MEĐUNARODNI SIMPOZIJUM GRAFIČKOG INŽENJERSTVA I DIZAJNA

Abstract:
Majority of the offset printing plates are today built of aluminium sheets. To ensure surface characteristics needed in the printing process, aluminium surface is mechanically, chemically and electrochemically processed. All those processes are made to make a specific micro roughness of aluminium-oxide anodic layer. Micro roughness and aluminium-oxide layer have on all printing plates similar characteristic, but vary depending on the supplier and printing process in which printing plate will be exploited. In the final stage of the printing plate production, aluminium-oxide surface is covered with a photoactive layer which enables image transfer on the plate in conventional or CtP plate making process. This layer must change its solubility in defined developing solution by electromagnetic irradiation. After irradiation plates are processed in defined developing solution which dissolves parts of the photoactive layer to expose aluminium-oxide surface - nonprinting areas. Aluminium oxide is as well as aluminium amphoteric, which means that is soluble in both acid and alkaline solutions. On the other hand, majority of the photoactive layers present on the market today are soluble in highly alkaline solutions. This fact makes developing process highly important. After dissolving photoactive layer, developing solution is in contact with aluminium-oxide layer and dissolves peaks of the micro roughened layer. This fact causes degradation of wetting properties and makes control of the wetting characteristics obligatory, knowing that wetting properties of the printing plate's nonprinting areas are one of most important variables in achieving high quality printing. Definition of wetting properties of a solid surface is done by observing contact angle results, surface free energy determination, its polar and dispersive part.
Keywords:
Offset printing plate, developing process, contact angle, surface free energy, pH value, electrical conductivity

Abstract:
The emergence of digital and Internet technologies in recent years have brought about new printing trends that will forever change the printing industry. These printing industry trends have changed the way companies do business from the design to the printing phase of operations. The world economic crises put an additional pressure on the printing and media industry during this period especially in the traditional media (newspapers and commercial printing) while opening up new media channels for content distribution. Printing as a mean of information transfer technology becomes a technology for producing commodity and specialty products, and opens up a new segment of material printing on almost all physical substrates. The emergence of new portable devices like mobile phones, iPads and other digital book readers further expands the cross media market, and digitalize the content transfer of literature works. The package printing as a steady growing and developing market segment continues with the application of new surface enhancement technologies as well as smart label technologies like the RFID technology. The industry is currently is going through changes induces by economy demands as well through the changes of the customer demands. This paper will summarize the most important emerging trends and changes in the print and media industry.
Keywords:
digital printing, software integration, automatization, trends

Abstract:
In this paper is investigated sensitization of 3 photoinitiators. Prepared hybrid photoinitiator HP1 – (η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl){(1,2,3,4,5,6- η)-{-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl) phenoxy]-ethoxy}-benzene}-Fe(II)-hexafluorophosphate) and two commercially available photoinitiators Irgacure 2959 – (1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-on) and Irgacure 261 – (η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)-[(1,2,3,4,5,6- η)-chlorobenzene]-Fe(II)- hexafluorophosphate. HP1 is hybrid photoinitiator with higher molecular weight containing chemical groups suitable for starting free radical and cationic polymerization simultaneously. Irgacure 261 is cationic photoinitiator and Irgacure 2959 is free radical photoinitiator. Anthracene and isopropyl thioxanthone in two different concentrations (0.5 and 1 molar %) were used as sensitizers. Molar absorption coefficients of photoinitiators and sensitizers were determined by UV-VIS spectroscopy. The sensitization efficiency was examined in acrylate binder PETIA (pentaerythritol triacrylate) and epoxide binder Celloxide 2021P (3,4- epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate) and was followed by FTIR spectroscopy. Results proved that hybrid photoinitiator HP1 and cationic photoinitiator Irgacure 261 can be efficiently sensitized in epoxide binder Celloxide 2021P curable by cationic polymerization. Photoinitiator sensitization in binder PETIA curable by free radical polymerization was efficient only in presence of oxygen whereas in absence of oxygen was ineffective.
Keywords:
photoinitiator, sensitization, UV-VIS, FTIR, UV polymerization

Abstract:
Thermochromic (TC) printing inks change their colour regarding the change in temperature. One of the most frequently used TC material in printing inks are leuco dyes. This TC composite usually consists of a colour former (leuco dye), a colour developer and a solvent, protected in polymer capsules. The colour of TC prints is dynamic, but it is not just temperature dependent, but also depends on thermal history. The effect is described by colour hysteresis. Leuco dye-based TC inks are known for their short pot life, poor lightfastness and low resistivity to high temperatures and many chemicals. The effect of UV light, humidity and high temperatures on dynamic colour properties was tested. The effect was evaluated by total colour difference between unexposed and differently exposed samples in both states (fully coloured and totally discoloured), by the total colour contrast between fully coloured and totally discoloured states of the samples and by the sample discolouration ability.
Keywords:
thermochromic printing inks, stability, laboratory weathering, xenon

Abstract:
The conservation and restoration of printing materials is meant to conserve or restore them as to their initial status as much as possible. At present the offset method is the most world-accepted printing method. Therefore, it is important to investigate the ageing of offset imprints (in this case thermal ageing), since very soon we will find ourselves in a situation of facing huge quantities of offset printing products, filling the libraries and we should be able to react adequately and to keep and conserve them as long as possible. Glossy coated paper has been used in the experiment. In standardized conditions, it has been printed control strips, which contain 999 colour patches with different combinations of Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black.The study has investigated the impact of conservation water treatment with surface-active substances and bleaching with H2O2 on the thermal paper ageing process and the inks colours changing. The control patches have been measured with spectrophotometer in CIE Lab colour system before and after thermal ageing and before and after water treatment and bleaching.In this paper it has been ascertained the influence of thermal ageing process and chemical treatment to inks colours, shifting of colour gamut and physical and mechanical properties of glossy coated paper.
Keywords:
Ageing, Offset Print, Thermal Ageing, Colour Gamut, Physical and Mechanical properties, Colour difference

