MEĐUNARODNI SIMPOZIJUM GRAFIČKOG INŽENJERSTVA I DIZAJNA

Abstract:
Smart Factory is a general research concept concerning automation of industrial production processes. This term is part of the “Industry 4.0” initiative, the future project of the German government. One of the main features is the data exchange between machine interfaces based on internet technologies as discussed in section 2. To stress the industrial character of print production, we will state some of the results of the Smithers Pira report (Pira, 2016) in section 3. In section 4 the basics of data structure of the Job Definition Format (JDF) is presented. It will be shown that JDF constitute important parts of industry 4.0 in the Graphical Industry. The demand for production efficiency and market concentrations of print services promoted this metadata. But nevertheless, it is very likely that JDF will be replaced by a new format in the future, the “XJDF” as it is denoted for the time being. Section 5 will outline the differences between the two formats, the motivations for the redesign of JDF and their relations to “Industry 4.0”.
Keywords:
JDF, XJDF, PDF, Metadata, Print Production, Industry 4.0

Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to present current trends in printing industry. This industry have experienced more fundamental changes in the last 20 years than in any similar period since Gutenberg. Last five Drupa fairs ware proving ground for digital printing and the future will definitely be digital. At Drupa 2016. we saw developments in heavy duty high quality and high volume ink jet presses in each segment of printing industry (sheetfeed and webfed, commercial, publishing, object, industrial, packaging, etc.). This reflects the market trend as during 2015 a big increase of digital printing happened and it has positioned itself in top 3 printing technology investments in all areas of the industry. This trend is expected to continue in the future. Smithers Pira projects a positive outlook for the print and printed packaging markets, with annual growth of 2% per year to 2020.
Keywords:
printing industry, turnover, SWOT analysis, future trends

Abstract:
The five sensory organs of the people play major role in marketing. The sense of smell, the aromas often affect the decisions during a consumer purchase. However, to be find out new marketing ideas are more and more difficult, so it is now primarily used as marketing tools for the design of packaging, that is affect more than one sensory organ. The aim of this research was to design and test a packaging for cosmetics which has unique solution, containing a micro-encapsulated label. The cardboard box of the product – a luxury categorized face cream – was covered with BOPP foil, to prevent the box from the damage. On the BOPP foil was fixed a label with micro-encapsulated layer. There is a short text for the consumers on the label to test the smell of the face cream. When the costumers scratch the encapsulated layer they could test and feel the scent of the face cream in advance. Aesthetic investigation of the finished cardboard box was done through a questionnaire filled out by those in the target group. Abrasion resistance and temperature resistance of micro-encapsulated layer as well as pressure resistance of the cardboard box were examined.
Keywords:
packaging, micro-encapsulated label, abrasion resistance, temperature resistance

Abstract:
In graphic design and printing industries, individuals who can see are usually targeted and productions are made for them. In fact, when the user target groups of the printed products are considered, more work seems necessary for the individuals who cannot see. The purpose of this study is to determine the reading quality of the embossings of the printed press produced using Braille alphabet for visually impaired individuals depending on the embossings’ endurance features about the paper. Embossings formed on the paper / cardboard surface for the Braille alphabet to be read enable the individual to perceive the product and the message by touching. The actualization of this perception for a long time by the help of the sense of touching depends on the endurance process of the Braille alphabet embossings on the substrate. The most important parameters, which determine this endurance process, are the grammage, thickness and moisture of the paper used and the amount and the features of the raw material, which make the body of the paper. The friction formed by every touching of the individual to actualize reading on the surface decreases the endurance of the embossings. Pressure and friction has caused by touching cause the embossings that form the writing to collapse, hence reading to be increasingly difficult. The frictional resistance process varies according to the sorts, grammage and the kinds of the papers and the pressure applied onto their surfaces.This study was conducted in order to determine the reading quality depending on the frictional resistance formed as a result of the collapse and abrasion of the embossings of the paper depending on the number of readings. 3 different papers at low, middle and high grammage used in Braille alphabet printing were selected and conditioned at 23oC and 60% moisture for the determination of the frictional resistance process within the scope of the study. A standard size text was written (embossed) on these papers with Braille alphabet and the visually impaired subjects were asked to read it for 20 - 150 times in separate texts and the number of readings with optimum quality depending on the decreasing reading sensitivity and the suitable paper basis weight were determined.
Keywords:
Braille, Legibility, Paper surface properties

Abstract:
Microcapsules are small spheres that vary in their morphology and size, and generally consist of two parts: the core and the shell. Regarding the encapsulated core material inside the microcapsules, they are used today in various fields of application, such as in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, construction, chemical and food industry, biotechnology, electronics, as well as in printing and textile industry. In order to fulfill their basic purpose, microcapsules need to be applied on the target areas of the substrate material without damage, using different application techniques such as coating, spraying and printing. The aim of this research was to determine the properties of the prints, made on different substrates with pad printing technology, and microcapsules, which were added into the printing ink. Selected microcapsules were characterized according to their size and volume distribution as well as surface morphology, using SEM microscopy and digital image processing. The core of the microcapsules was the phase change material (PCM). Properties of the prints were determined by spectrophotometric and digital image processing methods. Correlations between the results of the prints and the microcapsules were determined and will be presented as final results.
Keywords:
pad printing, dry PCM microcapsules, size and volume distribution, paper substrates

Abstract:
This study examines the field of functional packaging, specifically fabrication of three different types of board boxes with added value. In addition to protecting the product and providing information for the customer, packaging nowadays also has to attract and interact with the customer. During our study, packaging prototypes in the form of boxes were made and upgraded with microcapsules and functional printing. Two prototype boxes were coated with a composition containing microencapsulated fragrances and fire retardants. Microcapsules, produced by in situ polymerization process, contained a core of a chosen active substance, and an impermeable wall that enabled controlled release of active substances under mechanical pressure or heat. Lavender essential oil was used as a fragrance and triphenyl phosphate as a fire retardant. The third packaging prototype was interactive and enhanced by functional printing, more specifically by a printed electroluminescent screen, and a printed touch-sensitive sensor connected through an adjusted circuit. Printed electronics is based on flexible materials, e.g. plastic foils, paper and textiles, and conventional printing processes, such as screen printing, flexography, gravure printing, and inkjet. Conductive inks are used in the printing of printed electronics. Our elements were both printed by screen printing and then implemented on packaging prototypes.
Keywords:
packaging, microcapsules, coating, functional printing

Abstract:
Preparation of printed material for blind and visually impaired presents a special field in the graphic industry. Until recently embossing has been the leading technology for printing braille but in the last years UV ink-jet and 3D printing are taking their share in the field. Printing braille has been used for more than a century and has therefore been defined with different standards, regulations and recommendations, which specify all the parameters of the braille dot as well as its cell – their height, diameter, distance between separate dots and cells etc. The same properties need to be fulfilled also when printing tactile illustrations. Jet, presenting and printing illustrations for blind and visually impaired is a whole another story. Not only that the presentation of different graphics and illustrations of people, animals, objects, and other needs to be taken into account but also the combination of differently structured printed surface needs to be used. This research paper will present how certain graphic designs need to be printed so blind and visually impaired can successfully recognize them. When printing illustrations namely, not only the height of the printed objects is important, but also the amount of selected raised object, their formation and the selected texture.
Keywords:
tactile illustrations, printing braille, relief surface, texture

