 mg/m3. For comparison of toner particles and particles emitted from laser printer was used Apex pump with filter to collect particles emitted from laser printer during operation. Toner particles were obtained directly from toner. All samples were recorded at Motic microscope and results were compared. Differences in size and shape were observed. It was shown that particles emitted from laser printer are not the plain toner particles. When toxicity of toners is being studied, it is important to study not only toners, but also particles that are collected directly from the laser printer during its operation.
Keywords:
laser printer, toner particles, dust concentration, occupational health

Abstract:
In this study, nano zero valent iron stabilized with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-nZVI) was used as catalyst in the Fenton process of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) decolourization. Under the following experimental conditions: 50 mg/L RR120 solution; pH 3; 25◦C; 4mM H2O2 and 11,2 mg/L CMC-nZVI dosage, 87% decolourization could be achieved with 60 min of reaction. Coupling the Fenton system with the ultrasound has further contributed to increasing the efficiency of decolourization of the tested dye, reaching 97%. Also, the maximum decolourization was achieved in a relatively short period of time, which contributes to energy savings due to the shortening of the whole process. Overall increase in acoustic power and period of active pulsation had positive effect on the efficiency of decolourization of this azo reactive dye.
Keywords:
Fenton process, ultrasound, azo dye, nano zero valent iron

Abstract:
When considering different types of pollutants in landfill leachate, metals are especially interesting because of their persistence and toxicity. Laboratory leaching tests are common tools in aiding the assessment of long-term impact of contaminated materials on the soil-groundwater pathway, as they determine the source term as an expression of release potential of water soluble contaminants during the disposal of waste materials. The discharge of metals into a landfill is not limited to a short period. For a long period after the dumping at a landfill, and also after the closure of a landfill, the leaching of heavy metals will continue. Obviously, the waste graphic products, as part of municipal waste solid components, may have different environmental risks based on the metals leached. This paper is aimed at determining the metal leaching potential of soil deposited printed graphic product waste and identifying the factors that affect their metal emission based on the results of the leaching tests.
Keywords:
printed graphic product waste, zinc, leaching, soil, landfill

Abstract:
The field of 3D computer generated graphics is at its highest point being more popular every day and with demands of users getting even higher. The process of generating 3D computer graphics is complex and depends on great number of factors and their interplay and final result is anything but simply predictable. One of the factors influencing rendered image are certainly rendering engines whose working is combination of sophisticated algorithms. Not many research was done towards of understanding their influence on rendered image. Other downside is lack of standardised evaluation method in the field of 3D computer generated graphics. In this research, image processing operations were used to evaluate and to adjust 3D computer generated images. It was concluded that all applied methods can be used to adjust or improve image and that some methods can provide useful insight into differences between images. Furthermore, operations were applied on different colour and intensity channels and sometimes better results can be achieved when operating on intensity channel.
Keywords:
CIECAM02 colour appearance model, 3D computer generated graphics, 3D rendering

Abstract:
Finding the most efficient way of learning has always presented a challenge, both for those that teach and those that learn. Different theories and schools have done their best in the past to bring the process of learning closer to man and man closer to process of learning. The way in which the human brain takes the information and transforms it into knowledge is still one of the important scientific questions today. Using new technologies in the process of learning has most often involved the impossibility of the traditional and usual way of learning for various reasons. It can be said that every technological innovation had its application in the development of learning. To use the advantage provided by the technology in order to obtain more permanent knowledge is an obligation of those that are supposed to transfer the knowledge. This paper presents a modern method of learning the working processes of graphical systems by using the advantages offered by virtual environment, as well as spatial system representation. The way of producing one such system is also presented, through the elements such as real system functioning analysis, task to be performed by the virtual system, the way of interacting between the student and the system, as well as the problems that can appear in the process of learning in the virtual environment.
Keywords:
visualization, virtual environment, learning

Abstract:
Despite vast technological progress in last decades colour presentation and reproductions issues on different media still have not been solved to full extent. One of the available solutions to maintain constant colour appearance are colour appearance models and though being around for more than forty years are still barely used in practical applications, especially not in connection with 3D computer generated graphics. Process of generating 3D graphics is complex and several factors can influence colour on generated image. In this research, three different rendering engines were used in combination with CIECAM02 colour appearance model to generate 3D computer graphics. It was concluded that CIECAM02 colour appearance model can be successfully used in 3D computer generated graphics and provides better visual matching. It was also found out that rendering engines treat colours differently.
Keywords:
CIECAM02 colour appearance model, 3D computer generated graphics, 3D rendering

