INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GRAPHIC ENGINEERING AND DESIGN

Abstract:
On commission of a packaging printing company, the author has launched a research work in order to find a methodology by which the necessary steps can be explored to turn the application of this modern technology into a business success. The lean manufacturing studies have primarily focused on the human–machine environment, analyzing all the activities that are connected with the operation and servicing of the machines. Step by step, the research has tried to expose those hindering factors, superfluous or less efficient organizational and management process elements that now increase costs. Today, profitable printing production is not feasible by means of price increases; the only expedient way to follow is to cut costs. In this respect, lean management can be supportive.
Keywords:
lean printing, lean and green strategy, improving value chain performance, Sustainability

Abstract:
The world still at financial crisis and many industries are trying to hold their positions. The printing industry as a service industry especially in Europe was also severely hit by the shrinking economy and aims to find new markets and possibilities in the changing world. Drupa as the prime trend show for the graphic arts with shrinking attendances showed some global megatrends and few surprises. Digitalization is a mega trend with possibilities to print packaging, RFID tags and personalized low print run jobs. Digital printing systems mainly based on electro photography and ink jet dominate the field while other sectors aim for maximizing the efficiency and automation. The main attraction of Drupa was the Landa nanography technology which promises some new ink application possibilities on a wide variety of substrates. This only proves that innovation and technological breakthroughs are the main driving forces for economical growth and problem solving. Also there is a clear trend of diversification of the printing industry where the written words are more and more reproduced by the digital media devices like tablets and on the other hand printing is used more and more for model making, electronic circuit printing and even human body parts printing with 3D bio printers.
Keywords:
Drupa, nanography, digitalization, future trends

Abstract:
Printed electronics is expected to replace many conventional electronic systems. It is already used in the manufacture of RFID tags, various sensors, OLED displays, batteries, solar cells etc. The goal of printed electronic industry is to print electronic systems in roll-to-roll technology, as cheap as possible. Printed electronics can be divided into three parts: Wafer part, printed part and hybrid part. Wafer technology is not classic printed electronics and it is characterised by the procedures of production which are applied with the classic chip production (vacuum coating, photolithography, etching, etc.) This technique has the possibility of designing high resolution so that is applied in OLED displays, electroluminescent films, photovoltaic films, etc. Printed electronics is based on the additive process of printing (flexo, screen, digital printing...) where the various substrates were printed with functional inks. This type of printed electronics can be fully printed by roll-to-roll technology that allows mass production, which significantly affects the favorable price of products. Hybrid technology of printing electronics combines the first two mentioned techniques. Flexible materials can be used with printed and hybrid technology. This research was focused on printing RFID antennas and sensors on recycled papers, cardboards and foils. RFID (HF and UHF) antennas, humidity and temperature sensors were printed with the semi-automatic screen printing machine. Monofilament polyester plain weave mesh with 120 l/cm was used. These structures were printed using conductive (thermal drying and UV drying) and dielectric inks and dried under hot air, UV and Heat&Press drying conditions to obtain the lowest resistivity. In the first part of our research UHF antenna was designed according to the chips specification and printed. The radiation patterns of antennas were evaluated and finally the chips were integrated onto the printed antennas to produce RFID tags. Measurements showed that tags on all recycled papers and cardboards operate well. The second part of our active research has already started. The humidity and temperature sensors were printed and first analysis for humidity sensors were performed. Results are optimistic.
Keywords:
HF, UHF, RFID, antenna, sensor, temperature, humidity, recycled paper, cardboard, foil

Abstract:
Thermochromic printing inks are different from conventional ones, since they change colour with temperature. At low temperatures they appear in a coloured state but at high temperatures they become transparent. The decolouration and the re-colouration don’t occur at the same temperature; therefore the ink exhibits a colour hysteresis loop. For the development of thermochromic inks and their use in precise applications, it is necessary to carefully analyse the dependence of their dynamic colour on different extrinsic parameters which could influence the colour response of the complex system inside functional pigment capsules. Research work was focused on two commercial screen printing thermochromic inks. The dynamic colour was characterized by five parameters – the total colour contrast, the openness and the width of the colour hysteresis loop, yellowness and the area of the hysteresis loop described by the corresponding colour change in the CIELAB colour space. The dependence of the parameters on the layer thickness, the repeatability of the colour hysteresis loops of 3 consecutive heatingcooling cycles and the influence of storage conditions of the sample prior to measurement were studied. The results show that variation in ink film thickness has an effect on all parameters. The starting temperature of the measurement can impact the colour hysteresis loop, i.e. if the sample is firstly heated or cooled. The hysteresis loop in the first heating-cooling cycle in some cases differs from those obtained in the second and third consecutive cycle. The analysis shows that some parameters could influence the colour of thermochromic samples as a function of temperature. These results are important for every advanced application of thermochromic inks.
Keywords:
thermochromism, thermochromic inks, hysteresis loop, dynamic colour, physical parameters, characterization.