Abstract:
Lithography is a printing technique in which selective adsorption of printing ink on the printing plate is achieved by opposite surface properties of printing and nonprinting areas. It is a two liquids technique where beside printing ink fountain solution must be used to enable nonprinting areas to repel the printing ink. Fountain solution is composed of water and some additives including buffer and surface active substances. The buffer solution must keep the fountain solution in defined pH value range (4.5 – 5.5) as lower or higher pH value would significantly influence printing process and/or stability of the printing plate. Surface active substances are added in order to decrease surface tension of the solution and enable coverage of the nonprinting areas on a printing plate with lower amount of the solution. Most common surface active substance used in lithography is propan-2-ol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA), but as it has bad influence on ecology and human health, in recent years fountain solutions with lower IPA amount or even without IPA (alcohol free fountain solution) have been developed. The aim of this paper is to determine functionality of the fountain solutions prepared with various amounts of IPA. For the purpose of this research, two sets of the fountain solutions, FS1 and FS2, were prepared and characterized by measuring pH value, electrical conductivity and surface tension. In addition, the Pruefbau MZ II Multipurpose Printability Testing System was used to determine amount of the fountain solution needed to cover nonprinting areas on the printing plate and disable adsorption of the printing ink. To detect chemical wear of the printing plate by the fountain solution, potentiodynamic polarization measurements were performed. Results showed that solutions FS1 have higher pH value and higher electrical conductivity than solutions FS2.In both sets it is visible trend of increasing pH value and decreasing electrical conductivity by addition of IPA. The surface tension is lowest by FS1 in which 4 %vol of IPA is added, even more the whole FS1 set has lower surface tension than the lowest surface tension measured in set FS2 (measured in sample with 12.5 %vol of IPA). The contact angle values were in good correlation to the surface tension values (calculated Spearman’s correlation coefficient was 1 for FS1 and 0.9 for FS2). In simulated printing process, better spreading of the solution on the printing plate surface was achieved using FS2, where for almost all solution samples even 5 μl were enough to reach optimal area coverage. The electrochemical measurements showed that there is no corrosion for all investigated fountain solution samples.From this research one could conclude that investigated samples do not cause corrosion of the aluminum based lithographic printing plates. The addition of the IPA causes reduction of the surface tension that leads to lower contact angle measured when applying fountain solution onto the nonprinting areas of the lithographic printing plate. The simulation of the printing process using the Pruefbau MZ II Multipurpose Printability Testing System could be used as a tool in defining amount of fountain solution needed to disable adsorption of the printing ink, but the process should be fine tuned.
Keywords:
lithography, fountain solution, printability testing, surface tension, contact angle

Abstract:
The main goal of this study was the examination of heterogeneous Fenton oxidation of real wastewater from textile floor-coverings industry using iron impregnated clay as a catalyst. In addition, optimization of significant Fenton process parameters (H2O2 concentration, pH value, catalyst dosage and reaction time) and stability of the catalyst was carried out using response surface methodology on the basis of central composite design (CCD). The obtained high correlation coefficient (0.80) for dye decolourization as well as for leaching of iron was employed to optimize the process. Considering the results of applied model, the optimal conditions were the following: c(H2O2)=4.99 mM, pH=3.36, m(catalyst)=0.39 g and reaction time was 221 minutes. Under these terms, it was achieved maximum dye degradation and minimum iron leaching which totaled 61.09 % and 0,007 mg/l, respectively.
Keywords:
Fenton, CCD, ANOVA, impregnation, Na-bentonite

Abstract:
The aim of this work was to study the influence of primary and secondary hydroxyl groups in the irregular branched polyglycerol macromolecules on the selected properties of prints. The impact of branched polyglycerol on the rheology behaviour of water-based flexographic ink with an addition of 1% of polyglycerol is presented. Laboratory printing was performed on various plastic films (BOPP, PE, PET). Dry and wet abrasion resistance of printed samples as well as adhesion between films and ink was studied. The wettability of substrates by printing ink influence the adhesion between the substrates, in this case various plastic films, and the dried ink film.
Keywords:
abrasion resistance, flexographic printing, modern additives, wettability effect

Abstract:
Adhesives have a wide range of applications in various industries including the printing industry. Water based emulsion adhesives being used in printing industry are most often based on polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) homopolymers, especially in bookbinding for short run book production and caseing in. Polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesive formulations are affordable, regarded as being nontoxic and easy to handle. Designing durable and quality short run products requires understanding the interactions between used materials in adhesive joint and the basic components of paper and adhesive. In this study, the adhesive parameters of polyvinyl acetate adhesive on five paper samples containing different shares of inorganic fillers (0%, 18.5%, 20.5%, 21% and 30%) have been investigated. Paper samples were investigated in the terms of surface roughness, moisture, ash and CaCO3 content. The moisture content was similar as well as surface roughness of all paper sample, except roughness of paper with 0% of inorganic fillers – filter paper. Ranking based on ash content was same as one based on CaCO3 content. Besides the different paper properties, the varying amount of water (0%, 2.5% and 5%) in adhesive have been studied as well. Polyvinyl acetate adhesive was applied on all samples under the same conditions (23°C and 50% RH) and method. The analysis of the surface free energy (SFE) and its polar and dispersive components of paper and adhesive was performed by contact angle measurements. Based on those measurements, excluding a hydrophilic filter paper again, all other paper samples showed hydrophobic character and small SFE values (under 40 mJ/m2). There was no large impact on SFE of hydrophilic adhesive samples due to added amount of water. According to the obtained results, the interfacial free energy between two phases and mechanical work of the adhesion was calculated.
Keywords:
adhesion, PVAc adhesive, paper, inorganic fillers, surface free energy

Abstract:
In this study, nano zero valent iron synthetized with the Kraft sulphate lignin was used in Fenton system to decolourize Reactive Blue 4 solution. Optimization was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM) when varying nano zero valent iron dosage, hydrogen-peroxide concentration, pH value and initial dye concentration. Experimental variables with the highest influence on the process efficiency were pH value and nanomaterial dosage. During the experiment high decolourization efficiencies were achieved (>90 %). UV-Vis spectra of decolourized solutions (for each experiment) indicated that not only the chromophore group was destroyed but also the complete dye molecule. Mineralization degree was established by determining chemical oxygen demand (COD) before and after the applied process. Achieved mineralization was >70 %. Also these measurements indicated that Fenton process also caused the mineralization of aromatics present in the lignin solution. The sum of all results indicated on the potential application of this material, in Fenton process, for heavily degradable molecules removal.
Keywords:
Fenton process, sulphate lignin, anthraquinone dye, nano zero valent iron

Abstract:
Tensile properties of different printing substrates, such as papers and paperboards, can deliver useful information about the substrates` usability in the converting process and end-use. Therefore, the inplane tensile testing is one of the crucial material characterization methods. For the needs of tensile testing, specimens have to be prepared according to the corresponding international standards, which among other parameters, strictly define the sample` size. However, in some cases the requirements concerning sample size cannot be fulfilled, due to the specimen`s special properties or its preparation process. In this investigation, uncoated, wood-free offset papers were examined by tensile test where sample width and length was varied in order to investigate the influence of the sample-size variation on the in-plane tensile strength and elongation at break distribution. The obtained results show differences in measured tensile strength values, but also in the elongation at break according to the sample length to width changes.
Keywords:
tensile testing, sample-size, uncoated paper

Abstract:
With the increasing qualitative requirements present for the products printed in flexography, various improvements in the workflow of flexographic printing are being expolred and utilized. The aim of this paper is to propose and present a method for increasing the quality of fine printed elements in flexography with the post-treatment of the printing plate seen as a tool for improving the definition of the printed features. In the experimental part, two types of flexographic printing plates were used: one solvent-washable photopolymer CtP plate, and one water-washable photopolymer CtP plate. Samples were produced using the procedure recomended by the manufacturer, and by applying the same compensation curves for both types of printing plates. The durations of UVA and UVC post-treatments were varied in order to influence the properties of the printing plates that will affect the transfer of the ink to the pritning substrate. On the printing plates, formed printing elements were monitored by 3D microscopy in order to assess the initial quality of the image transferred onto different types of photopolymer materials. Samples of the post-treated printing plates were then evaluated by the hardness measurements and surface free energy calculations. Test prints were produced by means of the modified printing plate samples, and the quality of the reproduction of fine elements was monitored by optical methods (microscopy, measurement of coverage values). Results of the research proved that the modifications of both UVA and UVC post-treatments significantly affect the quality of the fine printed elements. Specifically, UVA and UVC post-treatments have proven as a useful tool for improving the definition of the thin printed lines due to the combined effect of the changes in the hardness and surface free energy of printing plates. Furthermore, sufficiently increased hardness of the printing plate together with the specific adjustment of the surface free energy of the printing plate enables the adjustment of the dot gain in the shadow areas of the print (90% - 100% coverage value). Therefore, the post-treatment of the flexographic printing plates can be used as a workflow-incorporable method for the fine adjustment of the qualitative properties of the flexographic print.
Keywords:
flexography, photopolymer, UV post-treatment, surface modification, hardness.