Abstract:
The surface of the substrate is one of the important factors which widely influence the printing process, especially in impact printing processes such as flexo printing. The flexographic printability and subsequent print quality is certanly influenced by topographical characteristic of a used substrate. Structural properties of the printing substrate significantly influence the ink distribution during printing and limit the subsequently attainable print quality. In that terms, the definition of the substrate topography via roughness factors is rather significant. In this paper the surface roughness of flexo printed aluminium foil as a printing substrate has been investigated. Through four most distinguish ISO surface roughness factors (Ra, Rq Rz and Rp) the characterization of surface of aluminium foil before printing and after printing with opaque white ink, as well as with black UV ink correlated with printing speed has been given. In addition, the inspection of uncovered print areas of solid tone areas, through images gained with SEM and microscope with the camera, has been presented.
Keywords:
surface roughness, aluminium foil, flexo printing, uncovered areas (UCA)

Abstract:
The stability of inkjet print is influenced by a lot of factors. The surrounding environment, types of receiving layers or ink composition belong to the main ones which affect the stability of prints. In this work, the long-term ageing of inkjet prints was studied. Samples were prepared using dye-based inks. The study of resistance of inkjet prints was realized on three types of media with different receiving layers. The attention was especially focused on the influence of light and air born pollutants. The study was compared with accelerated ageing results. Light conditions were precisely monitored during the long-term ageing. Colour fading was measured and evaluated in colorimetric quantities. The dependence of colour gamut volumes on UV and VIS exposure dose was evaluated.
Keywords:
inkjet, long-term ageing, accelerated ageing, gamut volume

Abstract:
The technological processes of the pulp and paper making cause the change of the surface of the cellulose fibres with a different order of magnitude. The determination of the colloidal structure and surface character of pulp fibres is important not only in the papermaking technology and environmental protection, but the technologies of the sizing, the filling, and the coloration are all influenced by the specific surface of the pulp fibres. In the experimental part of scientific work it was studied how the sizes of molecular, colloidal and coarse surface areas are dependent on the beating degree of cellulose fibres from different types of and differently cured pulps. For this purpose the adsorbed quantities of particles with different size were measured using molecular size methylene-blue, colloidal size iron-hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) and micronized titanium-hydroxide (TiO2) which formed saturated monolayers. The specific surface areas of pulp fibres were found to be increased with increasing beating degree, on a typical manner of the different pulp. From the measured surface parameters mentioned above three new different surface types were calculated and nominated as primary-, secondary and tertiary surfaces. The use of the new concept system provides an opportunity to optimise the processes which modify the fibre surface and to optimise the properties of different paper products. The research work also includes the study of the connection between the variation of the surface character of the fibres and the mechanical properties of the papers made from the different fibrous materials.
Keywords:
paper products, cellulose fibre, fibre surface, specific surface, molecular size methylene-blue, colloidal size iron-hydroxide (Fe(OH)3), micronized titanium-hydroxide

Abstract:
The paper used, as a printing substrate in electro photographical techniques should achieve an appropriate structure, surface and optical properties as well as thermal stability. Printing products are often exposed to negative influence of external climate conditions. Surface treatment with varnishing and lamination is a common solution for protecting the final products against light, higher temperatures and elevated relative humidity. In the frame of the applied research we studied permanence and durability of paper, image of prints and final printed product with two types of surface treatment. The evaluation of durability of paper and prints after accelerated artificial ageing indicates unsuitable optical and colorimetric properties, which consequently cause low optical and colorimetric stability. Colour prints with surface protection of polymer varnish or foil protection are very unstable, causing deterioration of colour, contrast and colour balance. The results of research work are very useful for the evaluation of durable printing paper used for various digital printing systems.
Keywords:
paper properties, electro photography printing system, printing varnishes, surface

Abstract:
Photography as a part of the cultural heritage is an ever-lasting subject of various stability experiments and analyses. In this work, samples produced by chromogenic and special photographic processes were used in a long-term lightfastness test. The test took place on bright indirectly sunlit corridor, where the samples were placed in glass covered frames. Light conditions were monitored by a photo-sensitive sensor, which was calibrated by radiometers. Test samples were measured by spectrophotometer. Measured spectral data were converted into Lab values and corresponding ICC profiles were calculated. Further, gamut volumes were calculated. Relative gamut volume changes plotted as a function of exposure dose were used to determine formal rate constants, which express the degradation rate of each sample. Samples were compared on the basis of calculation of time needed for 30 % gamut loss.
Keywords:
colour photography, gamut volume, lightfastness

Abstract:
Foil lamination is a surface treatment operation for achieving some special effects, improving the resistance of the base paper to various physical and chemical influences and mechanical stresses. Surface micro-topography has influence on light scattering therefore on the colour gamut too, but also on operation steps and the quality of the post printing process. Besides the adhesive materials, surface adhesion of the foil in the laminating process depends on the roughness of the paper and foil surfaces which are bonded together. This paper presents the correlations of changes in surface roughness of various laminating foils depending on the roughness of base papers.
Keywords:
laminating foil, paper, surface roughness

Abstract:
Defining of optimal inking in the offset printing process is one of the most important conditions for achieving of high quality and predictable results. Besides defining the exact values of optimal inking, expressed by Dv, applying the method of maximum print contrast for the different combinations of printing substrate-offset printing press-ink, it is also necessary to check whether these values can result in correct colour characteristics, expressed by CIE Lab of the main ink types – C, M, Y and K. In order to achieve the goals of the experiment, a number of measurements have been performed (from underinking to overinking) for defining the optimal inking by the method of maximum print contrast. Also, the colour coordinates CIE Lab have been defined and the respective corresponding density of the fields, at which the smallest colour difference is achieved between the measured fields and the colour values in CIE Lab included in the ISO Standards for colour characteristics of inks for offset printing. A comparison has been made between the optimal inking results obtained by the two methods. The experiment has been made on heatset offset printing press on newsprint paper. The analysis of the Dv results achieved by the two methods also compares the values of the print contrast, the tone value increasing (dot gain), etc. It also gives some recommendations of practical importance.
Keywords:
Print Quality, Offset Print, Optimization of printing processes, Optimal Inking Values, Print Contrast

Abstract:
In several aspects, maintenance organization relies on the results of organization sciences, and therefore the results, correlations surfacing during the analysis and examination of organizational cultures may as well be applicable to this field of studies. Cultural elements can be clearly linked to the maintenance strategic model elaborated by the authors, thus demonstrating that the improvement of maintenance efficiency and changes in certain elements of the organizational culture can be assigned to each other. The authors have worked out correlations and methods, conducted studies to see how in contrast with the reactive (troubleshooting) maintenance approach the foresighted reliability culture can be made a part of the corporate culture at printing businesses, what steps, procedures are needed for a successful change.
Keywords:
corporate culture, reliability, maintenance of printing plants.