Abstract:
Change of optical properties is often the most obvious characteristic during paper ageing. The decrease of brightness or the increase of yellowness occurs because of sunlight, high humidity and high temperature. The moist heat and light treatments of accelerated ageing were applied to investigate the ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) spectroscopy of non-recycled, recycled, uncoated and coated papers. In addition to spectroscopy, the optical properties were measured to evaluate cellulose and paper degradation. The results reveal different stability of aged papers. The effect depends on the type of accelerated ageing and on paper characteristics.
Keywords:
recycled paper, accelerated ageing, moist heat treatment, light fastness, UV/VIS spectroscopy, optical properties

Abstract:
This paper reviews the different mechanisms of UV inks curing (free radical, cationic and hybrid polymerization). The advantages and disadvantages of these various types of UV inks are discussed together with their applications areas. Next, the various UV sources used for curing of these inks are outlined. The text describes mercury lamps, doped mercury lamps, excimer lasers and also UV LEDs. UV LEDs are potentially very interesting UV source, which may in the future replace existing sources in some applications. The last part is focused on EB inks. In the text the curing mechanism, applications areas and their comparison with UV inks are explained.
Keywords:
UV ink, EB ink, UV source, cationic polymerization, radical polymerization

Abstract:
The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy was used to determine the absorption characteristics of magenta sheet-fed offset printing ink. Two samples of printing ink, fresh and used, after 20,000 printed sheets, were investigated. The recorded spectrum showed the maximum absorption in regions characteristic for Lithol Rubin B pigment. The intensity changes of the absorption maximum is due to the energy shifts to lower values, while an increased band with occurs at higher temperatures of printing processes associated with an increasing resonance energy. This phenomenon could be useful as an indicator of ink ageing process.
Keywords:
UV-VIS, Lithol Rubine B, sheet-fed offset printing, pollution

Abstract:
Paper is the most common graphic material because of their traditional sustainability and biodegradability. Coatings and surface treatment with natural components and additives can replace unfriendly and more expensive synthetic materials, normally with special properties. However, special properties can be obtained with surface functionalization by chemical or surface geometry modification. Surface geometry modification can be achieved by the application of the pigments and coating formulations with appropriate properties, granulation, particle size distribution and particle shape. The ground calcium carbonate (i.e. GCC) usage in papermaking industry is more and more widely used. Beside optical properties, the trends of lightweight materials, i.e. reducing grammage by using nano materials and products (i.e. NMP), lower specific energy requirement and costs, forces increasing of pigments usage. After all, as everything has its own limits, the resemblance happens with GCC pigment. Following the stated above, the pigment engineering appears with the idea of particles modification to increase its applicability and particularity. Modified GCC particles, e.g. TCC (i.e. treated calcium carbonate) enable wide range spectrum of the GCC raw material application. In the article, the right technological procedure to treat wet grinded GCC and the effect on the changes of the particle geometry, that at the same time, influence on increased functional properties, i.e. paper structure and its surface are presented. Results of survey showed that properties of GCC coated printing paper, required for ink-jet printing with water-based inks had improved.
Keywords:
GCC, modified pigments, coated paper, ink-jet printing, bleeding, wicking

Abstract:
Significant progress can be expected in the field of the production of high quality and varied printed products thanks to nanotechnology, which exploits their new properties. Our work focused on the measurement of the electric conductivity of nanocomposites. For the experiments we prepared flexo inks with special composition, which contained multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In the inks, we varied the % ratio of short and long nanotubes and the layer thickness. According to the results of the examination the presence, length and percentile distribution of nanotubes in the composite have a fundamental effect on conductivity. We also analysed pictures of carbon nanotubes made with Genetic digital microscope and highresolution CM10 transmission electron microscope. Due to their very strong density these inks not need other black pigments.
Keywords:
nanotubes, nanocomposits, electric conductivity

Abstract:
The aim of this work was to create patterns consisting of two parts. One part is a selected combination of CMY frational area coverage with full overprint of thermochomic (TC) offset ink and second part is a computed CMY simulation to match the first part in colour appearance. As first, different binary combinations of C, M, Y were printed with overprint of TC ink with full area coverage. The patches were measured by spectrophotometer to obtain reflectance spectra and consequent colorimetric parameters. To be able to simulate the overprints with TC ink just by CMY combination, simple colorimetric Neugebauer model, simple spectral Neugebaur model, and also their Yule-Nielsen modifications were used. By iteration techniques, fractional area coverage of CMY simulations was obtained. In second step, security patterns consisting of CMY combination with TC ink overprint and their computed simulation were printed and evaluated in terms of colour difference. For the study coated and uncoated paper and two TC inks (green and red) were used. The results show, that spectral Neugebauer model with Yule-Nielsen modification was in average the best predicting model in case of uncoated paper. The results for coated paper show, that simulations computed by simple colorimetric Neugebauer model resulted in lowest colour difference. However, the colour differences of simulations were above 4, regardless of computing method of CMY dot area coverage of the simulation.
Keywords:
thermochromic, Neugebauer model, colour simulation