Abstract:
The aim of this experimental study was to determine displacement and elastic strain of separate layers of different compressible printing blankets due to a uniaxial static plane pressure (plane-plane) using custom optical analysis methods. Compressible blankets are viscoelastic laminated compound structures composed of outermost incompressible printing rubber surface, several various stretch resistant supporting fabrics, and at least one compressible layer comprising a foamed rubber that may consist of voids or micro spheres. Depending on their mechanical characteristics, there are substantial differences in how these individual layers deform due to indentation by the plate or the impression cylinder in nip. In order to investigate these deformations, special equipment was built and techniques developed that allow precise contactless measurement of micro displacements. Series of microscopic images of a cross-section of blanket samples during gradually increasing plane indentation are acquired and the profiles of average Y-values of acquired images were plotted. Displacements of layer joints were defined exactly by the custom mathematical function using means of a maximum gradient search and strains were calculated according to the obtained results. Five different compressible blankets were studied and the results indicated that, in percentage rate, the top rubber layer of some blankets got more deformed than the rest of the blanket. This finding leads to the conclusion that some top rubber layers are more resilient than rest of layers.
Keywords:
printing blanket, deformations in nip, strain measurement, optical analysis

Abstract:
With the rapid progress of the printing area in the digital age is such a rapid change. In particular, digital printing, technological development provides a lot of pressure to have a say in the field. One of these areas is the pressure exerted on the textile structure. Screen-printing on textile structures printing, gravure printing, flocking, printing is carried out in many different ways, such as digital printing. Transfer Printing (Sublimation) is, the technology is digital, color quality, tone transitions, easy to use, system setup costs and textiles in recent years because of their many advantages, such as product diversification printing techniques have become the preferred printing system terms. In this study; the same visual design is printed with different fabrics transfer printing technique using different transfer papers. At the end, it was observed variations between fabric structure with transfer papers.
Keywords:
Sublimation, Transfer papers, Transfer-Print

Abstract:
This paper presents a model of the system for identification of printing process parameters on the basis of modern software systems and tools which enable a significant increase in speed of the process of getting to a solution for improvement graphic production processes as well as the process of acquiring and expanding knowledge. The model is based on the integrative modules which consist of, system for identification of printing process parameters based on algorithmic program structure, system for identification of printing process parameters based on principles of construction of expert systems as well as system for identification of printing process parameters based on distance learning. The paper gives a detailed view of the module based on the principles of construction of expert systems.
Keywords:
process parameters, printing, software systems, expert systems

Abstract:
The aim of our study was to determine to what extent the spectral composition of light influences the lightfastness of colour prints. Samples of cyan, magenta, yellow and black ink were printed on permanent paper using an ink-jet printer. Print and paper samples were exposed to the xenon light. The exposure to light was conducted under well-controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Using two different filter systems, the spectral composition of light as daylight in open space and light behind the window glass was simulated. Exactly defined time of exposure enabled the study of the fading dynamics as well as to examine the influence of different spectral composition of light on paper samples and prints. Based on the spectrophotometric measurements, the colour changes on papers and prints were evaluated using the CIEDE2000 equation. The research showed that light which included radiation with shorter wavelength proved to be more destructive, in particular for the cyan and magenta prints. With the time of illumination, the values of the colour differences on magenta prints increased exponentially. Colour differences on other printed samples were increasing linearly with the time. According to the results, dyebased coloured inks are not suitable for sustainable documents. Black inks, however, can provide long lasting documents.
Keywords:
spectral composition of light, colour differences, ink-jet print, permanent paper, dye-based inks

Abstract:
The solidification/stabilization (S/S) treatment of electrocoagulation sludge was conducted with four immobilization agents: Portland cement, calx, bentonite, and local clay. The sludge developed after the electrocoagulation treatment of the waste offset developer in laboratory conditions by applying a batch reactor with four iron electrodes set at a distance of 0.5 cm, current density of 8 mA cm-2 and operational time of 60 minutes. The efficiency of the S/S treatment was monitored by applying toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test with one extraction fluid during a certain time. By comparing the copper concentration levels in the leaching solutions of S/S mixtures with maximally allowed concentrations according to current regulations, the characterization of sludge as waste in terms of its toxicity was executed.
Keywords:
olidification/stabilization, leaching test, electrocoagulation, waste offset developer, sludge, copper

Abstract:
As the packaging industry is growing lately and the amount of packaging waste increases, it becomes one of the major environmental problems. Packaging waste comprising about one-third of all municipal solid waste, mainly plastic and paper based. Anaerobic degradation is one of the most environmentally friendly methods for solid organic waste treatment and widely applied for bio-energy production. In this study, the influence of screen print thermochromic ink on biodegradability aspect of three different cardboard materials (Umca Color - UC, Propack - PP, Lux Pack - LP) were studied using the soil burial test under anaerobic conditions. Neat and printed cardboard samples were evaluated for changes over 3 months by visual examination, weight loss measurements, volatile solids reduction and surface properties. The surface free energy (SFE) and adhesion parameters were determined for all samples, and showed a very high binding of ink to all cardboard samples. Thermochromic ink reduces the biodegradation of cardboard due to strong ink adhesion on cardboard. If a large SFE interphase is, separation of ink from the substrate occurs. The highest reduction of biodegradation for printed samples was noticed for UC sample. After 120 days the total weight loss for all three neat cardboard samples was similar (about UC 38.4%, PP 34.8%, LP 31.5%). Printed samples showed lower values of biodegradation, up to 36% reduction compared to neat samples after 120 days.
Keywords:
surface free energy, adhesion, biodegradation, cardboard, thermochromic ink

Abstract:
Paper production is mainly based on fibrous raw material which may consist of primary or secondary fibres. Primary fibres are obtained directly from plant raw materials, mainly from wood and annual non-wood plants. Industrially, mostly thinnings and sawmill wastes are used. Secondary fibres are produced from recovered paper. Rags are used only in very small amounts. Synthetic and mineral fibres do not play an important role.Chemical pulp is produced by chemical pulping of vegetable raw materials such as not only hardwood and softwood, but also from straw from different kinds of cereals, bagasse, reed, or esparto grass, and from other annual non-wood plants. During chemical pulping, the most of the lignin is removed from the raw material. The technological processes of the pulp and paper producing cause the change of the length and surface of the cellulose fibres with a different order of magnitude. Fibre length is a fundamental property of pulp. The determination of the fibre length and surface character of pulp fibres is important in papermaking technology and environmental protection as well. The mass and the strengths of the produced paper are characterized by those of the included single fibres. New method has been elaborated for measuring the mass of cellulosic single fibres of different origin and of different pre-treatments. The number of single fibres in a known amount of pulp fibres has been measured in an aqueous suspension for this purpose. The measurement has been fulfilled in a Kajaani FS 100 fibre length analyser. This analyser is consisting of a capillary tube (0.2 mm) through which an aqueous suspension (density of suspension: 1 per thousand) of the fibres is passed.
Keywords:
pulp fibres, fiber length, fibre weight, specific fibre weight, Kajaani FS 100 fibre length analyser

Abstract:
Although nowadays the use of the devices of electronic communication as an option is more and more frequently considered, school books have still remained the fundamental learning aids. Three years ago, the Hungarian government has decided to provide pupils and students with free school books, gradually up to the age group of maturity examiners. For this reason, the government has centralized school book publication, and made it a responsibility of a single, state-owned publishing company. To reduce costs, the competent ministry did not only decrease the diversity of school books, but also had the intention to order durable school books – serving for at least 4 school years – from printing companies. But what is a durable school book like? In this respect, the government has issued a decree that defines specific technologies as expected manufacturing procedures. On the other hand, technological parameters, control test methods have not been set out. All the stakeholders agree that pupils and students use school books in "heavy duty" mode. But how can durability in the face of such use and stress be interpreted? The studies of the authorities have been focused on examining how simple tests and evaluation methods can be used for assessing the "structural" (binding) durability of school books. What models can be used to estimate the durability period? What control measurements can be used to check the produced school books in terms of durability? The article describes the test methods that the authors have determined for the description of the structural durability of school books. There were seven types of school books differing from each other in format and/or binding technology tested, and applied to model the book-using "'habits" of students; the results have been systematically arranged, and options have been determined for the improvement of durability properties. In summary of the test results, it can be claimed that with respect to durability school books are made ideal when they are designed in smaller dimensions and with the smallest possible weight. It is better to have paperback covers, because during the performed tests hardcover books reflected more serious damage.
Keywords:
textbooks, durability, bookbinding, universal book tester

