GRID Symposium 2020
Arif Ozcan
NEW APPROACHES IN SMART PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p1
Abstract:
Customer expectations have changed due to the developing technology and changing and improving product variety. This has led the printing industry, the packaging sector in particular, to grow considerably. The food industry along with the increasing need to preserve food long periods of time have led to the need to develop methods that preserve the freshness and safety of food products during their shelf-life. For this reason, attention was paid to packaging systems to facilitate food processing, preserve food quality, extend shelf-life, and prevent the food from spoiling. Thanks to these systems, packaging went beyond being a simple barrier outside the food, and has also taken upon roles of releasing protective agents or removing unwanted matter. Microbial growth is one of the most important factors that cause food to spoil. Although the problem has previously been tried to be solved by heating, drying, fermentation, freezing and adding antimicrobial agents, there are limitations, especially when used with fresh food. Today, a new generation of technologies have been introduced to monitor the condition of products with a tiny sensor or label placed onto the packaging. Smart packaging is a packaging material that not only improves the basic functions of a product, but also responds to stimuli around this product. Smart packaging in general, has two main categories, namely intelligent packaging and active packaging. This study will examine the concept of smart packaging that has emerged due to increased competitiveness, digital interaction and consumer awareness, changes in consumer behaviour and expectations, and improved interest in product safety. As a result, it is obvious that state-of-the-art smart packaging, which can connect to the Internet and has many channels of interaction, will bring about new business models and create new customer experiences and will replace conventional packaging, which has
no interactions, in the near future.
Keywords:
packaging, smart packaging, active packaging, intelligent packaging
Igor Karlovits
LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIO-REFINERY DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTS IN FUTURE PACKAGING APPLICATIONS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p2
Abstract:
The concept of efficient utilisation of renewable bio-based materials (biomass feedstock) is the driving force in the green transformation to a more sustainable and circular society. Biorefineries or biochemical platforms convert and utilise different sources of biomass into fuels and other beneficial derivates like fibres and other bio-based chemicals. These can be used as building blocks for many potentially useful applications. In this review, we shall describe the current state of the art and trends in the conversion of lignocellulosic feedstock into materials which can be primarily used in packaging applications. The three main constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) are being re-engineered into new products with higher added value. The main goal of all these downstream products is that they do not compete with animal feed and food applications. The main downstream products of different kind of transformations are different natural fibres which can be further processed into micro or nano fibrillated state and used for a broad application of fields from ink, adhesive and packaging materials. Also, fibres and its derivates can be bonded successfully into bio-composites or fibre-based foams applications for the protective packaging applications. Hemicellulose, as a second most abundant component, has been researched for applications in adhesives and paper and paperboard coatings. Lignin which is currently utilised as an energy source for the paper industry, has been recently actively researched. Lignin-based biopolymers have a potential to be used in many different applications from additives in the barrier coatings on the packaging to active packaging and even as lignin-based foams. All these applications are currently in the development stages and cover niche market segments, but are expected to grow and to be used in future markets.
Keywords:
biorefinery, fibres, lignin, packaging, fibre-based foams
Ivana Plazonić, Irena Bates, Vesna Džimbeg-Malčić, Davor Zember
COLORIMETRIC CHANGES OF WATERBASED FLEXOGRAPHIC INK PRINTED ON HEMP-BASED PAPERS EXPOSED TO ARTIFICIAL AGEING
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p3
Abstract:
The objective of the research was to investigate colorimetric changes of the waterbased flexographic ink printed on hemp-based papers subjected to artificial ageing. Three types of commercially available hemp office papers were used as printing substrate and by Esiproof instrument were printed manually in full tone with process waterbased flexographic inks. Both, papers and prints were exposed to artificial ageing in the Suntest XLS+ test chamber according ASTM D 6789-2 standard. The L∗, a∗, b∗ colour coordinates were measured and ΔE00 colour difference was calculated for different stages of light exposure in order to determine the change from the original color value. In total exposure time was 96 h. The results have shown how the paper optical stability is dependent upon manufacturing process and that bleached hemp fibers provides better optical stability of papers than unbleached hemp fibers. Further, stability of prints made on hemp-based papers is for the most part defined by ink color, while the impact of the printing substrate is less pronounced. Generally, it was noticed how the most stable among prints were prints covered with the black ink, while prints with the yellow ink had the greatest changes in color under the influence of light.
Keywords:
artificial ageing, colorimetric changes, flexographic prints, hemp-based papers
Ivana Tomić, Ivan Pinćjer, Nada Miketić
THE INFLUENCE OF TOTAL BASE INK COVERAGE ON THE UNIFORMITY OF DIGITAL PRINTS OVERPRINTED WITH PEARLESCENT INKS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p4
Abstract:
Print uniformity is an important parameter that can determine perceived quality of a printed product.
If the product is of low print uniformity, its quality is often regarded as non-satisfactory.
In this work we were interested in the uniformity of electrophotography prints overprinted with inks containing pearlescent pigments. Our goal was to determine whether the overall print uniformity was influenced by the total base ink coverage i.e. the ink coverage of the printing substrate before pigments were applied to it. Hence, three scenarios were considered: when pearlescent inks were printed over the unprinted paper, previously printed grey, and black colour patch. Nine different types of pearlescent pigments, dispersed in a transparent ink vehicle, were screen printed over the paper and the previously printed patches of grey and black colour. The base colours were printed in electrophotography. The uniformity of prints obtained in such a manner was determined by calculating GLCM parameters that were shown to correlate well with human perception of uniformity. It was shown that overprinting the electrophotography prints with pearlescent inks significantly decreased the uniformity of prints with black base colour and slightly improved the uniformity of those with grey colour.
When pearlescent inks were printed over the paper, the uniformity did not change significantly.
Observing the print uniformity of overprinted samples, the best results were obtained when pearlescent inks were printed directly to the paper,
following the cases when they were printed over the grey and black prints. It is therefore concluded that the total base ink coverage has significant effect on the uniformity of electrophotography prints overprinted with pearlescent inks. The results indicate poor adhesion of the ink vehicle used as a carrier for pearlescent pigments to electrophotographic toner. Keywords:
Keywords:
print uniformity, electrophotography, pearlescent pigments
Urška Vrabič Brodnjak, Dimitrina Todorova
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN AND RICE STARCH BLENDS, AS A FILLER IN PAPER OR AS A FILM FOR PACKAGING APPLICATIONS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p5
Abstract:
Bio based materials fall under the broad category of bio-products or bio-based products, which includes materials,
chemicals and energy derived from renewable biological resources.
This research shows the preparation of both, paper sheets with blend fillers of chitosan and rice starch and chitosan and rice starch films,
which could be used as packaging material for a variety of applications.
In this research, we used a blend mixture, different concentrations of chitosan and rice starch both in paper production and in films to investigate the
optical properties of the obtained materials with a combination of ultrasonic treatment during the film formation.
The research showed that the optical properties of the obtained packaging materials improved.
It also showed that blend fillers of chitosan and rice starch are effective paper fillers in the preparation of cellulose mixture for bio based packaging materials and the optical properties are with slight changes. The investigation on the optical properties of the obtained paper samples during accelerated thermal showed that the ageing of paper with addition of chitosan and chitosan and rice starch blends had the same behaviour through the 72 hours of ageing. The ultrasonic treatment of the films improved transparency.
The surface at untreated blend film was more uneven compared to chitosan and rice starch films, which improved after the treatment.
Keywords:
bio based polymers, fillers, packaging, properties, analysis
Dimitrina Todorova, Nevena Pavlova
INVESTIGATION ON THE PRINTABILITY OF SPECIALTY PAPERS FOR LUXURY LABELS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p6
Abstract:
Specialty luxury label papers mainly are results from the search for all that stimulates our creativity and senses.
They are from papers that awaken the desire to create, as a magnificent mix of texture and colours that elevates luxury packaging to
the category of art and a brilliant collection that ultimately shows that luxury packaging really is. In order to achieve the desired complex effect on the customer with its combined impact through the texture, colour of the paper and graphic design for each manufacturer of luxury labels, it is undoubtedly essential to be familiar with the printability of the paper used.
The aim of the present work was to study the main properties of the commonly used papers for printing of self-adhesive labels,
in view of their printability.
It is especially important for the production, as well as for the awareness of the designers working in this field,
to know the specifics of these papers, to know the main indicators influencing their printability, to know all the facts allowing the right choice of printing technology and finishing processes. To achieve this goal, various properties of five types of paper have been determined: structural-dimensional, physical-mechanical, capillary-hygroscopic and optical. In addition, with all paper analysis, a printing sample have been made with different types of printing (offset UV, flexo UV, screen, cold foil, hot foil, silk foil) and converting (emboss, laser cutting, laser engraving) techniques. Based on the obtained results, new designer labels for wine have been printed. The results show that there is a clear dependence between the paper composition, its main and specific properties and the quality of the different printing and finishing processes, as well as the overall appearance of the produced labels.
The printing and finishing processes have been carried out in Rotoprint Printing House, Bulgaria and the obtained results could give a valuable information not only for the particular printing house, but for other specialists in the field of labels production.
Keywords:
specialty papers, printability, self-adhesive labels, strength properties, printing, converting
Bohdan Durnyak, Mikola Lutskiv, Vitalij Buben, Petro Shepita, Georgij Petriaszwili
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF OPTICAL DENSITY ON THE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCING RASTERIZED FILMS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p7
Abstract:
A mathematical model of optical density of rasterized films has been improved,
which has significantly increased the calculation accuracy of the optical density,
especially at low intensities of the light areas of the image of 0-5%.
The results of the simulation have been presented in the form of graphs of the optical
densities characteristics for various parameters and their properties have been analysed.