Abstract:
Paper is the most used printing substrate which is subject of many external influences. Hydrolytic degradation of cellulose molecules is the most often destructive process during the paper natural aging. In this paper the spectrophotometric characteristics of four types of offset printing substrates have been examined: Offset paper (70 gr/m2), Kunstdruck Matt (115 gr/m2), Kunstdruck Matt (200 gr/m2) and Chromokarton (280 gr/m2). Test form is printed on KOMORI SPICA 429P. The analysis includes measuring of spectrophotometric characteristics of the mentioned printing substrates after printing process, accelerated aging in thermal chamber with working controlled conditions and repeated measurement of spectrophotometric characteristics of accelerated aged prints. Accelerated aging was performed in thermal chamber following the recommendations of ISO 5630 which provides chamber controlled conditions (temperature of 80 0C and 72 – 75 % relative humidity). The intervals of accelerated aging are set of 6, 12 and 24 days. The measurement was performed by spectrophotometer X-rite SpectroEye.
Keywords:
printing substrates, spectrophotometric characteristics, ISO 5630 - 3, accelerated aging

Abstract:
The screen printing technique is different from other printing techniques, primarily because of its simplicity and ability to print on substrates of any shape, size, material and thickness. Since solvent-based inks are used in this technique, it is very important to reduce the level of volatile compounds contained in solvents in order to protect the environment. This paper presents the results of the influence of different viscosity values of screen printing inks on the colorimetric properties of samples printed on plastic and ceramic substrates. Changing of viscosity was determined by adding the solvent, and measured using a rotational viscometer. Inks were printed on polycarbonate (PC) and ceramic substrates. Colorimetric properties of printed samples were determined using the spectrophotometer Vipdens 2000. Since ink viscosity directly depending on the amount of solvent, considering rheological properties, it is possible to determine the minimum amount of solvent, without changing colorimetric properties of printed samples. By determining the optimum amount of solvent in ink it is possible to avoid excessive evaporation in the process of screen printing.
Keywords:
screen printing ink, volatile organic compounds, viscosity, colorimetry.

Abstract:
The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of several factors on electrical parameters of printed conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS layers. The main factors studied were the temperature conditions, the thickness of polymer PEDOT:PSS layers, the width of conducting lines and contact arrangements of electrodes made by silver composite inks and carbon paste. Prints were made on polymer substrate Melinex® ST 504.
Keywords:
PEDOT:PSS, screen printing, conductivity, sheet resistance

Abstract:
The aim of this study was to monitor drying of hybrid and UV curable offset printing inks with additional UV varnish overlay. FTIR was used to monitor the curing of the inks and varnishes, depending on UV dose (exposition time). Another considered parameter was the abrasion resistance of ink layers depending on the time elapsed after press and irradiation. Measurements were carried out on the varnished and unvarnished samples. Three different substrates were used (cardboard, polymer foil and cardboard with metallic foil.
Keywords:
UV polymerization, abrasion resistance, FTIR

Abstract:
Many printing techniques increase their market share, but offset printing is still market leader in printing of many graphic products. It is a very complex process in which printing plate has significant influence on the final reproduction quality. Offset printing plates are in most cases built of aluminium foils which are processed in order to enhance needed surface characteristics and ensure stability and durability in the printing process. One of the key processes in the plate making is developing which must remove ink receptive photoactive layer, but in the same time minimizes change of the hydrophilic aluminium-oxide layer. Therefore, chemistry free and low chemistry plates are being developed, but they are still not used when it comes to the high quality products and reproduction of long runs, so improvement of the chemical developing processes is of high importance. This research was conducted in order to investigate application of developers based on the sodium metasilicate of various concentrations. For that purpose samples of printing plates coated with positive diazo photoactive layer were exposed in same condition and then developed in developers with five different concentration of sodium metasilicate. Determination of influence on the aluminium-oxide layer was made by observing profilometric roughness parameters and the contact angel values when applying two different fountain solutions. Results of the investigation have shown that concentration of the sodium metasilicate has an impact on the aluminium-oxide roughness and consequently wetting properties, but comparing it to the other investigated developers, the impact is smaller. Results have showed high correlation between contact angle roughness parameters values, showing high influence of surface structure on wetting properties. This research has proved the influence of investigated developing process on the non-image area surface, which could cause problems in printing plate exploitation. In addition, the sodium metasilicate proved to be possible chemical compound to be used for developing of investigated printing plate type, but prior to that there must be further research conducted to determine its behaviour in other process parameters.
Keywords:
lithography, roughness parameters, contact angle, developing, sodium metasilicate