Abstract:
The whole paper market is in transition - looking far ahead is of crucial importance if our sector wants to continue the success story of packaging materials. That’s why a core project team including representatives from the whole paper industry (suppliers, manufacturers or converters) - led by Papiertechnische Stiftung PTS - looked even further ahead in the future of fibre based materials and its value chain to identify future requirements and new application areas. By using the method of “retropolation”, the project showed that in the near future logistical concepts no longer serve the commercial interests of single groups or individuals, but society as a whole, and are geared towards ecological sustainability. Furthermore the project confirmed that in a future global bioeconomy, the demand for sustainable, bio-based economic concepts will grow steadily. That’s why PTS is working intensively on the development of sustainable packaging solutions, which are essential in the sustainable world of tomorrow as well as thermo-formable and permselective packaging materials. One step in the future is the Cornet project “ACTIPOLY” with the aim to develop novel fibrebased thermo-formable packaging materials for the production of compostable trays for fresh food packaging. The second step is the project “SELECTPERM” with the objective to develop a packaging concept for regional fruit and vegetable products based on permselective packaging materials, i.e. packaging materials with selective gas permeability for oxygen and carbon dioxide. Both projects show that innovative product solutions in the logistics of tomorrow are no longer a vision, they are reality!
Keywords:
future project, smart packaging, sustainability, thermo-formable packaging materials, permselective packaging materials

Abstract:
For papermakers throughout the world recovered paper that is repulped and made into new paper has become an important complement to virgin fibre. However, it should be noted that the maintenance of the fibre cycle relies on the feed of a certain amount of virgin fibres to ensure the strength and other properties of the paper to be produced. Therefore, along used papers and paperboards less expensive sources of virgin fibres such as non-wood fibres, especially agricultural waste, could be interesting alternative for pulp and paper industry. As newsprints are not high quality papers according to its optical, mechanical and chemical characteristics, in this research the possibility of using wheat semichemical pulp mixed with recycled pulp for making newsprint was studied at laboratory scale. For that purpose the tensile strength, tear resistance, bursting strength and surface strength (wax picking test) of laboratory made papers were determined according to TAPPI standards and compared to each other. Results indicated that addition of 10 to 30% wheat pulp to recycled pulp did not significantly changed the sheet strength of the laboratory newsprint compared with the control sheet (100% repulped recovered paper). Overall, the results showed that wheat straw as cheap, abundant and renewable agricultural residue of annual crops is valuable raw material which can be used as a lignocellulosic fibre for making newsprint in combination with recycled fibres.
Keywords:
wheat straw, semichemical pulp, newsprint, strength properties

Abstract:
The aim of this work was to prepare series of thermochromic pigments by microencapsulating three-component leuco dye based thermochromic system in melamine-formaldehyde polymeric envelope. Thermochromic system used in scope of this work contained crystal violet lactone as a colour former, bisphenol A as a developer and 1-tetradecanol as a co-solvent. The process of in-situ polymerization varied in type of emulsifier and prepolymer used. Other parameters, such as temperature, pH, content of the continuous phase and content of the thermochromic core, were kept constant. Prepared pigments were dried in a spray dryer. Microcapsules were analysed by scanning electron microscopy before and after drying. Each obtained pigment powder was mixed into water-based and solvent-based binder. Final thermochromic ink was coated on standard IGT paper and let to dry. Paper substrate with a layer of thermochromic ink was placed on thermally regulated copper plate and reflectance spectra were continuously captured during heating and cooling of the sample. The dynamic colour change was evaluated by using cumulative colour difference in CIELAB space. The preparation of microcapsules with poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) emulsifier resulted in stable pigments that produced good thermochromic behaviour of the final ink, with large colour contrast and the temperatures characterizing the dynamic colour change lower than those of the original thermochromic system.
Keywords:
thermochromic, microcapsules, dynamic colour change

Abstract:
The colorimetric properties of one, leuco dye-based thermochromic (TC) ink at 270C activation temperature on four different paper samples were studied. The paper samples are: filter paper, bulky paper, recycled paper and synthetic paper. The each sample was heated from the 15 0C to the 600C and then cooled back to the 150C. The colour of the ink was dependent on temperature as well as the thermal history of the sample, which gives rise to colour hysteresis. Four characteristic temperatures were determined from L*(T) hysteresis and they are the same for TC ink print on all examined papers. The differences in colour that occur on the TC print during the process of heating and cooling at the same temperature, are the highest in the case of TC print on filter paper.
Keywords:
thermochromic ink, papers, characteristic temperatures, colour difference

Abstract:
Relying on its flexibility and suitability for short run lengths, digital printing is gaining a strong foothold in the print industry, complementing and often rivaling the conventional printing techniques. The use of digital printing can be seen in various market areas, where its application in printing large formats is especially emphasized. As in all other printing techniques, quality and control of print reproduction is particularly important, regardless of printing substrate or digital printing principle. One of the mostly used digital printing technique for printing large formats is ink-jet printing technique, which can be utilized in single or multi-pass mode. When the printing substrate, as well as print product end-use, require multi-pass printing, optimal print quality is not just aesthetic but also an economic issue. Thus, in this paper, changes in CIELAB values of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% TV of cyan, magenta, yellow and black regarding the number of passes during printing have been discussed. We used six different printing substrates of similar whiteness index and multi-pass printing concept with six, eight and ten passes for each color and tone value. The number of multiple passes was chosen as being the most commonly used in cases when printing is performed on the chosen substrates. The ΔE*ab value was employed to express the changes in CIELAB coordinates influenced by the variation in number of passes during printing. The results indicate that the variations are much more noticeable on solid tones (100% TV) comparing to the halftone patches. The ΔE*ab difference showed notably decreasing tendency with the increase of passes. Also, the results showed that the changes in the color difference between eight and ten passes were up to 3.5, which can be used as a benchmark for further defining the optimal higher bound of multiple passes' number, and contribute to savings in time and material consumption.
Keywords:
multi-pass printing, ink jet, color reproduction quality

Abstract:
In four color printing, gray component replacement is a useful technique of replacing the achromatic part of a mixture of chromatic inks (CMY) with a corresponding amount of the black ink (K). It reduces ink consumption, which is beneficial in commercial and environmental sense. Many papers describe various approaches to gray component replacement (GCR). They are mainly focused on the methods of calculating CMYK solutions for a fixed K amount, but pay little attention to determination of K amount, i.e. black generation. Black generation is a procedure of determining the amount of black ink corresponding to the amount of gray component in a CMY mixture that we wish to replace. Due to imperfections of printing inks and printing processes, black generation is a challenging task. If the amount of gray component in a given CMY mixture is overestimated, the new GCR solution will not match the original color. This paper compares the efficiency of three black generation algorithms in terms of colorimetric accuracy and achieved ink savings in digital images. Regarding the colorimetric accuracy, it was found that the examined algorithms do not significantly differ in central tendency error measures. However, they do differ in 90th percentile error as some are more prone to overestimating the amount of gray component for a small subset of device inputs. It was also found that they differ in the ability to maintain colorimetric accuracy at higher replacement rates, i.e. at higher ink savings.
Keywords:
black generation algorithm, gray component replacement, ink saving

Abstract:
In production of high quality packaging reproductions of color based on multicolor printing process the EP machines can use six printing units, which except the CMYK process Ink contain two additional inks as well. Such a possibility has the HP Indigo machine which applies the liquid Electroink. In this paper, the durability of HP Indigo prints realized by using the original PANTONE colors (solid violet and solid orange) or the same violet and orange tones printed with raster mixing process colors (making double ink layer) were dealt with. The time period of aging (240 days) shows that results of color changes are sufficient. However colorimetric measuring observed the larger permanence of orange prints printed with the original PANTONE and violet ElectroInk prints printed with two layers (cyan and magenta).
Keywords:
permanence of multicolor print, PANTONE Electroinks, violet tones, orange tones