Abstract:
Recycled paper is produced from secondary, already used old paper fibres. The use of recycled fibres is increasing because of environmental awareness, especially because of forest cutting and accumulation of waste material. Recycling process involves collecting and sorting of old paper, fibre separation, removal of printing ink and other uncleanliness. The main reason of our research is to find out print differences between recycled and classic papers. Special-test elements for negative phenomena evaluation were prepared and printed on our papers with digital printers. After printing the negative parameters as wicking, bleeding and mottling were determined by image analysis. Furthermore the prints were evaluated with spectrophotometric measurements. The differences in print quality between recycled and classic papers are discussed.
Keywords:
recycled paper, digital printing, image analyse, spectrophotometric measurements

Abstract:
Print houses are facing a constant increase in the pressure of costs and deadlines. Consequently, stabilization of the printing process and cost savings are important issues to remain competitive in the marketplace. Ink optimization reduces the total ink application, while the visual color impression is retained at the same time. Ink reduction boosts productivity by improved printing properties, faster makeready, shorter drying time, faster finishing, less waste and up to 20% savings on ink depending on the printing process and the substrate. In separation, the relationship of black to the other three colours cyan, magenta and yellow, plays a deciding role. Because cyan, magenta and yellow in certain proportions combine as neutral colour tones, they can be replaced in mixed colours to an extent with black. By replacing the cyan, magenta and yellow, total ink application is reduced. The goal of this research was to find the best combination of cyan, magenta and yellow which are replaced with black, so that the ink consumption is reduced, while the print quality remains the same. Samples were printed by HP Designjet L65500 with HP Latex Inks. The printed samples were measured with directional 45º/0º spectrophotometer. Spectrophotometric measurements were carried out to determite CIELab values of printed samples and to compare ΔE values of these samples.
Keywords:
Ink optimization, HP Latex Printing Technology

Abstract:
Change the pigmentation process printing inks will result in changes within all half tone area. This paper will focus on research electroink elektrophotographic inks, as well as different concentrations of pigments affect the smallest screen elements (print dots). paper will analyzed 5 different concentrations (density of liquid inks varied from d=1.20 to d=2.00, the step of δd = 0.20). the analysis included colorimetric changes in prints on fine art paper (cie lab δe2000), as well as microscopic and densitometric analysis reproduced the print dots (δd, δr). the colour difference, deviation in diameter and reflectance of print dots are given only for light tone values (20%), in which the print elements look perfectly. this research will get answer what are the optimal concentration of pigment particles, and how each the pigment composition affects of the final reproduction. it will also be considered as excessive concentration of pigment affects the image, and if they affect on additional problems during printing production.
Keywords:
electrophotographic printing, electroink, pigmentation variation, deformations of screen elements

Abstract:
Spreading of inkjet inks over a substrate surface depend on inter-facial tensions at the boundary-line of liquid and solid contact. Physical properties (viscosity, surface tension) of two commercial CMYK sets of UV curable inkjet inks and surface properties of various polymer foils were measured. Printing tests and curing energy measurements were done with laboratory printing machine equipped with Xaar XJ500/40 print head and mid-pressure Fe doped Hg lamp. The spreading of print droplets in short time scale was examined by varying the time interval between printing and curing. Specific spreading behaviour of ink droplets on substrates with different surface properties was observed. Excessive spreading led to large dots with low optical density which were difficult to cure. The bad curability of such thin dot layer could be related to oxygen inhibition of polymerization. The UV curing process is affected by substrate and ink interaction.
Keywords:
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Abstract:
The goal of the present study is to define the correlation between the optical density and colour difference of the main ink colours cyan, magenta, yellow and black in printing on different types of paper, printed on four-colour sheet-feed offset printing machines. A test form has been used that contains different control strips for densitometric and colorimetric measurings. By the methods of Regression analysis it has been ascertained that the correlation between the optical density deviations - ΔD from the optimal values and color difference - ΔEab, can be presented by the following regression model (equation): ΔEab =а.ΔD2 + b.ΔD + c (у=ах2 + bx + c). The coefficients received are not equal for the different paper-ink combinations, which suppose different limits for ΔD. By using of the allowed limits for colour difference ΔEab (defined in ISO standards), it is graphically defined which ΔD limit values correspond to every colour and every paper-ink combination. The results achieved are important from scientific and practical point of view. For the first time in an experimental way a well-grounded proof has been achieved with regard to the limits of the optical density deviation from the optimal values for various ink-paper combinations, by provision of colour differences in compliance with the international standards.
Keywords:
Print Quality, Offset Print, Optical Density, Colour Difference

Abstract:
Digital printing is very fast evolving type of printing technology. Electrophotography is widely used in both commercial and SOHO printing. The using of recycling toners is very often from price reasons, but it is not recommended by printer producers due to lower quality of prints. Purpose of this paper is compare how sort of toner influence print quality and print properties. Low-end desk laser printer (Samsung CLP-300N) was used and toners from three suppliers (Samsung, Xerox and PrintWell) were subsequently tested. Test charts were printed in three quality setting on several range of papers and final properties (L*, a*, b* values, optical density, tone value increase, resolution, sharpness of edges, abrasion resistance and lightfastness) of prints were observed.
Keywords:
Electrophotography, Recycling Toner, Printing Quality

Abstract:
The entertainment programme of the Slovenian national television has been producing the television broadcast NLP for the last 10 years. During this period, several changes have taken place in the use of graphic design and typography. The latter are strongly connected to the broadcast NLP scene. According to our preliminary research, an inverse combination of graphics proved to be the most suitable for TV broadcasts. The newest graphic design has been changed from a positive combination into an inverse corporate identity. In the research, we wanted to find out how viewers (n = 55) react to the changes in graphic design, comparing the previous and new graphics in the positive and inverse combination. Furthermore, we experimented with different typefaces in the newest graphic design which were presented in the aspect ratio 16 : 9. The students who participated in the research evaluated various graphic solutions representing good visibility and legibility of graphics for a television screen. Originally, the typeface Arial is in use, which was by our research participants unfortunately not accepted as well as it was expected it would be. On the other hand, the typeface Tahoma as another option was found as more visible and legible. The research results gave clear data how viewers accept various typefaces in the same and different environment (i. e. colour combinations).
Keywords:
graphics, legibility, typeface, TV broadcast, visibility.