Abstract:
Wetting and spreading of a liquid on a solid surface are two surface phenomena which highly influence many processes in various industrial fields. The wetting properties of the printing areas on a printing plate have an important role in gaining high quality imprints since they influence ink transfer from a printing plate onto the printing substrate. In flexography are that properties even more important as the printing inks are of lower viscosity and the pressures in the printing process are lower in comparison to the other printing techniques. Although wetting properties could be observed by measuring static contact angle, the time dependant contact angle is of high importance as time for the ink transfer from the anilox roller onto the printing plate and finally to the printing substrate is very short. This paper shows results of determining wetting characteristics of two flexographic printing plates by measuring the dynamic contact angle of reference liquids and its influence on the surface free energy calculation. The obtained results have shown that contact angle values of two reference liquids are slightly influenced by the time of measurement, meaning they reach equilibrium state very fast. Furthermore, it could be seen that printing plate type also influences the dynamic contact angle values. Surface free energy of printing areas at investigated printing plates has not been significantly changed. This research proved that time of the measurement has slight influence on the value of the contact angle which means that reference liquids reach equilibrium state quickly and therefore surface characterization of the flexographic printing plates could be made by observing only static contact angle. On the other hand, when the most viscous liquid of the ones used (glycerol) was applied on the surface, contact angle changed in time so further research should be directed to determining the dynamic contact angle of the printing ink on the printing plate’s printing areas.
Keywords:
contact angle, wetting, surface free energy, flexographic printing plate

Abstract:
In this paper the differences of results obtained by three measuring systems for determining surface coverage value of the printing plates were presented. The aim of this research was the introduction of image analysis as an alternative method for the characterization of surface coverage and tone reproduction of printing plates. Results have shown that different measuring systems for image analysis (IC Plate, ImageJ and Stream motion) obtain a different result in coverage values calculation. IC Plate is automated device for capturing the printing plate’s area and automatically calculating coverage value, while ImageJ and Stream motion are programs supported by software which analyzes imported images that need to be captured by the microscope. Based on the results, one can say that ImageJ and Stream motion are more complex methods for coverage calculation, but they enable greater control of the imported images by means of manual adjustment.
Keywords:
printing plates, image analysis, quality control

Abstract:
Flexographic printing plates are widely used in packaging printing and are therefore a subject of number of studies. Since the properties of the flexographic printing plate significantly influence properties of the final product, the impact of different plate processing conditions were investigated in this paper. Samples of flexographic printing plate used in this research were made form liquid photopolymer, and the influence of main exposure (UV radiation) on mechanical and physicalchemical properties was studied. Contact angle, surface energy and hardness changes were measured. Information about changes that occur on the surface and in the volume of a flexographic printing plate as a result of different processing conditions was provided. Results obtained in this paper are relevant for the flexographic reproduction process for two reasons: they point to the absorption of the printing ink and they define possible deformations that occur due to the pressure in printing process.
Keywords:
flexography, photopolymer, UV radiation, hardness, contact angle, surface energy

Abstract:
The ink transfer from the flexo printing plate to the printing substrate, which determines the quality of imprints, is highly influenced by the surface topography of printing plate. The aim of study was to investigate the correlation between roughness characteristics of solid printing areas and different plate processing conditions. For this purpose, eight samples of CtP flexo plate with thermal developing were made varying two factors: the main exposure time (8, 10, 12 and 14 minutes) and the number of rotations of developing drum (8 and 10 rotations). For comparing roughness parameters from all eight plates, a two-factorial ANOVA was applied. Since obtained results showed the significant main effect of exposure time, but also the interactive (join) effect of two factors, for the further analysis of the separate influences onefactorial ANOVA and T tests were used. Discovered significant influence on the surface roughness of the printing plate implies the importance of specifying and monitoring values of investigated processing conditions.
Keywords:
flexo printing plate, surface roughness, statistical analysis, processing conditions

Abstract:
This paper is a segment of multiple criteria study of flexible printed packaging. Its value is affected, among others, by non-verbal criteria (colour, size, material, shape, image, graphics). Those criteria have a major impact on making decisions when buying any packaged product. The overall quality of print is greatly influenced by colour characteristics. This paper deals with subjective assessment of those characteristics and influence of printing inks viscosity and speed on colour variations in polymer packaging foils (polyethylene, polypropylene).The study was carried out in a local printing office mostly producing packaging for granary and powdery foodstuffs.The study revealed colour variations of prints at different viscosity and speed. However, the issue here is different subjective assessment of colour characteristics within the rest of requirements for flexible packaging by producers, byers and the author of this paper respectively.
Keywords:
flexographic printing, packaging foils, colour characteristics