Abstract:
The heat and humidity of human body retain as layers of air before passing into the environment. This creates the characteristic microclimate between the skin and clothing which is defined as a feeling of comfort. In addition to comfort, clothing should meet the aesthetic requirements of the individual. Process of printing is often used for the increasing of the aesthetic value of clothing. The printed ink covers part of the surface material, and partly fills the pores between fibers in the yarn, creating an additional barrier to the process of transfer of heat and moisture from the body to the environment. The paper presents the research of the impact of digital printing parameters on sorption properties of printed textile materials. For research were used 100% knitted cotton fiber (100% CO), and 100% polyester fiber (100% PES), and as the essential parameters of the printing process were selected tone value and number of ink layers. The impact of print parameters on the sorption properties of the material has been tested using the air permeability as a parameter of sorption properties. Research results indicate that the printing process with its parameters have a significant impact on air permeability of printed cotton knitwear.
Keywords:
air permeability, digital printing, textile materials, knitwear

Abstract:
Pulp structure in papermaking process, surface roughness, and strength of electricity, moisture, thickness, thermal conductivity and optical properties are important parameter that influences printing quality. The ink should not exceed to the reverse side during at the print process is an important printability properties. Opacity value of print under material is most important factor affecting the printability. Printability is a parameter related with the level of paper quality when it is printed. Many factor influence the occurrence of density in prints. Density is a value that shows pigment excess on the print under material. The goal of this work was to examine the influence of porosity of different types of paper (from mechanical and chemical pulp). Printability of these paper was analysed using IGT and Gurley from which porosity and surface properties were calculated high opacity and low print density value had a strong negative impact on the print quality and printability. Different composition of pulp of paper can increase or decrease print quality. Paper as a printing substrate its high opacity and porosity variations may cause print nonuniformity. In this research, print was application on the mechanic paper and chemical paper samples by laboratory type offset printer. Cyan colour ink was used for print. Density value of printing paper samples were determinate and results were compared with opacity value.
Keywords:
printability, density, porosity and print quality

Abstract:
In image analysis and segmentation, texture is often categorized through the features based on Grey-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Results of this analysis depend on orientation and displacement between neighbor pixels, where the effect of the later parameter is more emphasized. In order to characterize texture of paper samples, they need to be digitized, meaning that the accuracy of the image analysis depends on the resolution of an imaging device as well. For the practical application, samples are usually being scanned; therefore, the resolution of a scanner dictates the accuracy of texture description. In this study we assessed the effect of the displacement value and scanning resolution on texture features based on GLCM. Sample set consisted of eight papers with similar grammage and whiteness values, chosen to form a scale in accordance to their surface roughness. Samples were scanned in three resolutions and the GLCM parameters were calculated with respect to four different displacement values. We choose to assess five features which were shown to have good correlation with texture perception: Homogeneity, Entropy, Sum Average, Sum Variance and Sum Entropy. The results indicate that the change in the displacement value does not affect the features assessed in this study. The resolution, on the other hand, was shown to have a significant effect on all observed features, except Homogeneity.
Keywords:
paper texture, GLCM, resolution, displacement

Abstract:
Image quality can be determined in two ways: we can use objective quality assessment methods, such as RMS, PSNR, SSIM and UQI or we can use subjective quality assessment methods. Subjective testing is usually done through the use of eye movement tracking or by determining of which of two or three images is the best. We developed a novel image test database that consists of 30 images. These images were carefully chosen based on colour, detail and motive versatility. We managed to develop an image database that is 57 % more complex than TID2008 which is commonly used in this type of research. The next step was to choose image quality parameters that are most common in everyday use. We have chosen: sharpness, contrast, noise, saturation, size manipulation and compression. Each of the parameters was applied in MATLAB R2014a in different ways and steps, so that 38 manipulations were made for each image. Our novel image database has 1140 images in 1920 × 1440 pixel resolution. The first step of the subjective quality assessment testing was conducted through the use of the eye tracking method. By showing images in order to test participants, we received an accurate information on how each of the image quality parameters affects the communication value of each image. In this way we were able to determine which parameters have greater impact on image perception. The second subjective quality assessment method involves the development of a web based application for crowdsourcing based testing. User had to determine which of two images is the best. Results also showed which of the parameters has greatest impact on image communication value. Finally, a correlation between the subjective method’s results were implemented, comparing them to the results from the objective quality assessment methods in further research.
Keywords:
image quality, assessment methods, image database, eye-tracking, crowd-sourcing

Abstract:
The eye-tracking technology, designed for monitoring eye movement and measuring gaze during visual tasks, can be used for evaluating if image enhancement methods can benefit the colour defective observers. The presented behavioural evaluation method using eye-tracking data is task-based where task fulfilment depends whether the image enhancing algorithm successfully advances information accessibility in a map. Besides metro maps, as test images can be used other transportation maps, geographic maps, infographics or similar test images with content coded with colour. The proposed methodology can provide both quantitative and qualitative data for a thorough effectiveness verification of a certain daltonization method.
Keywords:
colour vision deficiencies (CVD), colour deficient observer (CDO), eye-tracking, image enhancement, daltonization, accessibility

Abstract:
A three-component color representation of a digital image, such as RGB, is far less accurate than a multi-component spectral representation with several tens of spectral readouts. However, spectral acquisition is at the moment still not very convenient and accessible so often an RGB image is obtained with a conventional RGB camera and then the corresponding spectral estimation or reconstruction is performed via one of the available mathematical procedures, such as using polynomials or the Wiener estimation method. Although as demonstrated by metamerism, colorimetric RGB data cannot be unambiguously transformed back to the corresponding spectral reflectance data, these methods work in practice quite well. One of the possible solutions that also proved to be successful are artificial neural networks (ANNs). Although ANNs as function estimators are mostly used for modelling the systems that map higher dimension input data to lower dimension outputs, they can also be applied to solve few-inputs-to-many-outputs problems, such as the one that we investigated in our study. In our research, we measured the ColorChecker DC Gretag Macbeth test chart containing 240 color patches. We made 36 spectral measurements – from 380 to 730 nm in 10 nm steps – of the color patches with the i1Pro spectrophotometer and acquired RGB values with the digital SLR camera Nikon D3X. The 3-to-N mapping was accomplished using two-layer feed-forward neural networks with sigmoid hidden and linear output layer neurons, where N = 36, 18, 12, 9, 6 and 4. In other words, we wanted to examine how a progressively smaller set of known outputs – spectral measurements – affects the network performance. The networks were trained with Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation algorithm. Presented and discussed are the results obtained, such as the mean squared error between the measured and the predicted values for each of the model, where several of parameters varied, such as the hidden layer neurons number – from 3 to 48.
Keywords:
artificial neural networks, reflectance estimation, color test chart

Abstract:
Our contribution presents a preliminary report of the research for definition of the workflow for optimal virtual representation of a relief object with the use of maps. In the research different thresholding algorithms for definition of specularity of the real interlaced structure (cloth, a part of the Slovene national costume from the Gorenjska region) were tested and analysed. Six global and six local thresholding algorithms were studied. The results were analysed regarding the functionality that specular map is presenting in cloth's visualisation. In the results the application of selected algorithms is visually (distribution of specular areas) and numerically (count, surface area and average size of specular areas) presented and discussed. Selected thresholded images were finally used in the workflow for preparation of specular maps and visualisations of virtual cloths.
Keywords:
thresholding algorithms, specular map, interlaced structure, cloth, visualisation

Abstract:
Calibrating, profiling and certification of computer screens is scientifically very well treated. However, it is the digital projection that is not thoroughly covered. Certified computer screen is 100 percent capable of depicting the color space of Adobe RGB (1998) or eciRGB. High-quality computer screen colors can be reproduced with the precision of dE * ab <1.5. In our previous studies we observed to what extent could this be achieved with a digital projector. Research was conducted with regard to describing profiling and related problems, but the projector performance conditions and set up adjustment functions were not stated. In this study we examined the difference between the colorimetric accuracy of two profiled screens: Eizo 242 (LCD computer display) and Hitachi (CRT computer display) and two digital projectors NEC NP210 and JVC DLA-RS 15 with selected modules. The sRGB module was used for NEC NP210 projector while the projector JVC DLA-RS-15 uses module Natural HB. For successful implementation of the research it was necessary to determine the parameters for performing calibration and profiling of all devices and to choose a way to determine the colorimetric accuracy thus comparing the results using the formula for calculating color differences. The results show that according to the ISO 12646: 2010 standard digital projection can not compete with high-quality CRT or LCD computer displays.
Keywords:
display, digital projection, colorimetric accuracy