Abstract:
This article examines visual representation of recycling and waste management signs printed on packaging and it’s relation to the consumer. Since the life cycle of packaging is short, proper labeling of packaging is important because it serves as a visual guide to the consumer during the process of sorting waste. Since introduction of the Mobius loop sign by the Container Corporation of America in 1970, there has been a growing trend of increased environmental awareness. During the years, many new signs with environmental claims have been introduced to consumers, and their numbers are increasing every year. It is therefore important that the design of these signs is easily understandable to consumers and that their meaning is clear and unambiguous. This article is aimed to determine how the Croatian consumers interpret recycling and waste management signs and how their design and connotative meaning affect consumer decisions. It also examines impact of multiple sign interactions, and how they affect consumer interpretation.
Keywords:
Recycling signs, recycling symbols, environmental symbol design, environmental Awareness

Abstract:
Visual communication doesn't exist just for itself. It bears a message and expects reactions. A successful promotion campaign is created by teams coming from different fields, e.g. analysts, psychologists, designers and others. Designing visual communication is also an important economic segment. Recently the eye tracking method has begun to play an important role in researching visual communication. It is used to analyse and precisely define the specifics of a future buyer. The buyer may be an internet user or services user or a buyer buying goods in a store where he or she comes in contact with packaging. The important role of a precise analysis of eyetracking and what consulting the changes means for the end user.
Keywords:
visual communication, eyetracking, media design, packaging design.

Abstract:
Amazon.com is an American-based multinational e-commerce company, known as one of the largest online retailers worldwide. One of their additions is Amazon Kindle, a software and hardware platform for rendering and displaying e-books and other digital media. Three Kindle hardware devices support this platform and a Kindle software application for the existing six types of different hardware users to read Kindle contents on these devices. The purpose of the research was to analyze typeface legibility on an Amazon Kindle, iPhone (Kindle for iPhone) and Mac (Kindle for Mac). These are three different devices of different screen sizes and screen resolutions, however, with the same software, displaying the same contents.
Keywords:
Amazon Kindle, Kindle for Mac, Kindle for iPhone, legibility, typography

Abstract:
Some technological influences, such as: the fast turning printing presses, and before that, letterpress technique, both made different demands for type designers to design peculiar typefaces for newspapers printing process. But technological influences also forced them into avant-garde design projects, and the perfect example of it is still Herbert Bayer’s Universal type inspired by bent plywood and tubular steel Marcel Breuer’s designs, and never the fewer elementary constructivist principles which also guided Paul Renner into designing Futura. Furthermore, later modernist idea followed with general modernistic growth advocates clarity with so-called invisible typefaces. Studying the works of all the modernist heroes, and later the heroes of postmodernism, along with all their attempts to create a universal typography in a various sense, I have been prompted to endeavor to design a ultimate sublimation of all ideas and aspect of universality in one single font named Grid.
Keywords:
Universal typography, legibility, readability

Abstract:
The investigation was focused on the influence of effect pigments based on silicon dioxide flakes (SiO2) on the colorimetric values and print gloss. Two effect pigments were used: Colorstream T10-01 and Colorstream T10-03, which were overprinted on dried CMYK offset inks. As a printing substrate, a fiber synthetic paper was used. The properties of prints were determined with the measurements of CIELAB values before and after applying effect pigments on CMYK offset inks. On the bases of those measurements the differences in colour, chroma and hue have been calculated. The estimated results show that the colorimetric values and print gloss of overprinted CMYK offset inks by effect pigments varies with the observation at different angles. The most obvious differences in color and in hue of CMYK offset inks were seen at angle of 15º at both overprinted pigments, while the differences in chroma changed the most at observation angle of 25º. The overprinted effect pigment Colorstream T10-03 resulted in the higher print gloss than Colorstream T10-01 at all CMYK offset inks.
Keywords:
effect pigments, silicon dioxide (SiO2) flakes, offset prints, synthetic paper, colorimetric values, print gloss.

Abstract:
In nowadays graphic industry, the implemented colour management system ensures highly accurate visual match between the printed reproduction and the soft proof. However, in textile industry, custom soft proofing using solid colour patches is not suitable for the texture samples (especially heavy-textured) due to their spatial colour non-uniformity. In order to achieve the high colour fidelity visualization of the printed textile products on the display, the colour mapping of solid (uniform) colours to various texture patterns should be applied. In this study, a colour mapping method is developed based on the spatial and statistical (histogram) distribution of the luminance (L), chroma (C) and hue (H) channels (CIE LCH colour space). The original textile samples with three different texture patterns were simulated using the developed colour mapping method and the results were compared with the ones that are obtained using the gray-to-colour mapping method (GCM). Measured CIELAB colour difference values (ΔE94) indicate that the colour mapping method based on the LCH colour space has better performance in the terms of image similarity between the target and the generated texture images. Same conclusion is confirmed with the visual evaluation of the original and the simulated samples. Based on the results, the satisfactorily precise soft proof of the printed textile products can be obtained using the LCH colour mapping method with a texture pattern and a target solid colour as the input parameters.
Keywords:
colour mapping, texture simulation, pattern