Abstract:
The wetting solution plays significant role in offset printing process, helping in separation of printing from non-printing areas of the printing form. The wetting solution is characterized by the share of isopropyl alcohol, pH value, electrical conductivity, temperature and water hardness, which is a direct consequence of the presence of various salts in water. It is proved that setting the optimal total hardness of water, which is recommended to be kept from 8od to 12od of German hardness, could extend the service life of metal components and machine parts in contact with the wetting solution, because of reduced corrosion and lime scale sedimentation. It also extends the life of the rubber rollers in contact with the wetting solution. However, there is an issue of particular owner’s and management’s interest: would they get prints of higher quality if they install system for regulation of the water hardness? In this paper an attempt was made to determine the correlation between the total hardness of water and some characteristics of print quality (tone value increase, range of reproduced tonal values, maximum screen ruling at which it is possible to get a clear image without defects). In the experimental part a single color sheet fed offset printing machine will be used, on which all printing conditions will be kept constant, except the hardness of water to be used in the wetting solution. Soft, medium hard and hard water will be used.
Keywords:
wetting solution, water hardness, print quality

Abstract:
Textile materials printed with screen or digital printing during the exploitation can be under the influence of various environmental elements and treatments. This paper presents research regarding influence of ink layers and different type of materials on colour fastness to rubbing. Research was done on three different types of textile materials composed of 100 % polyester. Test chart consisted of four colour fields each 100% of one of process colours (CMYK) and was printed on substrates. Printing machine Mimaki JV22-160 with J-eco Subly nano inks was used. Apart from substrates, variable factor was number of ink layers applied, textile materials were printed with one, two, three, four and five layers of ink. The analysis of rubbing treatment influence on prints was done according to ISO 105-X12 standard. Total of 120 samples were analyzed. Resistance of colour to rubbing treatment (dry and wet staining) was determined by usage of the grey scale.
Keywords:
ink layer, type of materials, polyester, rubbing, ink jet

Abstract:
Printing substrate and its characteristics has a significant impact on print quality. Essential characteristic of substrates is the substrate surface. Substrates with different surface have various reflection of light, which leads to various print quality. Print quality itself is a complex term that includes desired colour reproduction and satisfactory reproduction of image elements. Important print quality attributes are sharpness, mottle and line quality. In this paper we have focused on ink-jet printed PVC self adhesive substrates. Three PVC substrates (enlightened and nonenlightened) have been measured and based on image analysis it can be concluded that the substrate surface and enlightening affects the print quality.
Keywords:
print quality, modulation transfer function (MTF), mottle, line perimeter, line area

Abstract:
The market share of the digitally printed packaging materials in the world is in constant rise. The reason for this is the rapid improvement of the quality and efficiency of these printing technologies, as well the increase in demand of small print run packaging by the producers. In this paper we have researched prints made with electro photographic and inkjet which were made on cardboard substrates. Four different cardboard substrates which differed in surface properties were printed with Xerox Docucolor 12, Xerox iGen3, Canon ImagePress C1 and Canon Pixma iX6550. On the prints we have measured the optical properties (TVI, ΔE*ab, reproducible gamut). The largest TVI on all cardboards was found with the Canon Pixma iX6550 inkjet printer and also the largest colour offsets were measured on these samples. The reference for the samples was the ISO 12647/2: 2004. The smallest colour difference was achieved on Canon ImagePress C1 electro photographic prints while the largest colour difference was measured on the prints made by Canon Pixma iX6550 inkjet printer.
Keywords:
folding carton, electro photography, inkjet, colour gamut

Abstract:
Case study in work is determining extended black separation in current graphic arts, in infra red properties. Graphic reproduction is generally based on screening system, principles of subtractive synthesis and separation with mostly added black, with infrared Z absorption. Subtractive ternary color combinations could be partially substituted with black, that can lead to achromatic way of reproduction, with various extended possibilities. The aim is to prove stability of achromatic system, and operating in NIR domain, as wide acceptance is desirable.
Keywords:
subtractive, carbon black separation, achromatic, NIR

Abstract:
Texture, along with colour, is one of the most important characteristics of a material defining the appearance of its surface. While colour had been studied for a long time and continues being a hot topic, the analysis of texture has traditionally been postponed. However, in the last years texture is being more and more considered, for example in image analysis and processing to detect regions of interest in images or recognize objects. In the fields of image analysis and processing different ways to manage texture are proposed, where almost all of them are based on the so called texture features computed from the image. The following parameters, describing some of the texture features, are the most widely used: Contrast, Homogeneity, Dissimilarity, Energy and Entropy. If these parameters characterize a texture, then they must be related with the perceived sensation texture produce. The aim of this paper is to perform a preliminary visual experiment in order to scale each of these parameters according to human texture perception. The five above parameters are computed for 10 greyscale images, which differ in their texture strength. The obtained values are then correlated with the results of the perceptual test, indicating the scale and the applicability of these parameters in describing texture perception.
Keywords:
texture, image analysis, perceptual scale