Abstract:
Images, as one of the main elements of web content (beside text, animations, audio and video) are highly informative. One common type of images is face images. It is mainly used for personal presentations (companies, universities, associations, etc.). There is a question how users see face images and how they remember it. One of most useful approach to address this issue is to use eye tracking system. Our research was implemented with Tobii eyetracker X-120 and consist two tests. In the first experiment, we analysed how users see face images when they are displayed short time. The procedure of test was controlled. Face images were presents for 4 seconds which was followed by a blank screen for one seconds. One second “pause" was implemented to "neutralize" the eye position before the next face image. First we investigated which are the main face elements. After confirming previous researches, we focused on the time distribution of these main three face elements: eyes, nose and mouth. We also investigated the duration of fixations for each face element. Second experiment was implemented to find out how time elapsed between the observation test and recognition test influence recognition performance. Observation test was the same as in experiment 1 (controlled), while recognition test was user-free (controlled by participants). Our assumption that the longer time from observation to recognition will result in worse recognition performance was confirmed by the observation of two sets of face images presented sequentially. Recognition performance of the second set higher than of the first set. Since our participants were both, men and women, we also investigated the recognition performance for each sex respectively. And on top of that, we also looked at same-sex and cross-sex recognition.
Keywords:
face image, eye tracking, face elements, face recognition, fixation time

Abstract:
Printed newspapers and other news media have largely migrated to the internet, so that thousands of newspapers and news websites are published online today. The Independent, for example, is to become the first national newspaper title to move to a digital-only future. This is the reason why we daily read an increasing amount of news via screens of various devices, where the typeface and size play an important role. The research included 48 participants who were divided into 8 groups of 6 participants. Groups were shown 8 different texts with approximately the same number of words that have been previously selected in the preliminary measurement. Among different groups, the display sequence was varied using the Latin square design. Each group received the texts in a different order. Texts were styled with the CSS style sheet and displayed as a HTML document. Two typefaces designed for screen rendering (Georgia and Verdana) in sizes 12, 14, 16 and 18 px have been analysed by eye-tracking technology (Tobii X120). We tracked each participant’s reading time and number of fixations. Legibility and the reading process can be studied by tracking eye movement. For both typefaces the reading speed increased with increasing font size. Regardless of the font size, the texts set in Verdana were read faster. For LCD displays, the Verdana typeface proved faster to read. Verdana has no variations in stroke width, while Georgia does. At the same time Verdana has a slightly larger x-height and wider characters, which increases its legibility in reading from screens.
Keywords:
LCD screen, reading, reading online, eye movements, fixation duration

Abstract:
The eye-tracking technology has widely spread in the last decade. The results showing how people observe and comprehend the presented content help us understand the market and properly adjust products to consumers. Furthermore, the ecological validity plays an important part when discovering the market. On-screen verification on how a certain magazine design affects consumers results in lower costs and more importantly, in smaller environmental pollution. If appropriate experiments are undertaken in advance, the final product can be more carefully designed. For this reason, we researched the Slovenian tabloid magazine design. Four different, most popular, magazines were selected in the experiment conducted with the eyetracking device TOBII X120. The testing was divided into eight parts and included the cover page, a short and long text, the change of page order, an advertisement, a positive and negative colour combination, linear and serif typefaces, the position of the advertisement, and the layout order (changing the order of pictures in combination with the text). Apart from the results presented in the form of heat-maps, Q/A were also a part of the experiment. A question with multiple answers followed each presented scene. The participants were able to choose one out of four answers. In the research, the time limitation was set in each part of the experiment. The participants had to focus on each presented scene while the questions were closely connected to the presented content. The presentation times were short and we were able to obtain results that show how layout, typeface use, position of titles and/or text, colour combination etc. draw attention and affect the recall of presented content. Since the eye-tracking device was used for measuring, a strong connection between the answers and eye movements can be observed. It is noticeable that a higher number of fixations in many cases results in more accurate answers; however, this is not the rule.
Keywords:
advertisement, design, eye-tracking, magazine

Abstract:
If we want to have a positive user experience with some kind of product (media, devices... ) basic human needs and emotions, should be satisfied. Nowadays, we are familiar with human basic needs, and there are different user experience evaluation methods. One of the these methods is the Valence method. The method consists of two phases, exploration phase and retrospective interview phase. In an exploration phase, the user, by pressing the green ( for positive ) or red ( for negative ) button, gives us information how he feels at that exact moment during the interaction with the product. In the second retrospective interview phase, each valence is discussed in order of finding a reason for this emotional state caused by the interaction with the product. Since the user is indirectly interrupted using buttons in the first phase the best thing would be to find another solution. Concretely the aim of this research was to find out, if we can replace the buttons with the FaceReader Noldus software for the automatic detection of facial expressions.
Keywords:
user experience, human basic needs and emotions, valence method, FaceReader Noldus software

Abstract:
One of the biggest challenges for both novice and professional designers, when initialising a new design process, is how to select appropriate colours for a project. Generally, designer’s goal is to generate perceptually harmonious colours combination or colour scheme, i.e. set of colours that produce a pleasing effect when seen together. Today, an enormous amount of tools are available for generating colour schemes. So-called colour scheme composers or generators are built for different platforms and have different functionality and supported features. Due to a large number of colour schemes generators, the purpose of this study was to provide a systematic and comprehensive review of current and publicly accessible solutions for generating colour schemes. Tools were thoroughly evaluated based on their functionality and important features. Results show that most of the tools are primarily intended for web developers and designers, as is evident from supported colour spaces and export options. Few tools can also be used for generating colour schemes with spot or process colours, but none of them supports colour management option or specifies which colour space is used for interpreting these values. Almost all tools allow users to manually add colours to the scheme either by defining their numeric values or using some type of colour picker tool. More than half of them also provide an option for generating colour scheme based on specified base colour and selected colour harmony rule.
Keywords:
colour schemes, colour tools, colour schemes generators, colour palettes, colour applications

Abstract:
This paper reports a preliminary results of the consumer response analysis towards rhetorical figuration of typefaces in print advertisements. Reinforcement of advertising effectiveness has been the key point in visual marketing and communication research. However, this task has become increasingly difficult in the contemporary advertising environment where extensive use of visuals leads to “information anxiety”. So far, rhetorical figures have proven as an effective way to increase ad likability, engaging consumers in higher cognitive processes that eventually lead to better memory and conative functions. Reported downside relates to reduction of cognitive entropy. Nevertheless, research has neglected rhetorical figuration in typeface design. Considering that a typeface is one of the most ubiquitous elements in the advertised message, this paper addresses a preliminary analysis of relation identification between the levels of typeface rhetoric and consumer affective response. Taken together, we proposed the following hypothesis: affective response to a typeface figuration will be higher for more complex i.e. irregular rhetorical figures (tropes) and lower for more regular figures (schemes). Three levels of rhetorical figuration were used in the study, ranging from the less to more complex. Participants were asked to rate their emotional response using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) scale. Targeted stimuli had been presented as it would be in the real world environment. The results reveal no significant difference in affective response to previewed advertisements. Implications and future research are discussed.
Keywords:
affective response, visual rhetoric, typography, advertising effectiveness, visual communication

Abstract:
This study examines readability of uniwidth slab serif typeface designed in three different weights. More specifically, it investigates how these three different weights prepared as uniwidth fonts affect both reading time and reading comprehension. The term uniwidth is applied to proportionally spaced typeface which character widths are consistent along its weight axis. One character has the same letter width throughout all weights. With uniwidth typefaces, the line lengths of text paragraph remain the same in the heavier weight because each character (regardless of its weight) shares the same width. To study the effect of letter spacing on readability of texts on the screen, participants had the task to read paragraphs of text set with different font weights. The main variables that were observed were reading time and comprehension. For comprehension, we used questions to make sure that the text was understood. The main purpose of this study is to examine possible disadvantages of uniwidth typefaces regarding readability, specifically when they are set in a various number of weights. Results indicate that font weight and inter-letter spacing did not have a significant influence on the readability of text set up with uniwidth typefaces. Therefore, these typefaces could be used without degradation in reading performance for these two different typefaces and in all three different inter-letter spacing.
Keywords:
uniwidth typeface, inter-letter spacing, font weight, readability