Abstract:
Optical quality control in print industry utilizes various measurement devices for the analysis of prints and printing plates. Besides the traditional optical and sensory modules detector arrays and image processing methods are being integrated into such devices for the past decade. Industry standard devices used mostly for measuring control strips have an aperture size of 3-4 mms in diameter usually; however the observation of samples of smaller size would also be desired in many cases. The aim of this study was to determine dot area coverage of small details of halftone images based on digital photomicrographs. A video microscope was used to capture digital images taken with a CMYG filtered interline-transfer CCD camera. The pixel values of the digital image were transformed to CIELAB color space. A segmentation method was applied to separate the color space to segments representing primary and multiple colorants. The method was tested on a series of samples. Results were compared to measured values as reference, reasonable agreement was found in case of samples with low tone values.
Keywords:
color space, segmentation, video microscope

Abstract:
High dynamic range (HDR) imaging is a set of techniques that enable achieving very high difference between the lightest and darkest area of an image. With these techniques it is possible to obtain higher dynamic range than with standard digital imaging or photographic methods, so HDR images more accurately represent the extensive range of lightness levels that can be found in real scenes. However, reproducing HDR images properly can be a problem, because they contain broader dynamic range then most of today’s display devices. To ensure that tones and, more important, relations between them will be preserved after range clipping, the so-called tone mapping operators are being developed. These rendering techniques can be classified in two categories: spatially uniform (usually termed as global) and spatially varying (local operators). Global operators apply the same transformation to every pixel of an image, while local mapping use different algorithm for each pixel based on its local spatial content. The aim of this work was to define which tone mapping technique enables better reproduction of HDR image in term of noise and dynamic range i.e. less noise while maintaining most of the initial dynamic range. HDR images are generated from 3 photos of Kodak Q60 24-step gray scale which were taken by Canon 500D DSLR camera with exposures of -2 EV, 0 EV and 2 EV. Images are generated and tone mapped using Dynamic Photo HDR 4.8, Photomatix Pro 3 and Artizen HDR 2.8. softwares. From noise and dynamic range assessment, which was conducted inside Imatest 3.1 software, it was concluded that spatially uniform operators ensures reproduction with less noise and higher dynamic range.
Keywords:
HDR, tone mapping, noise, dynamic range

Abstract:
The growing demands for quality and well defined product quality levels encourage the printing houses to align their production processes to the specifications defined by the international standards. Those standards prescribe the use of certain tools. As the tools, such as characterization and process control charts are standardized, they may be more or less suitable for certain color reproduction processes, as many studies have shown that the choice of training set values has a great impact on the characterization model accuracy. This study investigates the impact of the test set values choice on the estimated color reproduction system accuracy. Three random RGB value samples in each of the three different sample sizes have been taken, and their corresponding L*a*b* values predicted by the standard ICC profile were compared to the empirical values on the laser electrophotographic printer with RGB driver. The results obtained with different sample sizes and different random samples were compared using the analysis of variance to find whether the samples are significantly different.
Keywords:
CRS evaluation, test set size

Abstract:
Emerging contaminants of concern are commonly derived from municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastewater sources and pathways. These newly recognized contaminants represent a shift in traditional thinking as many are produced or generated industrially, are dispersed to the environment from domestic, commercial, and industrial/graphical uses. In the paper the results of residues of emerging heavy metals in printing wastewater are presented. To our experimental research emerging heavy metals were detected to after the wastewater printing industry was threat by commercial zeolit sorbent. The wastewater of selected X graphical company.
Keywords:
emerging substances of concern, emerging metals, graphical industry

Abstract:
The non-image areas on the lithographic printing plate are built from roughened and porous aluminium-oxide film. During the plate making process the printing plate is immersed in alkaline solution to dissolve part of the photoactive layer. In this process it is impossible to avoid contact between alkaline solution and aluminium-oxide layer, which is also soluble in this kind of solution. The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of the alkaline solution on the surface properties of the aluminium-oxide film. Measurement of the contact angle was made by applying the defined chemical substances for calculation of surface free energy of aluminiumoxide. Roughness parameters were defined by topographical measurement to determine aluminium-oxide’s surface characteristics. The results showed that alkaline solutions cause significant change of the aluminium-oxide surfaces. This leads to conclusion that determination of developing process parameters must be precisely define in order to achieve printing plates of high quality level.
Keywords:
plate making process, alkaline solution, aluminium oxide, surface free energy, roughness parameters

Abstract:
The concentration levels of target metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Zn, Fe and Cu) in sheet-fed offset fresh and waste printing inks (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentration levels of Co, Zn, Fe, and Cu in waste printing ink were significant higher than in the fresh printing ink samples. The variations of the metal concentrations in waste and fresh printing inks (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) are in the following range: Co>Zn>Cu>Fe and Co>Cu>Zn>Fe, respectively. The presence of Co and Cr in all the samples was not detected. Due to the determined levels of metals, waste printing inks could be classified as hazardous waste.
Keywords:
waste printing inks, metals pollution, graphic environment

Abstract:
One of the main issues in graphic reproduction is to ensure high quality level of imprints throughout whole print run. There are many factors which could cause degradation of the imprints quality, among other is quality of the printing plate. Essential in achieving high quality imprints in lithography, where difference of the printing and non-printing areas of the printing plate is achieved through opposite physical-chemical properties, is to ensure optimal thin film of fountain solution on non-printing areas before application of printing ink on printing plate. The aim of this paper was to determine wetting properties of the non-printing areas of the printing plate in relation to the duration of the print run. Measurement of the surface free energy of investigated surfaces was made to characterize nonprinting areas. In addition, to determine functionality of those surfaces, measurement of contact angle by applying fountain solution has been done. Results of the measurement showed that print run has significantly influenced functionality of non-printing areas.
Keywords:
lithography, printing plate, contact angle, surface free energy

Abstract:
The objective of this paper was to determine the extent of noise in some printing companies in Novi Sad. The noise level of two different types of machines – folders and cutters, in five printing companies, was investigated using TES-1358A Sound Level Meter (SLM), with RS-232 Interface. The data on equivalent A–level [dBA], as well as the maximum and minimum sound pressure levels (SPL) were collected. The average value of Leq was 87,66 dBA for folders, and 80,21 dBA for paper cutters. It was found that the folders are the predominant noise sources, with the maximum Leq levels at 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz. For this type of the machines the means of Leq levels exceeded the permissible levels given by NR-80 curve at higher frequencies. For the paper cutters the means of Leq levels were bellow the acceptable values given by NR-80 curve at all frequencies, but the levels were very close to the values registered at 2kHz and above.
Keywords:
Noise level, frequency analysis, folders, cutters