Abstract:
G7 method introduces gray balance control as the key to achieve consistent colour reproduction, instead of controlling optical density and tone value increase (TVI). This method was originally intended for commercial offset printing, but it is also applicable to virtually any CMYK imaging process and has been successfully tested on a wide range of processes, including coated and uncoated offset, newsprint, gravure, flexography, digital printing, as well as a wide range of AM and FM screening methods. This study is focused on the validation and efficiency of G7 method in calibrating Xerox DocuColor 252 digital press that is based on electrophotographic process. By following the guidelines of G7, the quality of gray and colour reproduction was compared to factory calibration. The results indicate the need to make additional adjustments in addition to the basic G7 method. G7 method alone is not sufficient to calibrate the toner based printing press.
Keywords:
G7 calibration method, gray balance, digital press

Abstract:
To use color management systems the condition is to useappropriate color profiles to the device. There are two ways to get to these appropriate color profiles. We can use industrial color profiles or we can create our own color profiles by color calibration. The great advantage of the industrial profiles is the easy access, however arising from manufacturing and other uncertainties these reliability is in question. Creating our own color profiles is lengthy and requiring expertise and even this is no guarantee of perfect color profile, because during the calibration we can make different types of measurement errors. These errors can be significant mainly in the case of manual (non automated) calibration. In this paper, the question we would like to provide answer is that industrial or non automated calibration should we use to an inkjet printer?
Keywords:
ICC color management, inkjet printing, color measurement

Abstract:
Color printing of textile is achieved by subtractive color mixing of four process colors cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black), also called CMYK color model. Real textile products are usually colored by wide variety of colors achieved by mixing of the process colors. The process colors are not often used in pure form. Great majority of research regarding the color of textile products and various influences on the color is dealing with process colors; therefore it is needed to gain insight in correlation between results for color differences of process colors and colors in real application. This paper focuses on correlation between color differences of process colors and secondary mixtures, red, green, and blue varying textile substrates in digital textile printing. Four different materials were printed with pure process colors and their mixtures using printing machine Mimaki JV22-160 with J-eco Subly nano inks, colors were measured and differences calculated. Comparison was made between color differences of process colors and their mixtures. The results of the research show strong correlation between color differences, it can be concluded that results of research on process colors can be good predictors for other colors achieved by mixing the process colors, although some inconsistencies were noticed and require further investigation.
Keywords:
textile printing, color differences, process color, color mixtures

Abstract:
This paper proposes certain methods of displaying scientific results to public. Instead of common data carrier format types like Adobe PDF, HTML5 and SVG offer alternative way of graphic presentation of data. The paper shall present methods of generating dynamic graphs, plots, color palettes and other sorts of graphic objects used for displaying science results. Nevertheless, performance tests were conducted to determine common browsers performances while creating such objects. Individual and mixed objects patterns were used. The browsers ran inside specially created test environment including dedicated chamber application for performance measurements. The data gathered was statistically processed and based on that conclusions were made.
Keywords:
html5, svg, graphics, browser, performance

Abstract:
Software is presented that analyses inconsistencies in the definition of trim boxes and bleed boxes for a job. For that the PDF-file and the related JDF-file are examined.
Keywords:
Preflight, PDF, JDF, Trim box, Bleed box

Abstract:
Data compression plays a crucial role in various modern digital photography and video applications. Its main goal is to reduce irrelevant and/or redundant image data while keeping relevant information intact as much as possible. There are numerous international as well as industry standards available that are based on either lossless or lossy compression of images. While a lossy compression standard such as JPEG offers a tradeoff between the image quality and the file size, in lossless compression methods – run length encoding, LZW, Chain codes and others – no information reduction takes place, but the image file size may be prohibitively large. Principal components analysis (PCA) is an established multivariate statistical tool that linearly transforms a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller number of new variables, known as principal components. Since a digital image can be regarded as a two – or more – dimensional function of pixel values and represented as a 2D (grayscale image) or 3D (color image) data array, PCA can be performed on such an m x n matrix. The presentation will demonstrate how to implement PCA for image compression on different digital images and, in particular, how the choice of the number of extracted PCs affects the image compression ratio and consequently the image quality.
Keywords:
Principal components analysis, image compression, digital image processing