Abstract:
Safety pictograms convey information to consumers who should be warned and protected from consequences that may arise as a result of the misuse of a product. The noticeability of the safety pictograms on the packaging is a prerequisite for the effectiveness of this communication. There are few methods for measuring the noticeability of the pictograms. In general, they can be based on objective or subjective estimations. This paper investigates the association between the objective and the subjective methods (namely eye-tracking and subjective scores) in order to examine whether expensive eye-tracking procedures can be replaced with low-cost procedures, such as subjective evaluation. Since the packaging is common medium for transmission of safety information by the pictograms, stimuli used in the study are samples of packaging that differ according to shape, colour and transparency. The results of the investigation of these variables provides wider insight in possible moderators of noticeability and gives clearer directions for future research in the field of communication role of the packaging.
Keywords:
pictogram, packaging, noticeability

Abstract:
The essential feature of graphics design in Lithuania is the weakness of deep historical roots and fluctuation of traditions. The first qualified examples of applied graphics, dedicated to state institutions and aristocracy image, were developed in the late middle ages by the professional artists coming from abroad. The nearest expanding neighbors where orientated to the opulent Imperial style aesthetic values, which were too splendid for our modest motherland. At least the ethical and political circumstances made this "Imperial trace" (both Russian and Polish) not appropriate in Lithuanian context. The other approach was based on the finding the roots of graphic design and communication in folk arts and crafts.This made a deep influence on graphics as a topic of fine arts in the first years of 20 th century and made peculiar results, interacting with the traces of Art Deco in between-wars period of our „first“ independence. During the Soviet years the huge wave of primitive realism arosed, impelled by huge ideological pressing. That trend induced the appearance of west-orientated "Silent modernism", not rebelling, but silently developed in "parallel reality". In the period after restoration of independence Lithuanian graphic design appeared on the crossroad again, searching for the explicit authenticity of National visual identity, starting from our national symbols and finishing by persuasive examples of branding and corporate identity.
Keywords:
National graphic identity, Graphic Design, Lithuania

Abstract:
The modern way of life represents a big burden for the nature; therefore, the importance of environmental protection is nowadays on the increase. Ecology is influenced by worldwide environmental protection. When thinking about ecological design, the solution of raw materials and materials that consume energy should be taken into consideration as well. Environmental friendliness has hence become a necessity in the modern way of life. Furthermore, the development of ecological design is of the essence. Within the context of ecological design, typographers also design fonts that spend less ink during printing. Nevertheless, these fonts need to be legible. In this research, we focused on the legibility of two eco fonts (i.e. Ecofont Vera Sans and Ryman Eco) in comparison with a conventional, non-eco widely used font (i.e. Times New Roman). The purpose of the research was to determine the eco font legibility in print media compared with the conventional font. For the purpose of the research, six different texts were selected. We took into account the length of the text, the number of characters per line and the number of lines. We put each text into one of the three fonts and two font sizes. The fonts were 10 and 8 points in size. The texts were printed by using an ink jet printing technology. We printed them on two different paper grades, i.e. mat coated and gloss coated papers. The legibility of printed texts was tested with the time of reading and a dichotomous question at the end of reading. Standard lightening conditions were measured with a spectrophotometer during the legibility testing. The typographic tonal density of all printed fonts was measured. The results showed that the eco fonts were read faster than the conventional, non-eco, font while the typographic tonal density was the lowest at the non-eco font.
Keywords:
typography, legibility, eco font, typographic tonal density, ecological design

Abstract:
There can be no question that design influences life profoundly. Creative thinking, product design reflecting inspiration and messages exert influence over all humanity and even direct them to a gradually increasing degree. Product overview which makes a sensation on the tracers and affects the target audience with areas and designs from the times when face-to-face product promotion and sales were done in the qualifications to answer the needs in ancient times until today transformed into a visual feast almost like a magnet that makes it attractive. The reality is inevitable now that either two or three dimensional or moving digital demonstrations as multimedia are the most convenient and attractive solutions for introducing and selling a product. From the industrial revolution until today the way people perceive things enables perceiving the environment and communicating when needed with certain structural (anatomical), dimensional (anthropometry) and even psychological characteristics as a result of the physical and mental abilities developed through technology Concordantly each designer in charge about different specialties such as interior design, graphic design, product and packaging design also can affect the physical and intellectual abilities of people by using a multidisciplinary approach and creating integrated solutions for the problems. In this context, a review about displaying units, basic design principles of graphic design elements layout over the stand, and the relation between the anthropometry and ergonomic structure of people and messaging was discussed. The designing aspects and implementation of the relationship between space and graphic design elements layout such as balance, visual hierarchy according to gestalt principles were studied through the examples. In this article, where the development of swage block materials will also be studied, a place was given to the impact on the perception of graphics products and design elements such as color, shape, texture, tone and form in twodimensional and three-dimensional design through the examples for displaying and graphic design elements placement over the stand. In the exhibition of industrial products the concern for delivering the message has occurred in typographic elements since the industrial revolution and these values have changed as a result of interest in visual design. In addition, consuming perception became evident where image, text and also visual attributes are examined. The design elements and principles which will be stated here can be a basic framework of analysis for graphic design elements placement over the stand even though they are not very comprehensive.
Keywords:
Exhibition Design, Graphic design, Visual communication, Communication design

Abstract:
Recognition of individual objects in an image or a sequence of images – video – continues to be one of the more challenging tasks in computer vision. Unlike for humans, it is still difficult for computers to find and correctly identify in an image an actual person, animal, car or any other object that can possibly be scaled, rotated, illuminated by different types of illumination or partially covered by other objects. Various approaches to this problem are known from the literature, including template matching, edge detection, and eigenface extraction. Our paper is a preliminary report on the implementation of SURF (Scaled-Up Robust Feature), a robust local feature-based method for finding a match between object features and image features, in 3D computer generated scenery. A 3D computer generated scene can be visually perceived by an observer as long as three basic elements are defined: first, virtual camera, i.e., simulation of the observer’s visual system, second, constellation of 3D objects in the scene and third, virtual illumination. Quality of object(s) visualisation in the image depends on numerous parameters: camera angle and perspective, illumination, texture and materials, simulation of atmospheric phenomena, object's position, size, rotation and location in relationship with other objects in the scene. In our study, influence of several parameters that might affect the performance of the algorithm was tested, such as object scaling, rotation, and object occlusion. The process of extracting the features, their description and finally matching is described. Presented and discussed are the results obtained on a number of practical examples, i.e. images of varying complexity and number of details that were produced in 3D modelling software 3ds Max. The method was evaluated studying isolated objects as well as objects that were rotated, scaled and/or partially covered by other objects in the scene.
Keywords:
SURF, feature detection, feature extraction, computer vision, 3D computer graphics

Abstract:
The graphic designers, and product designers especially, in the modern job market are expected to have some engineering abilities and skills. Those include comprehension of technical documentation and at least rudimentary skills to produce understandable technical drawings. Usual process of training for engineering drawing in the first steps includes training in using a specific set of descriptive geometry procedures. Those procedures allow an imaginary object to be represented on a two-dimensional surface in such a way that it may modeled in 3d space, real or virtual, in true scale and shape and viewed from any position in space. This enables the designers to turn research ideas into technical plans for prototypes and production using computer-aided design (CAD). Recently augmented reality has become able to provide integration variety of multimedia formats in order to enrich education experience. Augmented reality is not new technology, but only with recent development of mobile technologies it become able to be used to its full potential in education. This paper aims to present possibilities for integration of augmented reality technology into the cad modeling and engineering drawing training of designers. This can lead to far better comprehension and easier learning process.
Keywords:
Augmented reality, education, cad modeling, engineering drawing