Keywords:
optical density, rasterized film, simulation model, mathematical modelling
Tomislav Cigula, Tomislav Hudika, Mihael Katana, Marina Golik Krizmanić, Tamara Tomašegović
THE INFLUENCE OF PCL-ZNO COATING COMPOSITION ON COATED OFFSET CARDBOARD PRINTS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p8
Abstract:
The most significant printing branch in these days is packaging printing. Packaging must primarily preserve the product from damaging, but at the same time must attract the consumers to be picked up from the shelf in the store. To ensure protective and aesthetic role of the packaging the prints are commonly coated with varnishes which will improve visual, mechanical, surface, and optical properties. In this paper a coating composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) and nanoscale ZnO was used to coat the offset prints on the cardboard.
The coatings were prepared by adding various weight amounts of the ZnO nanoparticles (weight ratios of 0.1, 0.5 and 1%) into the mixture of PCL and ethyl-acetate. The coatings were applied onto prepared offset prints. The prints were evaluated before and after coating process by determining colour coordinates, print gloss, water vapour permeability and by calculating colour difference.
The results showed that on the uncoated paper coating with prepared OVPs did not affect the colour reproduction outside acceptable tolerance levels, except for magenta coated with w(ZnO) = 0.5 and 1%. The coating with prepared coatings caused almost none change of print gloss on uncoated paper, but increased the print gloss on coated paper. The water-vapor permeability was lowered on both investigated paper types but on the uncoated paper the addition of ZnO nanoparticles decreased barrier properties in comparison to the coating composed of only PCL. Increasing the mass of added ZnO increases barrier properties of the print on both investigated cardboards.
To conclude, this research has proved applicability of the PCL-ZnO coatings as a OVP on cardboard offset prints as it did not highly influenced colour
reproduction but had decreased water vapour transmission rate.
On the coated paper/cardboard one must take into account the increased colour difference of
magenta and chose the ink to be closer to the target values at the beginning.
In addition, to further investigate applicability in the packaging printing, further research should include investigation of resistance to ink fading
in the ageing process, bending tests, adhesion etc.
Keywords:
offset printing, coating, PCL, surface free energy, colour difference, nano ZnO
Sonja Jamnicki Hanzer, Rahela Kulčar, Marina Vukoje, Petra Širol
MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOCHROMIC PACKAGING PRINTS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p9
Abstract:
Thermochromic inks are temperature-sensitive materials that change colour due to a temperature change. These inks are mostly printed on smart packaging applications where they are used in a form of temperature indicators. The colorants in these inks are microencapsulated which makes the prints obtained with these inks more sensitive to abrasion in comparison to the prints obtained with conventional inks. Thermochromic prints are also very sensitive to adverse environmental conditions, such as exposure to UV light, heat and certain chemicals and solvents.
Abrasion and chemical resistance of thermochromic prints obtained on metallized label papers are discussed in this paper. For that purpose, two thermochromic UV screen inks were printed on two types of metalized papers that are commonly used as food packaging labels. The prints thus obtained were then subjected to a rub test in accordance with standard method BS 3110. Rub test was performed using Hanatek RT4 Rub and Abrasion Tester. The degree of rubbing was assessed by visual inspection and by detection of the colorimetric changes on the prints after their exposure to rubbing. Assessment of prints' resistance to various liquid agents (water, ethanol and citric acid) was done in accordance to standard method ISO 2836. Evaluation of chemical degradation on prints was done by the
spectrophotometric measurements.
The results of conducted research showed good rub resistance of these inks, as no rubbing was detected, but poor resistance to all liquid agents they were exposed to. Exposure to ethanol, particularly, caused severe damage to the prints. The bleeding of the colorants from the prints was also detected. However, even though the prints were not able to completely withstand exposure to specific liquid agents which was demonstrated by their optical deterioration, the thermochromic effect was still present in them after resistance tests were conducted.
Keywords:
thermochromic inks, metallized label paper, rub resistance, chemical resistance
Tomislav Hudika, Tomislav Cigula, Mihaela Žličarić, Maja Strižić Jakovljević
PCL-TIO2 NANOCOMPOSITE TO IMPROVE AGEING OF OFFSET PRINTS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p10
Abstract:
UV radiation or sunlight can affect the printed sample by fading the ink surface and therefore the product losses it's decorative purpose and becomes less desirable to the customer. To create the efficient protective coating, titanium dioxide (TiO2) will be used as a well-known compound that should lower the effects of UV radiation. TiO2 should lower the colour fade after UV radiation and this will be determined by densitometric and colorimetric (CIE L*a*b*) measurements. In addition, measurement of print gloss will also be conducted to evaluate visual appearance of the sample. Biopolymer Polycaprolactone (PCL) was the base of the PCL-TiO2 composite in which TiO2 nano sized. To determine influence of the amount of TiO2, three composites were prepared by adding different weight ratio of the TiO2. The prepared nanocomposites were then applied onto the offset prints on gloss art print paper and on the uncoated paper. The results have shown that TiO2 coating does affect ink’s density, colorimetric properties and print gloss after initial coating. The change in chroma due to the accelerated ageing is most visible on yellow ink, cyan and magenta proved to be the more stable. Accelerated ageing caused change in the L* of black. On all colours, increase of the TiO2 weight ratio improved resistance of colour to change. Coated gloss paper was more resistant to density change where uncoated had lower change in chroma. It could be concluded that TiO2 has the ability to protect the prints in the measured time interval but it has to be noted that concentration of the TiO2 particles also causes colour difference and must be observed when defining composure of the nanocomposite.
Keywords:
nanocomposite, offset, coating, biopolymer, PCL, TiO2
Ivana Jurič, Dragoljub Novaković, Nemanja Kašiković, Sandra Dedijer
INFLUENCE OF DIGITIZATION INPUT DEVICE ON CALCULATION OF PRINT (NON)UNIFORMITY VALUE OF PRINTS USING ISO 13660 METHOD
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p11
Abstract:
This paper examines the influence of the digitization input device on the print nonuniformity value when using the ISO 13660 method. This method belongs to the group of techniques called Image Analysis Method (IAM), so the basis for calculating the quality attributes is a digitized print. We selected six different devices: three flatbed scanners and three mobile phones. All settings were constant, such as the scan resolution (600 spi) and light source (D50). To have controlled prints, they were simulated using the MATLAB code - Macro Uniformity Toolbox and printed using the Epson Stylus PRO 7800 InkJet machine. We simulated random print nonuniformity know as small-scaled (graininess) and large-scaled (mottle). The calculated values differ drastically by changing the digitization device, while the values within the same group of devices are strongly correlated. The obtained results indicate the need to expand the standard and define more precise settings for input devices.
Keywords:
print (non)uniformity, ISO 13660 method, scanner-based system, camera-based system
Rastko Milošević, Nemanja Kašiković, Živko Pavlović, Saša Petrović, Dragan Kukuruzović, Raša Urbas
THE EFFECTS OF FRAGRANCED MICROCAPSULES APPLICATION ON THE PHYSICAL AND PRINT QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRINTS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p12
Abstract:
Today, various coatings are used in the printing industry, which give the printed product various additional features such as functional, decorative and protective properties. As a coating, fragrant microcapsules can be applied in combination with a printing ink or varnish to provide printed products with added value. The functionality of the applied fragranced microcapsules is initiated and achieved by rubbing the applied coating surface, whereby the microcapsules burst open and release the encapsulated active ingredient, the fragrance. In this paper the effects of the applied fragrance microcapsules (in the form of coating) on the print quality and the physical properties of the coated prints are investigated. Performed AFM and print quality analyses of the functional coatings produced showed that the applied fragrance microcapsules and their different concentrations significantly influence both the physical and print quality properties of the prints.
Keywords:
fragranced microcapsules, functional coatings, print gloss, surface roughness
Tibor Czene, László Koltai
THE EFFECT OF THE VIRGIN FIBERS TO THE PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT PAPER PRODUCTS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p13
Abstract:
The products from paper are widely used materials with several benefits. The corrugated paper keeps items protected through long-distance logistic processes and constant shipping and handling. The corrugated boxboards are ideal options for any industry’s shipping, packaging and storage needs. Papers and cardboards are quite low cost and also provide environmental-friendly solutions, using recyclable materials such as used corrugated cartons and old newspapers.
Recycling offers a reduction in environmental impact in densely populated regions and a large production of paper and board products. Generally, the use of recycled fiber produces paper with poorer mechanical properties due to the decrease in the interfiber bonding. The recycled pulp must be treated to restore its bonding strength, for which there are six methods possible: mechanical treatment, chemical additives, chemical treatment, fractionation, papermaking process modification and blending with virgin fiber. Although some mills produce 100% recycled paper, the majority augment their used pulp with some virgin fiber. Paper properties can be tailored within some ranges by modifying the properties of fibers, but the influence of fine quality on structure, strength and optical properties of paper can be even greater.
The properties of papers are essentially determined by their raw materials. Most of these raw materials are made from 100% recycled fiber, but as the quality of the waste fiber varies, different chemicals must be used to provide the desired or expected properties. From an environmental and economic point of view, the use of primary fibers can be an alternative.