Abstract:
In step with rapid development of mobile devices and similar handheld wireless devices, a large amount of devices gained capability to access internet. Content providers had to find a way how to serve all mentioned platforms at the same time. This paper introduces a sort of web documents static layout adaptation method. Related methods were discussed in order to compare them to this paper introduced method. Elements selection recommendations were given. An application of this method is also discussed and presented in this paper.
Keywords:
internet, adaptation, browsing, navigation, CSS

Abstract:
2D codes are one of the automatic identification technologies. Compared to the conventional barcode technology, 2D codes can encode larger amount of data on a smaller area and besides numerical, alphanumerical data can be also encoded. For this reason there are lots of possibilities to use them for different applications like advertising purposes. Especially on packaging there is frequently not enough space even for printing all obligatory or additional information about specific product. 2D codes are one of the possible solutions. Additional information about the product, manufacturer or usage of the product is main priority that 2D codes can provide on the product where printing space is limited. While these codes can be decoded with every newer mobile phone, the technology is becoming more and more accessible and popular. 2D code can cross links the printed matter with interactive internet and can represent a contact between seller and costumer. In the article 2D codes (especially QR and EZ code) are described and the presentation of their applications on the packaging and other printed products are shown. Besides that the comparison of code largeness regarding to the different encoded information and different code type was done. At the end the readability of QR and EZ codes printed in 100 % and 30 % of raster tone value in process printing inks was determined.
Keywords:
2D code, QR code, EZ code, extended packaging

Abstract:
This paper is based on a short review, divisions DI technology and basic technical principles of work and today's applications in the industrial production of newsprint in obtaining variable printing black and white or multicoloured prints. From the point of purchase, the period of use and exploitation.
Keywords:
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Abstract:
The hybrid inks as the combination of UV ink and conventional ink techology have been developed with the goal to benefit from printing ink technologies. One of the advatages of hybrid ink technology is the possibility to use UV coatings which by the components provide higher print gloss and more saturated and vivid colours. In this paper we have measured the print gloss as the geometrical and colour difference values as the chromatic part of the light reflection which is both dependable on the inks, coatings and surface properties of printed sheets. We have printed colour samples with conventional inks on a four colour offset printing press with and additional coating tower which have been coated with two different anilox rollers (60L/cm and 90L/cm) with inline coating of aqeous coatings. The hybrid inks have been coated in similar way with UV coating using the same anilox rollers. The surfaces of the printed and coated samples were charachterized by AFM surface scannning and the appropriate surface rougness values were calculated. The results indicate differences between average surface roughness after printing and subsequent coating between hybrid inks and conventional inks and higher gloss values for UV coatings and similar colour differences between coated hybrid and conventional inks.
Keywords:
hybrid, coating, surface roughness, gloss, colour difference

Abstract:
This paper presents the results of research on influence of heat on the printed textile material consisting of 100% polyester. It was assumed that thermal effects causes change in the structure of materials. In this case surface roughness was analyzed. In order to investigate this assumption the printed textile was treated with heating element, with three different degree of heat five times in a row and after every treatment surface roughness parameters Ra and Rp were measured. Thermal loads on a heating surface in contact with textile ware analyzed using a special thermovision devices. Analysis showed that the heating value in measuring point were different. The reason is a consequence forms the heater in the heating element. Therefore, it is determined the arithmetic mean value for each heat input and the value of the deviation was quite high. Changes in surface roughness were measured by TR unit 200, and the results showed a correlation between the number of thermal effects and changes in surface roughness, regardless of the heat value. Although for further study it would be better to use the heating element that have smaller temperature difference on active surface, to make the results more precise.
Keywords:
printed textile material, thermal load, surface roughness, Ra, Rp, thermovision camera, TR 200

Abstract:
Universal helical motor gear units do not belong in products whose selection is based on their looks, but on the basis of their technical characteristics (primarily load capacity – T and permitted overhung load – FRperm and axial load – FAperm at output shaft of gear unit), the range of gear units, quality, price, brand image and, very often, the delivery terms. However, it does not mean that their design is not paying great attention. On the contrary, design of universal helical gear units is paid great attention to ensure low consumption of material, high strength and rigidity, easy manufacturing, not complicate assembly, easy transportation, installation, service, maintenance and repair, simply disassemble and recycle, and finally nice looking of gear unit housing. For this reason, problematic of design of housings of universal multistage helical motor gear unit is detailed analysed in this paper in order to highlight the influence of some factors on the ultimate form of body of housing.
Keywords:
design, housing, universal motor gear unit

Abstract:
The Flexographic technology of printing is widely used for producing items for the packaging industry such as labels, different kinds of packs for food, drugs, etc. The technology gives the opportunity of using wide range of substrates – paper, polyethylene and aluminum foils are a small part of the previously mentioned. With the developing of the market the clients have started to require higher quality of printing, especially when talking about labeling industry. This is the reason why in 2009 Esko Artwork presented new technology for flexographic printing – High Definition Flexo (HD Flexo). The key to the high quality of HD Flexo is a combination of 4000dpi High Resolution optics along with unique screening technologies to take advantage of sharper and more accurate imaging. As a result of the applying the new technology, according to Esko Artwork, there are several improvements which can be accomplished, such as smooth vignettes (print to zero), the full tonal range of the offset and gravure technologies, high screen ruling with standard Anilox systems, increasing the tonal range achieved and etc. The current research is pointed to analyze the advantages of HD Flexo in a real production conditions, as well as to specify the optimal screen ruling, support dot size and etc. Important is also to define the dot gain, reproduction of fine line elements and high light vignettes achieved with HD flexo compared with other similar technologies.
Keywords:
HD Flexo, screen dots, dot gain, tonal range, printing plates and etc.