Abstract:
It is difficult to define exactly what smart packaging is, one significant component of any smart package is its ability to communicate with the person interacting with it. Smart, intelligent or clever packaging is defined as a packaging technique containing an external or internal indicator for the active product history and quality. During distribution, the quality of the food product can deteriorate biologically and chemically as well as physically. Because of the evolution of society and development of new type of foodstuffs, packaging industry must found new possibilities for provision food quality and safety for long time during shelf-life of food. Augmented Reality is an image recognition technology enables you to add digital content and interactive experience over physical touch points like product package, printed ads, etc. Customer unlocks these digital contents through scanning the item with a smartphone camera using Augmented Reality enabled application. This paper shows opportunities of Augmented Reality technology suitable for checking the state of the product in a smart package. The aim is to develop smart labels and mobile application for checking the product state in a smart package.
Keywords:
smart packaging, smart inks, intelligent packaging, Augmented Reality, product quality

Abstract:
The paper presents the research of the process of creating the concept of the modern graphic laboratory in terms of equipment which it is supposed to contain. In addition to the theoretical bases, the aim is to improve understanding of the printing production process through linking theoretical and practical knowledge. The design concept was carried out through an interactive visualization of equipment catalog of the GRID center using Photoshop and InVisionApp. This research represents the part of the projects for the development of the knowledge base for distance learning.
Keywords:
Graphic laboratory, Graphic production, Knowledge base, Interactive equipment catalog

Abstract:
The purpose of this paper was utilizing the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and comparing three SVG animation techniques to search for the most appropriate one to include on the web site. The theoretical part is divided into two parts: the first is a description of web animation and its history and in the second, the SVG language is presented, its structure, graphic systems, elements and the SVG animation techniques of elements chosen for comparison. For the experimental part of the paper, the animations were prepared and compared. The SVG animation techniques chosen for comparison were Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and the GreenSock Animation Platform (GSAP). In results and discussion, we tested the browser support, system load and the efficiency of animations in specific techniques. The comparison and testing showed that at SVG animation, the GSAP technique has the least deficiencies and was therefore chosen as optimal solution for implementation in web pages.
Keywords:
animation, Scalable Vector Graphics, Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, Cascading Style Sheets, GreenSock Animation Platform

Abstract:
With the appearance and spread of the internet and of the means of mass communication the media market and also the market of printed communication have changed significantly. Digital technology has filtered through people’s everyday life. The electronic media have significantly affected the printed media products. Instead of reading printed newspapers, magazines, many have changed over to reading internet news sites and using e-book readers to read books. All this noticeably affected the print run of printed products. These changes also greatly influenced young people’s lives, their reading and writing habits changed. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of digitalization on today’s university and college students’ reading, and writing habits in Hungary. We examined how people read on digital screens versus in hard copy as well as how people write using a digital device versus writing by hand with a pen. The methodology applied in this study is quantitative analysis. For the survey we used a questionnaire which had 32 questions. We compered our results with the survey was performed in Serbia. Our results are based on 400 responses. The principal results of this study showed that reading and writing functions are changing with the use of digital technologies but that paper and digital interactions are typical nowadays.
Keywords:
paper and digital writing, paper and digital reading, reading and multitasking, reading/writing and concentration

Abstract:
The aim of this paper is examination of a relatively young field called Motion Graphics or Motion Design or Motion Graphic Design. The article will inform about the history, industry, aesthetics and education in this field. Roots of this specific practice can be found in abstract films made by Futurists at the beginning of the twentieth century. There are not many theoretical works on this subject, not many books, and articles neither. Nevertheless, motion graphics is gaining much attention in the design industry, mainly because of the evolution of the mobile devices, and displays in general. The motion, as a phenomenon, is receiving more attention than a static picture – consequently in the education of graphic designers it becomes necessary to implement studying of motion graphics. In essence, the traditional graphic designer needs to learn how to use and integrate the elements of time and sound, with other graphic design principles. Therefore, this paper seeks to contribute to the scarse knowledge providing an overview of main aspects of motion design practice, which is omnipresent today and can be found in filmmaking industry, television, public spaces, the internet, videogames and other interactive media, etc.
Keywords:
motion graphics, motion design, motion graphic design

Abstract:
The paper explores the responses of students to learning through interactive multimedia content, through practical application, investigating its advantages and disadvantages, with special focus on the field of graphic engineering and design. The experiment, through the usage of teaching tool containing different levels of interactive animation, explores the levels of information at which students are satisfied with the interaction which contributes to easier and faster acquisition of knowledge. The experiment has been conducted using three tools, which differ in the level of interaction and the type of containing data. Tools include an interactive animation, videos and images in conjunction with audio, respectively. As a result, statistically processed student answers are expected to give indication of which one of these multimedia contents provide the best results in the process of knowledge transfer and learning.
Keywords:
multimedia learning, simulation, interaction, students responses on e-learning tools

Abstract:
Noise is defined as unwanted and annoying sound and it causes psychological and physical problems. Industrialization growing every day and cities becoming metropolis make noise an important pollution and they have caused hearing losses to increase. Hearing loss is a health problem not seen with eyes. The most common occupational illness in the world is hearing loss. Unfortunately, it is also true for our country. Occupational illnesses are temporary or permanent illnesses, physical or psychological disabilities the insured worker has because of a repeated reason due to the work he does or because of the execution conditions of the work, according to the 14th clause of the Law no. 5510. According to the Occupational Health and Safety Law numbered 6331, it is an illness, which occurs as a result of exposure to occupational risks. According to these definitions, hearing loss caused by noise is considered as an occupational illness. It has been remarked that the number of hearing losses because of occupational exposure has exceeded 200.000 in Turkey. Noise level increases as mechanization increases in industry. In printing industry, noise occurs especially at printing and postpress production. In case the worker is exposed to noise originating from printing, cutting, sticking, sewing, blending and crushing-folding machines in the work environment of his, different physical and psychological negative effects occur together with hearing loss. According to the 22nd clause of the Worker’s Health and Work Safety Code, noise level should not exceed 80 decibels in places where hard and dangerous work is not done. The level of the noise can be 95 decibels at most in places where work, which requires noisier working, is done. However, in this case, suitable protective devices like helmets, earpieces and earplugs should be given to the workers. Noise at this level creates effects, which cause important health problems such as increase in blood pressure, speeding in pulsations and respiration, sudden reflexes and anger. According to the legislations about environmental noise measurements in occupational health and safety, noise measurements were done in the “guillotine cutting machine”, “offset printing machine” and the “cutting machine” in the workplace environment where production is made with offset printing. The measurement results were evaluated according to the related laws and the precautions to be taken were indicated. In order to reduce the noise and be protected from the harmful effects of the noise, which is not reduced in printing businesses, collective protection measures (isolation, engineering, substitution, reducing the work time etc.), using personal protective equipment and training the workers and the employees are necessary.
Keywords:
Occupational health and safety, Occupational illness, Noise, Hearing loss

Abstract:
Description can take many forms in academic writing. In scientific and technical writing it usually involves explaining how to do or make something, The paper considers the main properties of rhetorical technique of description for graphic engineering and design which is a part of the subject matter of an ESP course taught at Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad. Scientific and technical rhetoric can be defined as a result of the process of organizing scientific and technical information to produce a desired text for a given type of reader. This process is basically the act of selecting the items of information and then ordering them, i.e. putting them in the most functioning sequence, and indicating the types of relationships existing between the sequential items and between an item and the total context. The paper discusses various rhetorical devices which are used depending on what kinds of information are transmitted to the reader. Thus, it is partition which tells the reader what something consists of; physical description which tells the reader what something looks like; function which describes how the whole and the parts of something work; and process description which tells what steps should be taken to achieve a result. The description of an issue or procedure affects the senses or mind and it is a word-picture of something: an apparatus, a structure, a place, or a condition. Since it is one of the major rhetorical functions of scientific and technical writing it includes two kinds of description: technical and ordinary description The first kind of description is expository in that it attempts to enlarge the understanding. The second kind, ordinary description, aims to provide an experience of the object through imagination and this kind of description is also known as suggestive description. The writer states facts, something objective and beyond dispute.
Keywords:
scientific rhetoric, technical description, tertiary education

Abstract:
In this paper, the basic graphic elements of the modern broadcasters are defined through the practical and theoretical process. Two preliminary studies were carried out concerning the crawl usage for the national and international broadcast channel, as well as the examination of the effectiveness of crawl implementation in television news and their influence recipients' memory. We observed differences in ticker design across TV stations, mostly in their aesthetics, the way they appear on the screen and time of their duration. However, in a between–subject design, we did not find significant difference between news ticker text set in positive and negative.
Keywords:
ticker, television, video, graphics, typography, infographic