Keywords:
virgin fiber, specific volume, tensile force, tensile strength, tearing strength
Gulsah Yilan, Arif Ozcan, Tanju Caglar
SUSTAINABLE CARDBOARD LABEL PRODUCTION
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p14
Abstract:
Recently, all industrial sectors have shown significantly increasing attention in reaching the sustainability goals regarding economic, environmental, social, and also technological aspects not only at the regional level but also nationwide and even global scale. Aside from being an economically popular concept, sustainability is strictly related to effective resource use and efficient waste disposal. Thus, it functions as a complementary issue to be considered in various production activities. The sustainable production approach includes reducing or (if possible) eliminating the negative impacts on the human health and environment, reducing the waste generated, increasing the recycling rate, and developing energy and material saving processes. The printing industry is one of the most important industries in reaching sustainable production goals. The need for the printed products, which is the focus of this study, is increasing in parallel with the changing consumer expectations and technological developments. However, from the point of the printing industry view, a solid sustainability consensus is not settled among the practitioners, yet. This study aims to evaluate the sustainability of the cardboard label production considering several combinations of raw materials such as paper, ink, and surface coating additives via appropriate Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods. The most frequently used paper and ink types are considered with three alternatives for each. To indicate the sustainability scores economic, environmental, and social evaluation criteria are selected. By applying the Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT), the sustainability score of each label is calculated to determine the optimum alternative in terms of the production process and also the material used. This evaluation provides detailed information to the producer and also to the consumer about the alternative production routes to use less energy and raw material, and also to decrease the environmental impacts while sustaining the economic feasibility. Besides, alternative solutions are offered to reach sustainability goals by considering the economic and environmental life cycle impacts of these materials. Hence, an increase in awareness about the printing industry and service channels is expected. Moreover, this study is also important in presenting the applicability of sustainability assessments in the printing industry.
Keywords:
sustainability, printing industry, label production, multi-criteria decision analysis, case study
Rahela Kulčar, Marina Vukoje, Ivana Krajnović, Mirela Rožić
INFLUENCE OF RECYCLED FIBRES IN PAPER ON THE UV STABILITY OF THERMOCHROMIC PRINTS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p15
Abstract:
Recycled paper for environmentally conscious consumers can positively influence product selection. Thermochromic inks printed on such materials can give the product a special effect and increase its market competitiveness. During recycling, the paper is subjected to the action of various processes and chemicals, which later can have an impact on its stability, structural and optical properties. As is already known, the optical properties of paper affect the quality of the print. Thus, the goal of this study is to determine whether environmentally friendly substrates containing recycled fibres can be of the same quality as non-recycled substrates for the printing of thermochromic inks. For the research purposes, two commercially available thermochromic inks were printed on papers with a certain percentage of recycled fibres (33% and 100%). The results will show whether the percentage of fibres affects the colorimetic properties, dynamic characteristics of thermochromic inks and the UV stability during accelerated ageing of thermochromic prints.
Keywords:
thermochromic inks, UV stability, recycled fibres
Hatice Birtane
THE PRODUCTION OF FLAME RETARDANT PAPER WITH DOPO
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p16
Abstract:
Flame retardant property to paper increases the use of paper and the value of paper products. The flame retardant property was achieved by the addition of an organophosphorus agent to the paper. A great deal of research has been done on 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives as flame retardants. To apply the flame retardant property in condensed phase, DOPO derivative materials are generally used as an acid source for intumescent flame retardants to promote dehydration and carbonization of the charring agent to form a continuous layer of carbon. In this study, In order to prepare a flame retardant paper coating, DOPO derivative was synthesized with 3-aminophenyl sulfone, and benzaldehyde reaction and the chemical structure of DOPO is illuminated by ATR-FTIR then paper was coating with a flame retardant coating formulation ingredient with DOPO. The paper’s properties were investigated. Surface energy of coated papers and contact angles were determined with goniometer. Printability parameters such as color, gloss, surface tension were examined. The results the study DOPO added paper coatings improve the paper flame retardancy.
Keywords:
flame retardant, coating, DOPO, printability
Igor Karlovits, Gregor Lavrič
PAPER SURFACE EFFICIENCY AND INKJET COLOUR REPRODUCTION ON INVASIVE AND AGRO RESIDUE PAPERS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p17
Abstract:
Paper surface efficiency was developed by Preucil and was intended to define the colourimetry and geometrical part of the light reflection with paper surface values. The surface characteristics of paper, primarily its roughness and absorptivity affect colour reproduction beside the ink pigments or dye. Rougher paper surfaces scatter the light in a more non-uniform manner while paper absorption may cause ink vehicle absorption and thus decreasing gloss, or it may absorb both vehicles and pigment-producing an unexpected colour shift. The formula was upgraded with paper whiteness values as the basic formula did not explain the whole phenomena. These paper properties were the foundation of the paper standardisation for standardised printing. On the other hand, during inkjet printing, a limited amount of liquid is deposited onto a paper surface. When the droplet hits the surface, it starts to spread and wet the surface depending on the ink and paper properties and had different colourant deposition from the formulas used mainly for offset printing inks. In this paper, we have researched the modified surface efficiency formula applied to inkjet printing (HP PageWide Pro 477dw) on invasive and agro-residue papers with specific non-white paper shades. We have measured the dynamic liquid penetration using ultrasound measurement to model the surface behaviour of the inks and measured CIE LCH values of the samples and calculated the CIE ΔE00 colour differences and the influence of paper surface efficiency and paper shade influence on the colour reproduction. The results indicate that using recalculated Cobb Absorption values gives good negative linear correlation with the original formula regarding the magnitude of colour difference.
Keywords:
paper surface efficiency, colour reproduction, invasive plant paper, agro-residue paper, inkjet
Zuzanna Żołek-Tryznowska, Marta Więcek
MEASUREMENTS OF SURFACE FREE ENERGY AS A TOOL TO ASSES THE EFFECT OF VARNISHING AND PRINTING OF THE PAPER SUBSTRATES
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p18
Abstract:
Nowadays, printing products might be finished in various ways. Varnishing process is one of the most popular finishing method which gives various effect, such as mate, glossy etc. However, the varnish layer applied on the paper is very thin, therefore it can be invisible to the naked human eye. The aim of this work was to use contact angle measurement and surface free energy determination as a tool to assess the effect of printing and varnishing process of paper materials. We have used various tools in order to analyses the changes of surface: surface roughness, gloss, water contact angle absorption and surface free energy determination. Those tools were used in order to confirm whether the print has been covered with varnish or not.
In this work six various paper substrates were used (glossy, coated and un-coated papers). The printing and varnishing was performed in laboratory conditions using flexographic water-based printing and waterbased varnish. Samples were prepared as follows: paper with ink coating, paper with varnish coating and paper with ink layer and varnish layer on the top. The surface roughness was determinated of all samples and compared. The surface roughness changes were observed for pure paper, overprinted and overvarnished. Next, the gloss of samples prior and after printing and varnishing was measured. The gloss of the samples increases when they are printed or varnished, what is related with properties of ink and varnish. Also, the thickness of ink and varnish layers was determinated. The thickness of the samples increases when the number of layers increases. Finally, the water contact angle was measured and surface free energy was calculated with Owens-Wendt method.
Our results reveal the possibility of using various tools in order to confirm the performance of varnishing of the prints. The printing with various colors is always seen by the naked human eye. On the other hand, the varnish layer might be not visible. However, such a comparison is not possible if we do not have the pure paper substrates prior printing or varnish.
Keywords:
contact angle, surface free energy, paper varnishing, paper finishing
Barbara Šumiga, Igor Karlovits, Boštjan Šumiga
ADHESION STRENGTH OF TEMPERATURE VARIED NANOCELLULOSE ENHANCED WATER BASED PAPER AND CARDBOARD ADHESIVES
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p19
Abstract:
Water-based dispersion adhesives consist of a solid adhesive dispersed in an aqueous phase. These adhesives contain water-soluble additives such as surfactants, emulsifiers, and protective colloids, which act as links between the solid adhesive particles and the aqueous phase. They prevent the adhesive particles from sticking together and separating during storage. During drying, these additives evaporate or are absorbed into the adhesive. Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) are further examples of ethylene copolymers. PVAc is used as an emulsion adhesive for production of bags, sacks and cartons. Recently there have been some preliminary investigations concerning the addition of nanocellulose as adhesion improver. Nanocellulose is a term that refers to nanostructured cellulose. It can be either cellulose nanocrystal (CNC or NCC), cellulose nanofibres (CNF) also called nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), or bacterial nanocellulose, which refers to nanostructured cellulose produced by bacteria. CNF is a material consisting of nanofibrillated cellulose fibrils with a high aspect ratio (length to width ratio). In this study, we tested the adhesion strength of two PVAc adhesives by adding 0,5, 1 and 2% [wt.%] of two types of nanocellulose to two commercial adhesives. The adhesive was applied to the cardboard with a rod coater. To test the influence of temperature, we varied the mixture at two different temperatures (23 and 45°C). The adhered samples were tested for z-direction tensile strength (according to ISO 15754:2009) and T-peel test (ASTM D1876-08) on a mechanical testing device. The results showed no significant improvement in adhesion strength compared to pure adhesive, indicating that further optimization of the adhesive mixture and testing procedure is required.
Keywords:
adhesion strength, nanocellulose, paper, PVAc
Savka Adamović, Ivan Pinćjer, Bojan Banjanin, Stefan Đurđević, Nada Miketić
THE EVALUATION OF THE ORGANIC LOAD OF THE WASTE OFFSET DEVELOPER WITH EXTRACTION METHODS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p20
Abstract:
The validation of the extraction method is significant for the characterization of the offset effluent and the selection of an adequate effluent treatment for its safe disposal in a printing environment. For the aforementioned reasons, the qualitative characterization of the organic load profile of the waste offset developer was evaluated based on the application of two liquid/liquid (L/L) extraction methods. The gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method was used for the qualitative detection of the organic compounds present in the offset effluent. The cumulative qualitative GC/MS profile of organic substances in the waste offset developer indicates that the effluent contains 69 organic compounds with a probability of presence higher than 70% according to the AMDIS software and the NIST database.