Abstract:
Typefaces can be designed in many different ways. The typeface Harmonia was designed with the help of basic mathematical elements, i.e. straight and circular lines. In order to define the side bearing parameters for letters and other characters, we tried to follow the same – mathematically based – experiment. Therefore, the side bearings were to be determined with empirical equations. The size of the left- and right-side bearings can be different for different characters. Consequently, it was necessary to define individual segments and superficies of each character parts, calculate portions, define the predominating geometric character elements in each segment, initiate reductive factors, define reductive superficies of each character elements, transform the sum of reductive superficies of elements into side bearings, and define their minimum and maximum values. In the experiment, we started by defining the metrics between two characters. When satisfied with the space, we added a third character. However, when the letters were combined into words, the poorness of using merely the mathematical calculation came into expression. We realized that 56% of side bearings had minimum or maximum values, which was not acceptable. For our typeface to be useful, we had to move away from the empirical theory and in the end, define the character side bearings optically.
Keywords:
empirical equation, letter side bearing, typography

Abstract:
Designers who are familiar with technical possibilities of graphic equipment they use are more likely to get expected finish results for every design they produce. Enlargement of the color gamut provides a more realistic picture. The influence of color, sharpness and contrast to the overall design is large. Larger color gamut can provide that one step ahead, from all others products, in the battle for customers.
Keywords:
color gamut, dot gain, design.

Abstract:
A method of simulation of printed textile materials has been proposed. An idea is that perception of a colour would be influenced by a texture of a surface. The method has been following standard procedure and utilizes ICC profiles with addition of texture simulation on a profiled image. Two input devices, scanner and digital camera, were used as imaging systems whose outputs, in terms of images, have been compared with simulated images, on a computer monitor. Results show that if all parameters of the process are carefully controlled, method could give acceptable match for most of the application. Additional parameters that should have been involved are discussed as well as purposed improvements and further work.
Keywords:
Soft-proofing, texture simulation, colour management

Abstract:
The first printers were completely dedicated to Gothic writing. Gutenberg used Textura and Rotunda while Peter Schöffer devoted himself to a transitional form of writing between Gothic and Antiqua or Roman with the prominent inclination to Antiqua. Schöffer’s fonts had a more gentle fraction on the stress than any other previous typographic forms. The craftsmen of Gutenberg’s workshop Arnold Pannartz and Conrad Schweinheim copied the Peter Schöffer’s writing pretty unskillfully at Subiaco Monastery in 1465. Nevertheless, the final outcome of the aspiration to adapt Roman capital and Carolingian minuscule to the distinctiveness of printing was achieved by Nicolas Jenson in Venice five years later. Jenson’s Venetian Antiqua is the first form of Antiqua writing to be known and recognized today in many different reflections and interpretations.
Keywords:
Gothic and Antiqua, typography, font

Abstract:
In this paper the differences in education of graphic designer who is involved in reproduction workflow, on one side, and a graphic designer as an artist on the other side, has been defined and compared. From the technological point of view graphic design has been diversified and the differences between art and design were clearly identified. The stress was on technological stages and points which should be relevant in graphic designers’ education in relation to the classical, artist education.
Keywords:
education, graphic design, art

Abstract:
Rotogravure printing is based on ink transfer from gravured cells on surface of cooper cylinder to printing substrate. Therefore, ink viscosity has a major role in printing process and has a great influence on the quality of printed substrate. Namely, the rheological properties of ink, influence the print quality and smoothness. Ink and its viscosity cause dot sharpness, ton value increase, variations in ink thickness, smoothness and mottling. Lower viscosity causes tone value increase, and consequently results in low sharpness and dirty prints, inconsistent ink thickness and smoothness. Higher viscosity may also cause problems in inconsistent ink transfer on the substrate, causing mottling. The influence of ink viscosity on imprint quality through two parameters of control - colorimetric values of the colours and tone value increase have been presented in this paper. One printing substrate and four different inks (CMYK) have been used for printing.
Keywords:
Gravure, viscosity, colour difference, gloss

Abstract:
This Paper deals with the printing of conductive layers based on conductive ink by using screen printing technique. Experimental part of the paper is focused on the monitoring interaction between the Ag particles based conductive ink and different types of printing substrates. The evaluation of the print quality was realized by using printed testcharts and by measuring the electrical properties of selected patterns. For the evaluation were prepared sets of prints, which were then printed under same conditions on following substrates: APCO, Melinex, Pretex, Synaps. Prints were investigated by means of image analysis methods and by measuring of electrical properties of selected patterns. The results confirmed that the print quality and electrical properties of prints depend on choice of printing substrate.
Keywords:
conductive ink, electrical properties, screen printing

Abstract:
Development of internet technologies and wide range of users offers new possibilities for reaching participants in scientific research. While commercial sector is using internet as a medium for conducting all kinds of researches and data gathering government and scientific institutions are not using all its potential. That potential being ability to access big number of people in a short time, data gathered is already in electronic form so it's easier to process it further statistically etc. This paper has a goal to research the possibilities for using internet as a medium for conducting scientific research and data gathering. This is accomplished by short overlook of available technologies and research in to a practical usage of those technologies. As a result of a research practical flash based web application was made and used for researches concerning color perception. Research conducted by the internet showed a possibility of quick access to large number of research subjects and possibilities for access the people during whole day, which is not possible without considerable trouble if conventional survey is used. This kind of data gathering could be used for wide variety of researches especially in graphical engineering, design and other human oriented fields.
Keywords:
Internet, survey, research, data gathering.