Abstract:
Web galleries are one of most used elements of web sites. They are framework for presenting images. Images are very important elements in web sites in the sense of carrying information. Good images show concepts, carry information, invoke positive fillings, etc. All this aspects contribute to positive user experience. On the other hand, bad images waste space, are usually ignored, or even worse, are confusing for the users. Images in web galleries can have additional elements, like image index and image captions. Index helps users to realize the size of the web gallery and where they are at certain image. Image captions increase informational value of the images. In this study we tested three web galleries with different combination of these additional elements. Testing was performed with eye tracking system. Eye tracking technology allows us to analyze how people look and use certain test form (i.e. web gallery). We can also create AOI (area of interest), which was, in our case, used in research of image index and image captions.
Keywords:
web galleries, image index, image captions, eye tracking, area of interest

Abstract:
In recent years the Internet has become the main source of information. The increasing presence of wireless signal transfer allows us to via mobile devices: smartphone or tablet device, get the information immediately. The viewing and manipulation of these informations are possible with the use of different software and document formats. One such format is EPUB. EPUB is the format used for viewing and manipulating electronic publications. This format is stan dardized by the organization called IDPF. In 2011, IDPF presented the third improved version of the EPUB. This format beside text can contain meta data, audio and video recording, linking, and other multimedia forms. This format offers a completely new understanding of learning, reading books, magazines, daily news. The increasing environmental awareness, economic aspects, the emergence of mobile devices, access to information, the ability to manipulate, enables that digital publishing gets used by the wider public and business users. Publishing today includes not only printing and publishing books, magazines and other publishing material, but publishing all them also in some digital form.
Keywords:
IDPF, EPUB, digital publishing, tablet devices, software, Internet

Abstract:
After a series of empirical findings from the first half of the last century, and a stream of empirical findings in the field of legibility and readability of typefaces, little research has sustained a grounding theory. Since the majority of psychologists do not possess sufficient knowledge of typography, their studies lacked internal validity (Lund, 1999), whereas typography scholars have published numerous ungrounded work in their attempt to base the discourse stylistically and ideologically. Seen from our hindsight, providing the theoretical framework for this field was less probable without the cognitive information processing theory. Numerous research regarding word superiority effect support different hypothesis (Cattell, 1886; Reicher, 1969; Wheeler, 1970; McClelland & Johnston, 1977)) but only with the advancement of the eye tracking and the neural network modeling in the '80s scholars were able to obtain precise answers to the question: How we recognize words? (Rayner & Pollatsek, 1989; McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981; Seidenberg & McClelland, 1989).The findings that the bottomup processing in parallel distribution (PDP) starts from feature level indicates that if we want to progress the legibility of the typeface we need to explore the feature level ie. feature distinctiveness. Therefore, this paper analyzes key findings on legibility of letters within type which have been perceived as meaningful for designers and type practitioner.
Keywords:
legibility, feature, distinctivnes, typefaces

Abstract:
This paper analyzes the new Art Nouveau typeface by Slobodan Nedeljković - Zaharius Neo- Secession. It is very difficult to determine weather this typeface follows the continuity of this typographic form, or is it a hybrid sub-form of some kind. Therefore, it is necessary to look back at some of the influential classical typefaces, such as Schwabacher, Behrens and Fette Eckmann whose authors have instilled them with a personal touch corresponding to the period in which they had been designed. Neo-secession type forms are celebrating its 100th birthday, but it is evident that this style holds up extremely well, because of both its artistic and functional appearance. This paper studies the Jugendstil groups and their specific characteristics that have made way for interpretations by new authors, as well as the process of designing a typeface and its morphological development. Finally, we have considered the typographic characteristics and the practical applications according to the latent, dynamic rhetoric of our new typeface.
Keywords:
Neo-Secession, Fractur, Hybrid typeface

Abstract:
Television production of broadcasts is developing. Graphic design is mainly based on previous (successful) broadcasts. In many cases, this is the correct procedure, but it can lead to the loss of design diversity. Inverse colour combination is an aspect that should be integrated into television design, as darker colours for backgrounds make lighter colours of typeface more visible and for this reason easier to read and remember. In the present study, we examined if the positioning of the text on a display is also important. Various meaningful and meaningless three- and five-letter words were set in the Bank Gothic typeface. Words were presented at four different positions on the television screen (in four corners of the screen) for a short time, with the presentation intervals ranging from 240 to 360 ms. To compare various technologies that are available in the market, we also varied picture size to assess the contribution of display size on the speed of word processing. Results showed that the left side of the television display was more convenient for users, regardless of upper or lower position. However, variations between upper and lower position were obtained for the right side of the display. When placed to the left side of the display, use of three- and five-letter meaningful and meaningless words did not affect visibility or legibility and recognition of words. We conclude that placing titles to the left side may lead to better title intelligibility.
Keywords:
broadcasting, legibility, duration, position, display.