Keywords:
offset developer, effluent, extraction, organic compounds
Aleksandra Kulić Mandić, Milena Bečelić-Tomin, Đurđa Kerkez, Gordana Pucar Milidrag, Vesna Pešić, Miljana Prica
A MINI REVIEW: OPTIMAL DYE REMOVAL BY FENTON PROCESS CATALYSED WITH WASTE MATERIALS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p21
Abstract:
Large quantities of solid waste from different industries are commonly disposed in landfills, where can generate wide range of environmental problems. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to give insight on the usage of various waste materials as oxidation catalysts in different Fenton processes for dye removal. In that manner the circular value chain of these materials will be reinforced, obtaining disposal cost reduction and further value addition. Some of industrial wastes (fly ash, electric arc furnace dust, red mud, coal bottom ash, activated carbon from biomass, etc.) that have been used to catalyse Fenton reaction in various researches are reviewed from optimization point of view. Both types of optimization, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) are investigated. The study revealed that factors as catalyst concentration, pH value, hydrogen peroxide concentration, dye concentration and reaction time are main factors that influence final Fenton capacity as oxidation process catalysed with reviewed waste materials.
Keywords:
waste, catalyst, dye, optimization, fenton
Urška Vrabič Brodnjak, Pasquale Trematerra
PASTA PACKAGING WITH BIO-BASED BARRIER TO PREVENT INSECT INFESTATION
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p22
Abstract:
The results of the infestation by maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in various packages filled with pasta are presented. Three different types of packaging were used, i.e. two paper tubes (a novel one laminated with bio-based polyethylene and one without lamination) and a commercially available polypropylene pillow pouch packaging. Material properties such as moisture and water resistance and compressive strength were analysed. The results obtained showed that adult maize weevils revealed significant preferences to penetrate the pasta packaging through the already existing holes that were present in the polypropylene packaging, whereas no infestation was observed inside the paper tube packaging. The study showed that the shape and construction, e.g. tube packaging with an innovative bio-polyethylene film, is very effective against insect infestation and mechanical overload.
Keywords:
bio based polymer, S. zeamais, properties, paper tube, pillow pouch
Emine Arman Kandirmaz, Omer Bunyamin Zelzele
THE PRODUCTION OF ECOFRIENDLY BIOFILM WITH NATURAL OIL FOR FOOD PACKAGING
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p23
Abstract:
The use of edible biofilms in food packaging reduces the use of petrochemical polymers that are harmful to human health, such as PE, PP, PET. The second most common biopolymer in nature, chitosan is a nontoxic, nonantigenic, biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. Considering these features, it is frequently used in food packaging applications. Increasing needs for food amount and quality canalized food ındustry to fund in new packaging techniques that improve storage life and grade of foods. Active packaging systems, one of these methods, can be designed as a sensor, antimicrobial or antimigrant in order to extend the shelf life of the food product and to inform the shelf life in possible degradation. Essential oils, which are antimicrobial environmentally friendly packaging material additives, are used due to their effective biological activities. Essential oils that have known antimicrobial properties include lavender, rosemary, mint, eucalyptus and geranium. These oils are also edible. In this study, it is aimed to produce antimicrobial, ecofriendly, edible, printable biofilm for active packaging, using chitosan and peppermint essential oil. For this purpose, chitosan biofilms containing different rates (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10%) of peppermint essential oil were produced by solvent casting method. Surface morphology were examined by SEM. The transparency of biofilms was determined by UV spectroscopy. Antimicrobial properties of the obtained films were determined against S. aureus and E. coli. Biofilms were printed with screen printing. The color, gloss, contact angle, surface tension values of all printed and unprinted samples were examined. As a result, chitosan biofilms which are loaded with peppermint essential oil were successfully produced. Biofilms are colorless, highly transparent and have good printability. It is concluded that the amount of peppermint essential oil increased inhibitory feature against S. aureus and E. coli. When the obtained results are examined, it is determined that the printable, ecofriendly, edible biofilms can be used in active food packaging applications.
Keywords:
biofilm, edible, printability, antimicrobial, peppermint oil
Georgij Petriaszwili, Piotr Janicki, Serhii Komarov
INVESTIGATIONS ON BOOK CUTTING BY CIRCULAR KNIFE WITH ECCENTRIC BLADE MOVEMENT
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p24
Abstract:
The paper describes investigations on new method of the book cutting by using special circular knife with eccentric blade movement. Analysis of kinematic parameters of book block cutting shows, that by using eccentric circular cutting knife the cutting process may be realized in two different modes: continuous cutting – with the constant contact between cutting edge and cut material, and interrupted cutting process - with the impulse cutting knife action to treated material. The results of the conducted experimental studies confirm the kinematic analysis of the cutting process.
Keywords:
book cutting, circular knife, eccentric blade movement, kinematic analysis
Vesna Gvoić, Miljana Prica, Đurđa Kerkez, Ognjan Lužanin, Aleksandra Kulić Mandić, Milena Bečelić-Tomin
FENTON-LIKE OXIDATION OF FLEXOGRAPHIC WATER-BASED KEY (BLACK) DYE: A DEFINITIVE SCREENING DESIGN OPTIMIZATION
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p25
Abstract:
Fenton oxidation process has obtained large applicative use for efficient water remediation, whereby overall reaction efficiency could be improved by developing advanced Fenton catalysts. In order to synthesize iron nanoparticles with higher catalytic activity, a simple and eco-friendly method using FeCl3 and aqueous plant extract (oak leaves) was applied in this paper. The nano zero valent iron particles were used as a catalyst in Fenton treatment to remove organic dye from aqueous solution. The objective of this study was to optimize Fenton-like process for the removal of black printing dye using a recently developed design of experiment method - definitive screening design. This novel design framework significantly reduces the number of experiments required to estimate the model parameters and to establish the optimum operation conditions. The experiments were carried out in a batch mode technique, investigating the influence of dye concentration (20 - 180 mgL-1), nanoparticles dosage (0.75 - 60 mgL-1), H2O2 concentration (1 - 11 mM) and pH value of the solution (2 - 10) on the decolorization efficiency. The Fenton-like process resulted with 79% of dye removal from aqueous solution under the optimal process conditions: dye concentration of 180 mgL-1, nanoparticles dosage of 0.75 mgL-1, H2O2 concentration of 1 mM and pH of 2. Increasing the pH value to slightly acidic or near neutral (5-7) medium resulted with slight decrease in the process efficiency (69.14 - 62.63%), but a limitation in the form of sludge generation is noticeable.
Keywords:
definitive screening design, optimization, printing dye removal, Fenton-like process, iron nanoparticles
Miljana Prica, Aleksandra Tubić, Maja Lončarski, Vesna Gvoić, Sanja Vasiljević, Živko Pavlović
APPLICATION OF ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF SYNTHETIC WATER-BASED PRINTING DYE AND MICROPLASTICS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p26
Abstract:
Starting from the assumption that wastewater treatments can have a significant impact on the interactions between microplastics (MPs) and various pollutants in different matrices, a focus must be directed on examination of classic and redesigned treatments to remove synthetic dyes in the presence of MPs from wastewater. This paper investigates the potential application of Fenton-like process for the removal of water-based printing dye (Cyan) from aqueous solution containing MPs in a form of granulated polyethylene (PEg). The influence of five quantitative parameters on decolorization efficiency was investigated: initial dye concentration (20-180 mgL-1), nano zero valent iron (nZVI) dosage (0.75-60 mgL-1), PEg concentration (1-10 gL-1), hydrogen-peroxide concentration (1-11 mM) and pH value (2-10). A novel statistical approach, definitive screening design, resulted with the optimization process which yielded highest removal efficiency of 92% under following conditions: initial dye concentration of 155 mgL-1, nZVI dosage of 55 mgL-1, PEg concentration of 2.35 gL-1, H2O2 concentration of 2 mM and pH value 2.5. Available data indicate that in the future, wastewater containing MPs will dictate ways to reuse this water in terms of closing the water material cycle and reducing environmental pollution. Therefore, the industrial wastewater reuse is an important component of sustainable wastewater management practices, namely, water resource augmentation and pollutant reduction.
Keywords:
microplastics, printing dye, definitive screening design, optimization, Fenton-like process
Marina Vukoje, Ivana Bolanča Mirković, Martina Bešlić, Gorana Petković
THE INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL AGING ON RECYCLABILITY AND MECHANICAL STABILITY OF PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p27
Abstract:
Recycling of wastepaper and packaging is one of the most desirable options for the purpose of preservation the environment and increasing the sustainability of production. Changes in customer behaviour have increased a demand for packaging materials, such as the growth of online shopping and/or demand for optimal sized packaging foods and medicines. During storage and transport, products can be exposed to different weather conditions, which ultimately affects their quality and disposal. Therefore, in this paper, the influence of moisture and temperature on the mechanical properties of pharmaceutical packaging as well as on the possibility of their recycling was investigated. The printed and formed pharmaceutical packaging was subjected to a process of accelerated aging in a chamber under the action of temperature and humidity, according to standard methods and defined conditions. Thereafter, the samples were subjected to mechanical testing to determine the effect of moisture on the mechanical properties. In addition, the impact of moisture on pharmaceutical packaging recycling performance was examined. Recycling was carried out in laboratory conditions by chemical deinking flotation according to the INGEDE 11 method, while the obtained recycled laboratory sheets were characterized by the determination of optical properties and the image analysis. It was found that the mechanical properties of the tested pharmaceutical packaging were deteriorated. From the results obtained by determination of the optical properties, in recycled samples the brightness decreases with aging. As the sample ages, the printing ink binds to the recycled fibres, so the ERIC is lower in recycled fibres obtained from non-aged samples compared to the old ones. The CIE coefficient b* is higher for samples obtained from recycling of aged pharmaceutical packaging than for samples obtained from recycling of non-aged samples, and aged recycled samples will be yellower than non-aged ones. Therefore, the whiteness is lower in recycled fibres obtained from aged samples. When measuring the image analysis, the obtained results show that the number of ink particles and their surface area are significantly reduced with the duration of aging time.