Abstract:
The packaging development industry shows significant steps forward in terms of the application of what makes the latest technology. Nowadays, the area of modern manufacturing technology is particularly applicable to food packaging. The application of polymer nanotechnology can produce new packaging materials with improved mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties, together with nanosensors to detect and monitor the conditions of food during transport and storage. Packaging that monitors the conditions of packaged food in order to give information about the quality of food during storage and transport is called intelligent packaging. What is important to ensure is the follow-up over a period of what makes harmful changes to the packaging and its packed contents. Temperature variations of packaging for food over the time can lead to significant changes in the safety and quality of food, and usually lead to food spoilage. Time-temperature indicators (TTI) that are present on the market operate with mechanisms based on different principles. They are usually based on the systems of the polymerization reaction, enzyme systems, system components of photosensitive organic pigments, or a change in the pH value or the basis of the reaction of diffusion. In order for the results to be valid and to be quick to come to full knowledge (information) by monitoring today's modern technology can make a connection between what exists and what is just being created. Based on that it may lead to rapid information specifically to devices such as smart phones, tablet devices, smart watches and "Google glasses". This paper presents one of the possible solutions that can find its wider application.
Keywords:
packaging materials, intelligent packaging, time-temperature indicators, sensors, food quality

Abstract:
AJAX applications are now one of the most common types of web applications. They allow the implementation of very complex tasks. They are usually composed of components. These components communicate with each other through a variety of systems and message formats. Among the most common are JSON and XML formats. Besides transport of textual data these types of transport can transfer binary data as well. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of communication within AJAX applications using various image formats. Images are compressed to different degrees and methods of compression. Images are transported between components and thus the optimal level and compression method is determined by measuring time intervals during pictures transport through the system. Another factor for the selection of optimal compression is the visual factor - acceptable or as few traces of JPEG compression. The ultimate goal is to determine the optimal method and compression in applications dealing with any vision processing or working with images (for example Web2Print systems).
Keywords:
AJAX, performance, images, transport

Abstract:
Colors are an integral part of non-verbal communication. We often use them in order to show our feelings. People react differently to certain colors. They cause different moods and behavior. In this research a label of a traditional product is redesigned in such a manner as to appeal to different age groups. The subjective consumers' feelings of color in relation to the surface have been analyzed in this work. To determine the influence of the media, a survey has been conducted to determine the effect of colors displayed on screen or printed on the label. The colors on the label are observed in relation to the packaging (to be specific, with the shape and look of the bottle). The aim of this research is to highlight the importance of colors that communicate through product design to a particular customer. Result showed that the unusual design of this product was selected from the most of people. This was certainly contributed to its packaging appearance, but most color that emphasized the essential characteristics of the labels, and its color.
Keywords:
color, design, marketing

Abstract:
Analysing visual communication strategies is of great importance to social, psychological and marketing research. Seeing that communication is the integral part of human interactions we are able to explore the process of visual communication and obtain the information of the relationship between, for example, consumers and advertisers. Rhetorical figures are strategically inserted as persuasive elements in advertisements in order to reinforce advertising effectiveness. It follows that ad content is mainly expressed through rhetorical advertising style. This manner is applied to logo design as well. The style of advertising language, in particular the presence of rhetorical figures, has an important consequence on how the brand image is processed. Judgments of types’ perceived appropriateness depends on the meaning consistency between the product and the type itself. This paper explores issues of rhetorical style used in product logo design by confectionery and snacks companies which is based on particular typeface. Our aim is to explore the way rhetorical strategies are used to enhance brand’s identity. The results provide a basis for logo design recommendations. The paper concludes that some trends of typeface design are evident in logo design for the above mentioned product companies and points to the opportunities for designers.
Keywords:
typography, visual rhetoric, logo design

Abstract:
Our objective was to show the step by step design of new, environmentally friendly consumer packaging for a classic product line. The second author´s personal Erasmus experience gave the idea to rethink and redesign the appearance of the packaging to the world wide released port wines. The present packaging of the Royal Oporto product line is very simple and classic as the wine itself, and has induced fading its fame and blending into the hypermarket shelves. A gift box of a well selected material like cartonor corrugated paperboard from reused papercan solve the problem bynot only giving a fashionable vintage and classy feel but being good base for a nice printed surface. The design can be variable, country by country or by seasons. Our box design is supposed to fit to the original bottle and does not cover its important parts. One of the very useful pieces is the paper trademark on the neck of the bottle which is well known internationally and is an unmistakable sign of original port wines. So we wanted to show it by cutting a triangular hole in the box which is integrated with the printed design. The fonts of the original label were also kept while powerful graphics that can catch attention easily and have serious connection with the product were added. As Port wines travel from Douro valley to Vila Nova de Gaia on the river Douro, and the most famous, very last bridge on the river is the St. Luis bridge, the simbol of the city of Porto, this metal arch construction had been chosen as the additional part for the new design. The bridge has strong, straight lines, an elegant curve and a remarkable silhouette. By night the bridge gets extra attention that we wanted to recall. This is why the base colour of the box is black and the linework of the design is of a bright colour. We beleive that using asimmetric composition, sharp lines and triangle shapes gives a different appearence to the box design. It is cutting edge design that takes a leap from the boring grape inspired labels on the market. Hopefully, we can show port wine is more than just a simple wine. For the new graphics, an unusual view of the bridge had been chosen and a photo was taken from below, on the riverbank. From the front, it could not show depth and dimensions, but from this angle it looks like a modern 3D CAD drawing. Using Adobe Illustrator, the photo was transformed to a vector graphic, keeping the most remarkable parts of the construction.
Keywords:
bridge graphic, corrugated paperboard, design, linework, paper box, port wines