Abstract:
Readability of passive RFID fundamentally depends on the tag empowering. The minimum required power, usually referred to as sensitivity, depends on the chip and antenna manufacturing. The sensitivity affects the readability but it is not the sole determinant of readability. The readability of RFID comprises a number of factors, particularly in the UHF band. This paper proposes a classification of tag readability weakening factors and measurement methods to quantify the factors. It is shown that tag performance change at the attachment may affect the readability. A tag probe, a power measurement antenna at the position of tag attachment, can monitor essential data to comprehend the situation and establish a countermeasure to improve the tag readability. The operating environment, involving reader antenna positions and standing waves result from the multipath fading, is another important factor for the readability. The characteristics of the environment could be also grasped by using the tag probe.
Keywords:
UHF RFID,readability, power measurement

Abstract:
Digital photography is realized through various printing techniques today. Among the dominant printing techniques today are actual techniques realized with halftone printing and those that achieve print through continuous tones transition. Among the halftone techniques prevalent are inkjet Hi Fi high-resolution techniques in which the print is realized on RC substrates with special reception layer. In this paper photo prints generated through bubble jet printing with different Hi Fi solutions on the same, appropriate, substrates are colorimetric and visually estimated. For testing motif, which consists of the standard color checker and black and white and color portrait photographs, was defined.
Keywords:
Bubble jet, photo printing, Hi Fi printing

Abstract:
Production of packaging paper is a very complex technical process that consumes huge quantity of various raw materials, energy-generating products, industrial water, additional tools, and spare parts for plants involved in the production process. It also comprises to have devices for cleaning polluted water and gases as well as tip sites for disposal of solid waste. Strategic raw materials for production of packaging paper is waste paper which is irreplaceable, as well as a range of new technical and technological solutions that have come up recently, thus enabling the use of all kinds of waste paper enriched with polymers, tar, bitumen and different kinds of printing. It is a technical fact that the quality of cellulose mass derived from processed waste paper is changeable in regard to a repeated recycling process and it is calculated that the same treatment repeated 2 or 3 times does not significantly affect the decrease of physical and mechanical properties of fiber. However, every further treatment leads to a rapid decrease of its mechanical properties. In order to preserve mechanical properties of paper derived from the waste paper, natural and synthetic additives are being used. The research that was conducted in the Natron-Hayat Company in Maglaj offered new answers to the questions such as: what is the share of waste paper regarding the mass composition of larch cellulose improved by starch (within mass and paper surface)?; what is the alteration of mechanical properties within the given standard values of packaging paper. In order to achieve technological and economic effects of production the share of paper could be successfully increased in the mass of normal cellulose if enriched with starch up to 50 %, without decreasing the quality of packaging paper.
Keywords:
packaging paper, waste paper, starch, mechanical properties.

Abstract:
Ultraviolet (UV) cured printing is a fast growing area of printing which has many diverse applications. The present study deals with the influence of different types of UV ink jet printers on densitometric properties of CMYK prints. Prints of CMYK color fields with different intensity were made by two UV ink jet printers; Océ Arizona 250 GT and DursRho205. As a printing substrate a film synthetic paper Yupo FEB 130 was used. The research was focused on the investigation of the differences in the optical density and tone value increase of UV ink jet prints. The analysis revealed some differences; optical density and also tone value increase were lower at prints made by printer Océ Arizona 250 GT.
Keywords:
UV ink jet print, film synthetic paper, optical density, optical tone value increase.

Abstract:
Flexographic printing is one of the fields of print industry that experiences rapid development. With this technology it is possible to print on coated and uncoated paper, paperboard, and non-absorptive substrates such as plastic foils, typically used in packaging. About 40% of all packaging products are printed using flexographic printing. Surface properties of the substrates varies, inks with different components and printing properties are needed; development is essential for the improvement of print quality. In our research work we investigated two inks for printing PE and BOPP foils. The targets of visual investigation were errors, small distortions, colour deviances. Optical measurements were used to determine density, tone value increase (TVI), colour evenness and abrasion resistance of the prints.
Keywords:
flexo printing, PE, BOPP, TVI, abrasion resistance.

Abstract:
In case of sheet offset printing inks that dry by oxidation polymerization are normally used. A specific time is required for the ink to dry on the print. In order to minimise of sticky surfaces’ ink transfer anti set-off powders are used. During the research work we have examined the rubbing effect exerted by different types of powders on prints printed on print carriers having different surface properties. Our goal was to determine the spray powder that best suits the properties of the given print carrier and ink. During our examinations the rub fastness of the prints was measured following printing tests after a specified drying time had elapsed. In addition, electron microscopic images were taken from the prints by which we could reach conclusions related to the properties of the paper, the prints and the powder.
Keywords:
anti set-off powder, abrasion resistance

Abstract:
Besides the quality of the learning content, the crucial influence on the efficiency and effectiveness of e-learning systems has the choice of appropriate multimedia combination for presenting the given content. This work evaluates how various multimedia improve e-learning unit from a specific graphic engineering course. The six experimental groups have been comparatively investigated in order to gauge the effects of six different versions of learning unit, each supplied with different multimedia combination: text with (version 1A) or without (version 1B) emphasized words; pictures (still graphics) and text with (version 2A) or without (version 2B) the control over the presentation rate; animation and text with (version 3A) or without (version 3B) the control over the presentation rate. The collected data consist of retention test scores and subjective evaluations from two usability satisfaction questionnaires. On retention test, the best mean score had the group that was learning the unit with interface versions 2A and 2B, while the worst learning performance gave the group tested with version 1B. The versions 2A and 2B are, also, subjectively evaluated as the versions with the highest usability satisfaction level and the most adequate for learning. Inside the each group, subgroup A proved to be more successful solution in terms of learning outcomes. The obtained research results are consistent with a cognitive theory of multimedia learning (Mayer, 2001) and can be used in leveraging multimedia combination for the unit content in order to align with human learning processes.
Keywords:
e-learning, multimedia, cognitive theory.

Abstract:
The authors, professors at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, decided to write a students-oriented handbook on fundamentals of digital image processing and, to some extent, image analysis that would be of interest primarily to the students, engineers and technicians working in the graphic arts, papermaking and related industries. A large number of high-quality books about image processing and -analysis currently exist, but only few of them are written in Slovene language and virtually none that would be focused towards the specific problems found in the field of graphic technology. Image processing and -analysis algorithms can be implemented in prepress, press and postpress operations. In quality control, for instance, they can be seen as a useful tool for precise assessment of different substrate-printing ink interactions and negative phenomena and nowadays increasingly replace conventional e.g. densitometric measurements. The handbook comprises two parts: first one is an introduction to the field of image processing featuring chapters on digital image basics, point operations, spatial filtering, morphological operations and color image processing. Second part – applications in graphic arts – will be finished in the following months containing a number of practical examples where tools described in the first part have been successfully implemented.
Keywords:
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