Keywords:
pharmaceutical packaging, artificial aging, recycling, mechanical properties
Ivan Pinćjer, Nada Miketić, Ivana Tomić, Savka Adamović
EXPLORING THE VARIOUS PARAMETERS OF CO2 LASER IN THE CUTTING OF PAPER
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p28
Abstract:
The revolution in the printing industry started by digital printing has resulted in the introduction of personalised production of small runs, fast job changes and short deadlines. By introducing digital printing into mainstream and production focus, even for the largest printing machine manufacturers, a new era of the graphic industry has just begun. After these significant changes in the printing process, the following process of graphic production – post-press needs to be digitalised. The initial goal is to back up the possibilities of digital printing and enable it to be applied as widely as possible to its full potential. Postpress has become a bottleneck in the digital world. One of the analogous processes, which is the focus of improvement, is the cutting of graphic materials in irregular shapes in the process of creating packaging. The use of lasers enables the digitisation of the die-cut or partial cutting post-press process. Cutting of different shapes is obtained when the laser touches the substrate and where it evaporates at that moment. A thermal process accompanies this evaporation, that to a greater or lesser extent affects the substrate to be cut. The parameters that govern laser are the subject of this paper. The development of laser cutting technology has opened various possibilities for innovations in the graphic and printing industry. Since this is still considered as new technology, extensive researches on its options are essential to reach the full potential of this technology. This paper is going to analyse the overall characteristics and use of laser technology in the graphic industry by focusing on the processing of paper materials. Indispensible to mention are the advantages and disadvantages of this technology. There are a lot of comparisons among existing technologies developed for cutting graphic materials and paper. The importance of this topic is concerning all production phases of the graphic product – from processing the raw material to cutting the final product such as packaging. Regarding that, the scope of the laser processing of the graphic materials is reviewed. The paper gives suggestions for further research and experiments regarding this topic.
Keywords:
post-press, die-cutting, CO2 laser, packaging, paper
Magdolna Pál, Bojan Banjanin, Sandra Dedijer, Gojko Vladić, Gordana Bošnjaković
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF IMAGE PROCESSING-BASED EVALUATION OF EMBOSSING QUALITY
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p29
Abstract:
The embossing process in graphic industry utilizes custom made dies to create raised or lowered permanent relief patterns according to the design. It can be combined with other print finishing embellishments, such as foil stamping or pearlescent coating, but the simplest version of this process, the blind embossing is also a very effective technique to create a distinguished and sophisticated look. The quality control of embossing features was done only visually for a long time, but in the recent years it became an important target for graphic instrument manufacturers focusing on the embossing depth, as one of the most important parameters for high quality processing. This analysis was aiming to investigate the applicability of a simple flatbed scanner and the developed image processing algorithm for embossing quality evaluation. The results of detailed visual assessment of all scanned paper samples and the obtained values of average greyscale difference (shadow-based contrast), showed that single-level embossed samples can be realistically digitalized using a simple flatbed scanner, as an image acquisition equipment. Additionally, the proposed image feature, the shadow-based contrast had increasing tendency by increasing the applied compression force, in general, suggesting that it has a potential as an objective measure for the deformation rate in the embossing quality evaluation. The obtained results gathered for different combinations of observed parameters (paper grade, basis weight, type of test elements on the embossing dies) with the optimal compression forces, implied that the shadow-based contrast could be used as a reference parameter to ensure adequate visibility of embossed elements by defining the minimum value of needed contrast.
Keywords:
embossing, blind embossing, quality control, image processing
Sandra Dedijer, Magdolna Pal, Ivana Tomić, Stefan Poljak, Živko Pavlović, Ivana Jurič, Neda Milić Keresteš
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF PRINT RUN ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF DIGITAL FLEXO PRINTING PLATES’ SOLID TONE AREAS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p30
Abstract:
In this study we have aimed to present statistical evaluation of changes in the surface roughness of the solid tone areas on CtP flexo printing plate in dependence of print run. Changes in flexo plate surface roughness is influenced by the plate-making process, printing pressure and speed, the interaction with the ink and printing substrate and by the wear of the printing plate due to long print-runs. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the changes in the amplitude surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rp, Rv and Rz), between the printing plates used for different print runs. In the experiment, we have employed three sets of CtP flexo printing plates, for three colors-cyan, magenta and blue. The first set was not used for printing, the second was used to print 7 rolls of substrate and the third is used to print 11 rolls of printing substrate. The amplitude surface roughness parameters were compared by applying independentsamples t-test method using the software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) with a 0.05 significance level. Statistical analysis revealed that the difference between the amplitude surface roughness parameters measured on CtP flexo printing plates are significant with a 95% confidence level, whereas the statistical significance pointed out that with the longer print runs, the difference will be strongly expressed.
Keywords:
CtP flexo printing plate, solid tone area, surface roughness, long print run
Đurđa Kerkez, Milena Bečelić-Tomin, Gordana Pucar Milidrag, Vesna Gvoić, Aleksandra Kulić Mandić, Anita Leovac Maćerak, Dragana Tomašević Pilipović
TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER CONTAINING PRINTING DYES: SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p31
Abstract:
Synthetic dyes are widely used in textile, printing, leather tanning, cosmetic, drug and food processing industries. The printing and dyeing industry is considered as one of the most polluting industrial sectors. The printing process is very versatile and includes printing on paper as well as printing on textile, plastic and other materials. After the printing process is completed, various chemicals such as ethers, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, benzene, and esters are used in the cleaning procedure. Resulting wastewater often contains a variety of solvents, surfactants, dyes, and other chemicals, thus greatly increasing the difficulty of wastewater treatment. Improper discharge of printing and dyeing wastewater into water bodies will have several effect, beginning with aesthetical issues followed by destruction of the aqueous ecosystem due to light attenuation, oxygen consumption and toxicity effects. Therefore, it is very important to find out and optimize printing and dying wastewater treatment techniques. Processes for dye removal from wastewater can be physical, chemical, biological and more recently hybrid treatments. Physical processes such as adsorption, based on mass transfer mechanism, are commonly used method mainly due to ease of operation and high efficiency. Chemical processes including coagulation and flocculation, advanced oxidation processes and electrochemical treatment are usually more expensive due t chemicals use, equipment requirements and electrical energy consumption. However, these techniques are destructive and may lead to total mineralization of dye molecules and accompanying pollutants. Biological treatment is a low-cost and environmentally friendly process that produces less sludge. This method has significant advantages but dye molecules are less prone to this kind of treatment as they are made to be stable and reluctant. So, the adjustment and optimization of biological treatment, for dye removal, is an ongoing field of research. In recent studies hybrid processes are gaining more attention, combining different techniques. Integrating treatments, as a cost-saving and time-saving process, can represent optimal solution for printing wastewater treatment. Keywords:
Keywords:
printing dyes, wastewater management, wastewater treatment, decolourization, mineralization
Josip Bota, Gorana Petković
EVALUATION OF ZIPPER TEAR STRIP DESIGN STRUCTURE FOR PAPERBOARD PACKAGING
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p32
Abstract:
Zipper tear strips (ZTS) are the most common user friendly, tamper-proof, opening system for paperboard and corrugated cardboard packaging. The base of ZTS design structure has parallel partial cuts repeated in the direction of the desired tearing line. The height (strip-width) of the tab can vary same as the shape in the cut design structure. In order to collect the most common zipper tear structure data, parameters were measured from samples of paperboard packaging found in a frequent Croatian supermarket. The obtained data was used to define 8 types of samples which were together with 4 new samples tested on two mainly used paperboards (250 g/m2 GC1 and 270 g/m2 GC2). Three type of tests were conducted: pull test for maximal tearing force, compression test to measure the structural degradation of a packaging and manual tearing to test the ZTS opening functionality success rate in real-life handling conditions.
The results show that the 45° angle is most functional option and should be combined with the wider 13mm ZTS instead of the usual 10mm. Also, there is an indication that a 0,5mm increase between cuts can slightly improve structural stability and when combined with the wider tab can attain an increased tear resistance while having the adequate opening functionality success rate.
Keywords:
zipper tear strip, tamper-proof opening, paperboard packaging
Diana Gregor-Svetec, Tadeja Šumrada
PACKAGING PAPER COATED WITH PLA
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p33
Abstract:
Nowadays, eco-design of products is becoming one of the most important directions at packaging development. Efficient use of materials, use of materials from renewable sources, design for recycling and reuse are especially important. In our research, we were interested in the development of sustainable, biodegradable protective paper packaging. In order to make packaging resistant against water, paper was coated with a biodegradable biopolymer, instead of using synthetic polymer. The base packaging paper was coated with a PLA solution, which was obtained by dissolving PLA pellets in dichloromethane. Two different concentrations were used. Technological and surface properties of coated paper were determined. The results of analyses have shown that sustainable packaging paper with good surface properties and barrier against water can be obtained by coating it with a PLA solution. Comparison with a commercial packaging paper has shown, that for PLA coated paper even higher water resistance was obtained.
Keywords:
packaging paper, PLA, coating, surface properties
Laura Gegeckienė, Ingrida Venytė
ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIAL FOR PACKAGING
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p34
Abstract:
At the moment there exists a predominant prevalence of the combined packaging (i. e. cardboard is covered with polyethylene) in the food packaging market, which provides the necessary barrier properties for a packaged product. However, there also exist a great number of problems regarding the issue such as packaging sorting, recycling, waste management, and economic losses. According to the latest data, 65 enterprises in Lithuania are currently working in the recycling industry. They can recycle different types of packaging.