Abstract:
In order for something to be understood it does not have to be said. An image that provides information on surroundings, which is simultaneously an idea being realized and an idea that is going to become materialized, is just enough. Coding of ideas, information and attitudes by using commonly accepted patters, styles and models that are interesting enough to draw attention, represents new form of communication in the era of virtual society. Design is a medium through which an idea or object is sent, but it is also a medium which becomes the message. This paper problematizes the possibility of a successful transfer of ideas by means of design, as well as the limits of perception of visual contents. Since design is one of the factors that affects the shape of social reality and contexts, it raises the question of whether reality created by design is a real manifestation of artist’s idea or it distorts the initial ideas of its creator when in contact with socio-cultural factors of society.
Keywords:
design, medium, message, virtual society.

Abstract:
In this study we investigated the electrocoagulation/electroflotation as a purification treatment of fresh and waste offset printing developers. Electrochemical treatment was studied in a bipolar batch reactor with four plate aluminum electrodes at a constant distance of 0.5 cm. Electrocoagulation/electroflotation process was carried out at a current density of 2 mA cm-2. Temperature, pH and electrical conductivity were measured before and after electrocoagulation/electroflotation treatment, while the content of organic substances in terms of UV813 and turbidity was used to evaluate treatment efficiency.The results indicated electrocoagulation/electroflotation as reliable, safe and cost effective method that can be successfully applied to treating fresh and waste offset printing developers.
Keywords:
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Abstract:
Process capability refers to the proportion of units conforming to specification that a process is able to produce. In print production, process control standards specify aimed and tolerance values for specific process control parameters. However, producers and customers have to agree on the acceptable quality level (AQL), i.e. tolerated proportion of nonconforming units. In order to agree on the AQL, the producer has to know the capability of his process. In addition, process capability can be determined in a number of different ways, depending on how the data is collected and analyzed. The experiment presented in this paper shows how different ways of data analysis affect the assessed process capability. In order to avoid confusions and arguments between producers and customers, it is necessary to agree on the way of data analysis (determination of proportion of waste). This part is not covered by process control standards as they can only serve to determine whether a given unit conforms to them or not.
Keywords:
print production, process capability, process control

Abstract:
During the process of paperboard and cardboard converting, the board’s top ply can break as it folds. To prevent this from happening and to prepare the material for folding, the process of creasing is applied, which defines folding lines and deforms the material plastically. Thus, some delamination occurs in the creasing zone, as a result of which paper plies bend inwards during folding and, therefore, the top ply is not stretched to its failure. There are a few criteria that define a good quality crease: the shape of a creasing zone and the existence of a bending moment-angle curve peak, which must occur before a certain angle is reached. The aim of this paper is to give better understanding and deeper insight into different behaviour of paperboard and cardboard materials during creasing and folding processes. The existing mechanical models for creasing and folding behaviour of these materials are surveyed. Comparisons of the related testing methods are made as well as the assessment of the levels of their reliability. The mechanical models discussed are categorized with respect to its accuracy, complexity and materials on which they can be applied.
Keywords:
mechanical models, creasing, folding, paperboard, cardboard

Abstract:
The folding process is usually resulting in more or less visible cracks along the folding line on the outer side of the coated papers and boards. The basic mechanism of cracking is laying in the appearance of higher stresses on the surface layers when a sheet is folded. These high stresses can lead not only to decrease of the aesthetic feature, but to complete loss of functionality of the final product. Improving the fold-crack resistance of coated papers and boards is one of the basic tasks for paper manufacturers. This study has been conducted in order to analyze the correlation between two basic physical parameters of the folded coated paper: residual tensile strength and bursting strength. The residual tensile strength testing is one of the most commonly used fold-crack resistance testing methods, but since the specimens during the bursting strength testing have curved configuration, the bursting strength of unfolded and folded coated papers may provide additional relevant information about stress states on the outer layers of the paper.
Keywords:
coated papers, fold-crack resistance, residual tensile strength, bursting strength

Abstract:
Pulp, paper and cardboard mills typically generate significant quantities of non-hazardous solidwaste which requires management as a waste material or as a by-product. Most of these solids are removed after primary mechanical treatment, resulting in a sludge that contains large quantities of fibers, papermaking fillers, or both. Although this primary sludge is commonly landfilled, it could be recycled into on-site production, reused in other pulp and paper mills, or used in other products. In this study the use of cardboard mill sludge as stabilizing agent in the stabilization treatment of copper polluted sediment was examined. Semi-dynamic leaching test was conducted to assess the effectiveness of stabilization treatment with cardboard mill sludge and long-term leaching behavior of copper. A diffusion-based model was used to elucidate the controlling leaching mechanisms. It appears applied treatment was effective in immobilizing copper, with diffusion being the controlling mechanism. This indicates that slow leaching of Cu could be expected when the cardboard mill sludge as stabilizing agent was applied.
Keywords:
copper, cardboard mill, sludge, contaminated sediment