Abstract:
Designing a typeface does not mean only defining the shape of letters, but also giving an appropriate amount of space around them. The purpose of defining the letter space is to make them visually equally distant from each other within words, sentences and paragraphs creating an even value of grey, without darker or lighter areas. Each letter is formed of black and white parts. The changes of these positive and negative letter elements throughout the text optically mix, creating a visual rhythm which assists the reader. Inter-letter space varies from typeface to typeface and it certainly dictates the amount of space around the characters or their left and right side bearings (Cheng, 2006). Even though defining the letter space is in the final stages of design, depending on designer’s eye and craftsmanship, there are some basic rules of spacing related to character shapes and counters that can be defined. Walter Tracy developed a system for determining letter spacing for Roman alphabets. In 2005, Miguel Sousa developed a reliable spacing method while creating his serif typeface Calouste (Sousa, 2005). Relying on the mentioned spacing methods, Fernando de Mello Vargas compared and applied those methods in determining the letter spacing for serif typeface Minion and sans-serif typeface Myriad. However, Vargas only tested these methods on one serif and one sans-serif font. The aim of this paper is to compare and modify these methods and different approaches in determining letter space in sans-serif typeface Grid Sans developed by the authors in order to broaden these rules and to see which rules are always applicable and which are strictly referring only to certain typeface.
Keywords:
letter spacing, typeface design, spacing methods, sidebearings

Abstract:
The paper presents interesting results which are being used to show if there is a justified reasons for raster technique improvement. The professional graphic worker will pay attention to many details in his visual analysis of the print, including the way in which the image was formed, i.e. image halftoning. As the prints are not exclusively meant for professionals only, it begs the question if the naïve will find a new quality in different types of rasterization. By experimental testing and statistical analysis of the mutual relationship between the answers of experts and naïve results were obtained that will reject null hypothesis. Four different images in total, rasterized in four different ways and three sample sizes, will provide enough data in order to make concrete conclusions. Each of the four images contained a strong iconic content with different elements in order to show all of the advantages of both AM and FM halftoning. Data analysis showed correspondence between the answers of both experts and naïve, as well as their estimates of the print quality that was defined by naturalness (more realistic), i.e. the least grainy structure.
Keywords:
Digital halftoning, subjective print analysis, print fidelity, grainy print structure

Abstract:
Computers have become a part of everyday life and more and more people, especially younger ones, spend long time watching at the screen of a laptop, tablet or a smartphone. So it`s an imperative for web and graphic designers to know how to make a product in digital world to be visually attractive. Color is considered to be one of the most important elements of a graphic user interface. The aim of this research was to examine how users experience colors in user interface and how their perception of colors attracts their attention. This was done with two different online surveys and an experiment where two websites were designed. The results showed that color can be used to control the way websites are used.
Keywords:
user experience, graphic user interface, color, digital media

Abstract:
As the products characteristics come closer one to another packaging becomes factor of greater importance in the consumer decision-making process because it communicates to consumers at the precise time of the purchasing decision. Packaging is an important part of the branding process and it offers diverse possibilities for communication. This paper focuses on the influence of packaging shape on perceived product value and consumer niche. Packaging shape can be graded according to shape complexity from primitive geometric shape to very complex shapes. Research hypothesis is that complexity of the packaging has influence on perceived product price, also that consumer niche and type of the product can be determined according to the shape of the packaging.
Keywords:
Packaging, shape, value

Abstract:
This paper presents process of new idea generation for product design methods by association. Main goal is to point out importance and advantages of structured approach to the new and creative product generation. Need for new and fresh product design ideas is more important than ever, as the market is filled with products of equal quality and price. In these conditions design of the product becomes most important characteristic on which consumers make their final decisions about purchase. All of this makes the methodology of new idea generation important subject.
Keywords:
Idea, product, association