The issue of ecology is highly relevant in the printing industry. It is not a secret that the global population is growing rapidly. As the demand for food and non-food product packaging increases, the production volume increases accordingly. In the future, it is expected that the volume of packaging production will increase accordingly. MMK cardboard can be called a revolution in the industry of packaging. Until now, packaging which has direct contact with food must be laminated with films such as PE. Plastic waste is one of the most common types of waste that takes a very long time to decompose. Normally, plastic packaging can take up to several hundred years to decompose in landfills, while cardboard is easily recyclable and takes up to half a year to biodegrade.
The aim of this research is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties and characteristics (in order to offer analog materials in the perspective) of the new materials with the necessary properties and compared to the properties of the most using materials.
Keywords:
environmentally friendly, MMK cardboard, force
Jesenka Pibernik, Tamara Tomašegović, Sanja Mahović Poljaček, Anđela Madžar
CONSUMER’S EXPERIENCE OF TEA PACKAGING AS ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p35
Abstract:
The packaging design is perceived as environmentally friendly when deploying established “green” conventions for design, materials, form, colours, and symbolism. The paper aims to determine which tea packaging design choices mainly influence consumer's impression of eco-friendliness. After the sustainable solutions for packaging form were examined, additional attributes of sustainability in terms of the materials were established. These were the shape of the packaging for the ease of use, closing solution, content visibility, printing paper perception, and other use-friendly attributes. Upon experimenting with six versions of prototype designs, following the guidelines of user-centered design, the final prototype has been selected for further development and testing. The alternatives for appropriate printing ink, printing pressure, and substrate were tested on various paper samples. Due to the various recycled substrate’s surface colours and morphology, the flexographic printing process resulted in various shades of image colours and line sharpnesses. To determine correlations between different attributes and make a final design decision, the subjective quality assessments were implemented.
Keywords:
tea packaging, user-centered design, eco-friendly, recycling, evaluation
Kaja Klančar, Urška Vrabič Brodnjak
PROMOTIONAL PACKAGING FROM CARTON OF INVASIVE ALIENT PLANT
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p36
Abstract:
In this research, the design of innovative promotional packaging made of carton, which was made from the invasive, non-native acacia is presented. The entire planning process was based on the principle of ecological design. One of the main objectives was to create an innovative and versatile ecological product, a calendar that does not require any adhesive in its composition. The basic, mechanical, surface and structural properties of the ecological carton with a high grammage made of acacia compared them with the most commonly used one-side coated white cardboard made of wood fibres has been analysed. The result of this work is the environmentally friendly multi-purpose promotional packaging, the calendar, which could also be used as a storage place for pens and other office supplies.
Keywords:
bio based polymer, eco design, analysis, material
Gordana Bošnjaković, Gojko Vladić
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES FOR ASSESSING THE ERGONOMICS OF PACKAGING PRODUCTS - A REVIEW
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p37
Abstract:
In today’s increasingly competitive market environment, new packaging must meet more requirements than before to meet customer expectations. The packaging must meet not only functional and aesthetic requirements but also ergonomic requirements to ensure satisfying user experience. An important issue in ergonomic design is the identification of factors that lead to user comfort and discomfort. The packaging is a product that undergoes manual manipulation and given the various forms of packaging and it's opening and closing systems, they require using different grip types and movements. Using packaging that is not well designed can cause intense physical exertion and frustration for users. The subject of this paper is a review of methodologies for assessing the ergonomics of packaging products. Methodologies for evaluating the ergonomic characteristics of packaging provide a proposal for structuring the investigation. Also, it gives a proposal for the proper prioritization of a packaging problem that should be identified as the most dangerous risks for physical injuries or for causing stressful situations to users. First, it is necessary to gain a clear insight into how the users handle the packaging in order to create knowledge and a clear idea of what is useful or harmful in the existing packaging design and to find the potential for its improvement. There are various methods for studying, analyzing and evaluating user experience while using a packaging. Combining such methods with knowledge of the anatomical structure of the body and how it reacts to the load enables the creation of efficient and ergonomically designed packaging. This paper will present methodologies and guidelines for assessing and improving the ergonomic qualities of packaging. The aim of this paper is to define the key factors and most relevant methodologies for conducting successful ergonomic research.
Keywords:
ergonomics, packaging, methods
Gregor Franken
PACKAGING DESIGN AND TESTING BY EYE TRACKING
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p38
Abstract:
The importance of packaging design has been increasing in today’s competitive world. Approximately 70% of purchasing decisions are made in a store. Over 60% of purchasing decisions are based on packaging; the actual shopping is thus the final chance for the packaging to attract the buyer. Packaging has between 2 and 3 seconds to convince the buyer. In addition to the appearance of the individual packages, the appearance of brand packaging is important. We compared different designs of packages. Finally, we placed individual packages on the shelves in a store and carried out measurement of in-store noting. The measurements were carried out using eye tracking equipment (Tobii X120). For each participant, the observing time and the number of fixations in individual areas of interest were measured; both were then compared with heat maps. In this way, we compared the suitability of the form of individual packages and the salience of the packages on the shelves for potential buyers.
Keywords:
packaging, design, online observing, fixations, observing time, heat maps
Mai Ahmed S. Hussein, Mohamed Attia, Noha Mohamed
CHILD-RESISTANT FEATURES OF PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING IN THE EGYPTIAN AND GLOBAL MARKET; A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p39
Abstract:
Child-Resistant packaging is substantial requirement especially when it is related to pharmaceuticals. Children under five years old are the most groups in risk of drug poisoning, as a result of their constant passion and attracting their attention to medicines, especially the distinctive color and small size. Due to the presence of medicines for adults, especially chronic diseases that require the presence of the drug always at home with exciting properties for the passion of a young child who is affected by colors and the small size which they can insert easily into their mouths.
The child-resistant features attached to packages may present a problem (e.g., how to open the package) to its potential user (child or adult). Many of these features are used with the primary packaging and less for the secondary ones. Are these features efficient with available cost or not. Evaluation of each one might be varied according to package structure, level and child behavior. Therefore, the importance of adding some features in the pharmaceutical packaging Child-Resistant, in order to achieve the safety of children with a targeted age (children under 5 years old). By adding these special properties to the pharmaceutical packaging it will affect the design of the pharmaceutical packaging.
Finally, this paper aimed to review and evaluate the child resistant features & securing methods that are used with pharmaceutical products in the Egyptian market, with which are available globally, then make a comparison between them by description and analysis.
Keywords:
blister packaging, strip packaging, child-resistant C.R, bills, Seal. OTC
Aslı Beyler Çiğil
BIOBASED INTELLIGENT PACKAGING APPLICATION
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p40
Abstract:
Changes in consumer preferences in order to reach safe food have led to innovations in packaging technologies. Intelligent and active packaging is a constantly developed packaging technology that plans to offer safer and higher quality products. Active packaging refers to the inclusion of additives in the package in order to maintain and / or extend shelf life and product quality. Intelligent systems, on the other hand, are systems that monitor the status of packaged food during this entire period to provide information about the quality of the packaged during storage and transportation. The aim of this study is to produce a completely natural intelligent packaging material using rosehip extract and biopolymer, which is a substance that naturally changes color with pH. In this study, cellulose acetate butyrate biobased films containing different rates (1, 2.5, 5, 10 wt%) of rosehip extract were produced by solvent casting method. The chemical structure the rosehip containing biobased film and blank biobased film were characterized by ATR-FTIR. The transparency of prepared five different films were determined by UV spectroscopy. The color characteristic of blank and rosehip containing films measured with spectrophotometer. Surface energy of all films and contact angles were determined with goniometer. Biobased films were printed and printability parameters such as color, gloss, contact angle, surface tension were examined. It is concluded that blank biobased film is colorless, transparent and all biobased films have good printability. It was determined that the amount of rosehip extract increased the color change visibly. The biobased films obtained are pink in acidic medium and yellow-green in alkaline medium. The results prove that biobased film produced with rosehip extract and cellulose acetate butyrate can be used in intelligent packaging applications.
Keywords:
intelligent packaging, biobased films, rosehip, indicator
Ekaterina Pukhova
COMPENSATION OF DEFECTS IN PRINTING PROCESS WITH HISTOGRAM METHODS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p41
Abstract:
A method of image preparation for printing reproduction is suggested. This method allows to automatically compensate transformations that occur during reproduction, by analyzing a histogram of test chart image and based on it, creating a compensation pre-correction function. It also takes into consideration the visual perception of images. Pre-correction function is applied to images at the prepress stage after all other corrections. It is aimed to compensate defects, occurring at the printing stage, caused by the process of tone value increase and restriction of tonal range reproduction. It is suggested to use a test chart, which is a gradient with an even increase of lightness in the range from 0 to 255. After printing the test chart its digital image is created by scanning. Then Gaussian filter is applied to the image with parameters according to the visual perception, and lightness distribution histogram is calculated. This histogram will have changes in lightness distribution in comparison with the original digital image. These changes will correspond to the influence of tone value increasing process during printing. The cumulative sum is calculated from the received histogram, and the pre-correction is being formed. And this precorrection applies to an image, prepared for printing in similar conditions as test chart. The algorithm was written on Python and allows to create a pre-correction using a press sheet with the test chart. It is shown that the use of the suggested method gives a positive result and doesn’t require expensive measurement equipment. Having a scanner calibrated for linear transmission of lightness and developed programming module is enough. This method was tested on electrographic printing equipment on three different types of paper. Statistic parameters of a histogram, such as mean, standard deviation and the Skewness, were used for evaluation. It is shown that the suggested method can be used as part of an automatized system based on histogram methods for image preparation before printing.
Keywords:
tone value increase, histogram methods, pre-correction functions
Bohdan Durnyak, Mikola Lutskiv, Georgij Petriaszwili, Petro Shepita
ANALYSIS OF RASTER IMPRINTS PARAMETERS ON THE BASIS OF MODELS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p42
Abstract:
Structural scheme of models for determining the integral density of raster scale of an imprint, raster tone in percentage, optical density of scales on the basis of the measured optical density of the solid area and other characteristics have been worked out. The results of imitation design in the form of characteristics for different parameters have been provided. Optical density of raster scales obtained on the models has been found out to be quite similar to the results of experimental studies.
Keywords:
raster scale, imprints, models, optical density parameters, imitation design
Arif Ozcan, Emine Arman Kandirmaz, Omer Bunyamin Zelzele
THE EFFECT OF DEINKING AND BINDER TYPE ON INKJET PRINT QUALITY
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p43
Abstract:
In the printing industry, as in all other industries, efficient use of resources, sustainable production and economics are among the most important issues. The increasing use and purpose of printed products, the increasing consumer demands and the development of technology also increase the demand for paper products. Paper and cardboard materials in line with the increasing consumer demand to give better printing characteristics are implemented in a number of operations. These processes are sizing, coating, and calendering. The recycling and re-use of paper and cartons that have been treated on the surface may also differ from those that have not been treated on the surface. For this purpose, test prints were made on paper coated with cationic starch and PVOH binders and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) pigment before and after recycling with Inkjet printing system, which is widely used today. The effect of both recycling and binder type on the quality of the resulting prints has been studied. The colour value, dot gain, whiteness and yellowness of the prints were made using X-Rite eXact spectrophotometer. The gloss measurements were carried out with BYK-Gardner glossmeter. In addition, images of coated papers were analyzed with scanning electron microscope SEM. As a result, it was determined that there was a negative change in the colour and whiteness of the papers after recycling, but the resulting papers had a good printability value when examined in terms of printability. It has also been concluded that the PVOH binder has a more positive impact on printability.
Keywords:
inkjet, printability, PVOH, recycle, starch
Christos Trochoutsos, Anastasios Politis
DEVELOPMENTS IN DIGITAL PRINT STANDARDIZATION
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p44
Abstract:
Digital Printing has been established as one of the most rapidly evolving printing processes since its first introduction in 1982. In the years that followed, digital printing became the one significant new technology for print media production. Digital printing is continuously changing the print media landscape. Although, DP creates structural changes in production workflow and processes, it lacks in terms of print standardization, compared to offset printing for example, where consistent aim values and guidelines apply by means of ISO 12647-2. This drawback basically depends on two factors, which are interrelated. Firstly, there are many different technologies that are used in digital printing, and, each of them shows substantial difference in printing technology, substrates, data preparation, process control and image quality requirements. Secondly, compared to conventional printing, some digital printing technologies are still developing. After all, digital printing is versatile and variable in every way and cannot be standardized under a single standard.
A research on the digital printing technologies, processes and workflows is needed, to determine if a print specifications and quality controls (among them color management), can be applied in Digital Printing, and if possible, to which segment. Since color is very important to printing, especially in packaging and marketing applications, the print evolution demands for matching colors across technologies, substrates, materials and colorants. This paper intends to reveal the present status regarding Digital Printing Standardization. The question posed is whether standards can be applied and in which segments of digital printing either as technology or print sector (commercial decoration, packaging).
Within the paper, an analysis of the current industrial typical guidelines ranging from data creation all the way to printing will be made. Guidelines that are determined either by the manufactures of the digital printing machines, or by Institutes, such as FOGRA are reviewed for output process control and colour fidelity. As such, this paper can be regarded as a first attempt to preview the basis where standardization for digital printing processes can be developed.
Keywords:
digital printing, standardization, developments, technologies
Vladislav Vereshchagin, Ekaterina Pukhova, Margarita Khokhlova
COMBINATION OF AM AND FM SCREENING AS SECURITY PRINTED FEATURE
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p45
Abstract:
Protection of goods and packaging from counterfeiting and copying, tracking their movement requires improvement of existing labeling and security methods and the development of new ones. Making changes to the image at the prepress stage is the cheapest and easiest way of protection compared to using special printing techniques, special substrates, and inks or additional tags such as RFID.
In the article, we suggest a new method to create security printed features, identify them in prints, and confirm the authenticity of the image. The method uses a combination of regular (AM) and stochastic (FM) screening in one image. There are two ways of separating images for AM and FM screening. First is to choose several random intervals in shadows of image tonal distribution and in accordance with values in these intervals original image is separated into two. The second is to separate by structure, for example, use FM screening on edges or textures. We tried Canny edge detector and local binary patterns. By using random values as the parameters, it is possible to generate unique print runs or even individual prints using digital printing. And large variability in the areas of separation gives reason to consider that the suggested method is reliable.
Fourier analysis in the suggested method allows not only to detect the presence of security printed features but also to confirm the authenticity of the image on a print. Authentication is implemented by obtaining a digital image of the print by scanning or photographing and comparing the spectral composition of the original image and the digital image of the print. An expert survey showed that after our method presence of a combination of AM and FM screening in images on prints is barely visible. As a result, this method can be used to protect packaging labels with
images from copying.
Keywords:
Fourier analysis, image processing, screening, halftone, security printing
Csaba Horváth, László Koltai, Klaudia Maňúrová
PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE OF COMMERCIAL PRINTING
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p46
Abstract:
The rate of change for the commercial printing industry with regard to technology, business models and customer demand is growing, and the landscape of the industry already looks vastly different from a few short decades ago. Across the commercial print sector today, there are many different types of companies – some very successful, with a young, skilled, enthusiastic workforce who have no trouble innovating and recruiting. However, as in any rapidly developing sector, other companies are trailing behind.
Demographic changes are entering the market (Generation Z), as well as the upper levels of management in printing companies (Millennials), and “their preferences are now their demands”. This requires business models to be re-invented and a more intensive focus on issues relating to sustainability.
The authors of the article summarize the future of the world of commercial printing and the current state of European commercial printing. They have based their work on a report published by the Smithers Research Institute in January 2020 on this topic and on the professional findings and arguments presented at major scientific conferences over the past two years, with the aim of getting these latest ideas to the earliest helping the researchers and practitioners to adapt to the rapidly changing situation and the challenge.
Keywords:
commercial printing, the future of commercial printing, new business model, sustainability, printing technologies
Sandra Mustač, Igor Majnarić, Stanko Bauk, Slaven Miloš
COLOUR QUALITY TESTING OF CYAN OFFSET PRINTS DEPENDING ON PIGMENT CONCENTRATION AND DIFFERENT CTP SCREENING MODE
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p47
Abstract:
One of the problems in the offset printing technique is the picking of uncoated paper, which occurs due to the activity of pressure cylinder and sticky offset inks. To reduce offset ink stickiness, it is possible to add cheaper ink filler that will indirectly reduce the concentration of pigment. However, there is also a reduction in the colour tones and quality of reproduction. In this experiment we used: standard cyan offset ink (Sun Lit Express ink which consists of phthalocyanine based pigment) and high-quality gloss coated cardboard (250 g/m2 Euroart plus gloss). This paper aims to show how the CTP screening type (AM/FM mode) and the CTP line screening (80, 100, 120 line/cm and 10 μm, 20 μm 25 μm diameter of print elements) manifest on the reproduction quality of a standard gradation wedge. This research will create the possibility of correlating the factors of user reduction of pigment concentration and reproduction quality of cyan colour separation. By using the AM screenings and adding different concentrations of ink filler, more stable cyan prints are achieved.
Keywords:
offset printing, Cyan offset ink, filler additive, AM and FM CTP screening
Iskren Spiridonov, Simeon Yordanov, Rumyana Boeva, Aleksandar Milkov
INVESTIGATION OF PROCESS COLOURS VARIATIONS OF ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY COLOUR PRODUCTION PRESSES
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p48
Abstract:
In this investigation is approached method for assessing and evaluation of colour repeatability and variation for digital electrophotography printing presses. Two of most popular midlevel electrophotography colour production presses were chosen. These presses are widely used in printing houses for the printing of book covers, posters, etc. in small circulations. The similar perception of quality of digital production to the offset printing quality (ISO 12647-2:2013 ) is required from most of the clients of printing houses, publishers, etc. One of the problems of midlevel electrophotography colour production presses are variations of colours in the printing run and variations of colours during the time – weeks, months, years. The variation degree depends on many factors like – the precision of internal calibration method and types of sensors during the printing run, quality of used materials, calibration precision made by press operator, temperature and humidity variation, etc. (Kachin, Spiridonov, 2000) Specially designed for experiment test forms have been printed on two of most widely used materials for book covers, business cards, etc. – 300 g/m2 matt-coated board and 300 g/m2 offset uncoated board. The evaluation method is based on colorimetrical and densitometrical measurements (Kachin, Spiridonov, 2004) of 100 continuous printed sheets. The experiment was repeated in different time periods -between 6 hours and 4 months, to collect data for colour variation between reprinting the same test images in the time.
Keywords:
digital printing, printing quality, colour variation, electrophotography, colour reproduction accuracy
Mladen Stančić, Branka Ružičić, Đorđe Vujčić, Dragana Grujić, Miroslav Dragić, Bojan Janković
INFLUENCE OF INKJET PRINT PARAMETERS ON THERMAL RESISTANCE OF PRINTED KNITWEARS
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p49
Abstract:
Textile materials are increasingly being subjected to the process of printing. The printing process with its parameters significantly affects the properties of textile materials and clothes made from these materials. This paper examines the effect of the parameters of inkjet printing on thermal resistance characteristics of printed textile materials. As the essential print parameters were selected tone value and a different number of passes. In this research were used knitted fabric materials of 100% cotton fibers and 100% polyester fibers. Results of the research demonstrated that, in addition to material composition, the inkjet printing process with its parameters have a significant influence on the thermal resistance of printed textile materials. The values of the thermal resistance of the printed samples show that the increase in the number of applications of ink in the printing results in a rise in the value on cotton knitwear, and decrease in thermal resistance value on polyester knitwear.
Keywords:
inkjet textile printing, thermal resistance
Saša Petrović, Nemanja Kašiković, Željko Zeljković, Rastko Milošević
FACTORS INFLUENCING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYURETHANE FOAMS USED IN COMPRESSIBLE FLEXOGRAPHIC SLEEVES
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p50
Abstract:
Polyurethanes are a group of polymers which are in many ways different from other types of plastic. They are used in many different areas due to the fact that many different chemicals can be used during their synthesis, resulting in a variety of structures. Sleeves are comprised of hard base often covered with compressible polyurethane (PU) foam layer. PU foam layer can have different composition and level of porosity which are the main factors influencing compressibility of the sleeve and therefore its area of use. Sleeves are also one of the least researched components in the flexographic printing process. However, mechanical properties of the polyurethane, its fatigue, lifespan and parameters influencing all of them have been extensively investigated in different areas and for different types and formulations of polyurethane. The aim of this paper is to investigate factors influencing mechanical properties of polyurethane foams used in compressible flexographic sleeves. Investigated parameters are foam density, level of strain and strain rate, influence of microstructure under different conditions and parameters influencing creep and stress relaxation. The review of the existing literature regarding mechanical properties of the PU foams makes it possible to select the parameters with the greatest possible influence on the flexographic printing process, as well as to find the most suitable methods to investigate the effect of exploitation on sleeve properties. As a large number of parameters influencing PU foam mechanical properties are fixed during printing, it can be concluded, through the review of the existing literature, that the main parameters to be investigated are the resilience of the sleeve compressible layer during cyclic compression testing (residual strain), maximum stress, Young’s modulus, hysteresis loss, and creep and stress relaxation during cyclic compression testing with strain retention.
Keywords:
flexography, compressible sleeves, polyurethane foams, mechanical properties
Bojan Banjanin, Magdolna Pál, Vladimir Dimovski, Savka Adamović, Ana Lilić
3D PRINTING IN THE EDUCATION OF GRAPHIC ENGINEERING AND DESIGN STUDENTS Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p51
Abstract:
Today, 3D printing is taking its constantly growing part in a lot of different manufacturing industries, educational institutions and a lot of entrepreneurship and home businesses. Besides prototyping and proof of concept, utilization of 3D printing is undoubtedly spreading its roots in manufacturing of production and spare parts but also in aiding research and teaching processes. 3D printing has reinforced the self-employed segment of market called makers but also has influenced forming a significant number of educational online video channels. A lot of crowdfunded web sites promote affordable desktop 3D printers and 3D modellers and designers who design models exclusively for 3D printing, taking its specificity into account. Also, a community of designers, through 3D printing hubs where their work can be purchased, are thriving. There is also a massive trend in developing new materials for 3D printing such as electrically conductive composites, fire-resistant materials and materials with high strength or resilience. In the graphic industry, there is some progress regarding the utilization of 3D printing in the form of tactile maps and picture books, manufacturing customizable packaging, embossing tools, making parts for colour measuring equipment and printing of textiles. However, there is undoubtedly undiscovered usage intended for improvements in this branch of industry. The first part of this research aims to present existing researches and projects regarding the usage of 3D printing in creative and interdisciplinary industries such as graphic industry. The second part of this paper focuses on different initiatives in aiding educational process worldwide, and some of the methodology of implementing 3D printing in education. In the final part of this research, the potential of 3D printing for educational purposes of graphic engineering and design students is discussed. Methodology for getting theoretical and practical knowledge is proposed through a designed catalogue of 3D printing parameters. The purpose of this catalogue is to introduce undergraduate students with one of the most used and affordable 3D printing technique known as Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) and to provide them with basic knowledge of 3D printing parameters which further on can be expanded and supplemented.
Keywords:
3D printing, education, graphic industry, printing parameters, FDM
Jelisaveta Šafranj, Marina Katić, Jelena Zivlak
CLASSIFICATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL WRITING
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p52
Abstract:
Classification is the rhetorical device closely related to formal definition. The first step in definition is to classify the term being defined. The term is placed in a group whose members have at least one outstanding characteristic in common. This member is differentiated from all other members of the class. In classification, however, the groups rather than individual members are differentiated. The reader is given the important information about the name of the class, the members of the class important for the discussion and basis for classification, often called criterion of difference. The basis of classification always reflects the particular purpose of the writer making the classification, and the basis relevant to one person may well be irrelevant to another.
Keywords:
classification, technical writing, English for Specific Purposes
Alpar Lošonc, Andrea Ivanišević, Ivana Katić
ECONOMIC DISCOURSE AND VISUAL CONFIGURATION
Download https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p53
Abstract:
Economic discourse has always used different visual modes of shaping perception. For example, characteristic classical image in economic discourse is the "invisible hand". In doing so, economic discourse reaches for, concerning of its metaphors, for resources in physics, but also in literature. If big part of the visual figures of economic discourse (equilibrium, e.g.) was borrowed from physics in the twentieth century, mathematics is a significant, even dominant source of the formation of visual perception, based on different schemes, graphs and geometric figures. In this paper, we show the configuration dynamics of visual perceptions in economic discourse, starting from the fact that visualization of economic discourse has the following functions: a) demonstration of certain knowledge, b) the realization of a performative visual effect, that is the creation of certain forms of visibility, c) persuasion of the public regarding the fact that economic discourse has cognitive authority.
Keywords:
economic discourse, visuality, perfomativity, visual semantics, metaphors
Andrej Iskra, Helena Gabrijelčič Tomc
ANALYSIS OF OBSERVING AND RECOGNITION PROFILE FACIAL IMAGES USING EYE TRACKING SYSTEM
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p54
Abstract:
Facial images have been the subject of research for many years, using the eye-tracking system. However, most researchers concentrate on the frontal view of facial images. Much less research has been done on faces shown at different angles or profile views of faces in facial images. However, as we know, in reality we often view faces from different angles and not just from a frontal view. In our research we used a profile presentation of facial images and analyzed memory and recognition depending on the display time and dimensions of the facial images. Two tests were performed, i.e. the observation and the recognition test, and we used the well-known yes/no detection theory. We used four different display times in the observation test (1, 2, 4 and 8 seconds) and two different dimensions of facial images 640 × 480 and 1280 × 960). All facial images were taken from the standardized face database Minear&Park. We measured the recognition success which is mostly presented as a discrimination index A’, incorrect recognition (FA – false alarm) and time-spatial method based on fixation duration and saccade length. In this case, eye tracking provides us with objective results when viewing facial images. In the results it was found that extending the display time of facial images improves recognition performance and that the dependence is logarithmic. At the same time, wrong recognition decreased. Both parameters are independent of the dimensions of the facial images. This fact has been proven by some other researchers also for frontal facial images. It was also discovered that with an increase of the display time of facial images an increase of the fixation duration and saccade lengths occurred. In all results we detected major changes at the display time of four seconds, which we consider as a time, where the subjects looked at the whole face and their gaze returned to the center of the face (in our case eye and mouth).
Keywords:
eye tracking, profile face images, recognition success, fixation duration, saccade length
Andrej Iskra
EYE TRACKING STUDY OF FRONTAL AND PROFILE FACE IMAGE OBSERVATION AND RECOGNITION
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p55
Abstract:
Facial images are an important element of nonverbal communication. Eye-tracking systems enable us to objectively measure and analyse the way we look at facial images and thus to study the behaviour of observers. Different ways of looking at facial images influence the process of remembering faces and recognition performance. In the real world we are dealing with different representations of faces, especially when we look at them from different angles. Memory and recognition performance are different when test subjects look at the face from the frontal or from a profile view. We studied crossobservation and recognition, so we performed two tests. In the first test, subjects observed facial images shown in the frontal view and recognized them in the profile view. In the second test, the faces were observed from the profile and recognized in the frontal view. The presentation time in the observation test was four seconds, which was found to be an adequate time for sufficient recognition in some previous tests. The results were analysed with the well-known time and spatial method based on fixations and saccades and with the new area method using heatmaps of the eye tracking results. We found that the recognition success (correct and incorrect recognition) was better when the combination of frontal view and profile recognition was used. The results were then confirmed by measuring the fixation duration and saccade length. More visible facial features resulted in a shorter fixation duration and shorter saccade length, which led to a better memory. We also confirmed the results of observation and recognition by area analysis, where we measured the area, perimeter and circularity of heatmaps. Here we found that larger areas and perimeter and smaller circularity of heatmaps resulted in better memory of facial images and therefore better recognition.
Keywords:
face image, eye tracking, facial features, face recognition, fixation time
Marjeta Čuk, Matejka Bizjak, Deja Muck, Tanja Nuša Kočevar
3D PRINTING AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF TEXTILES
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p56
Abstract:
3D printing is used to produce individual objects or to print on different substrates to produce multi-component products. In the textile industry, we encounter various 3D printing technologies in fashion design, functional apparel manufacturing (protective, military, sports, etc.), including wearable electronics, where textile material is functionalized. 3D printing enables the personalization of the product, which in the apparel industry can be transformed into the production of clothing or parts of clothing or custom accessories.
Additive technology allows a more rational use of the material than traditional technologies. In the textile industry we meet different uses of it, one is the printing of flexible structures based on rigid materials, another is the printing with flexible materials and the third is the printing directly on textile substrate. All rigid, hard and soft or flexible materials can be integrated into the final design using 3D printing directly on the textile substrate. We speak of so-called multi-material objects and systems, which have many advantages, mainly in the increasing customization and functionalization of textiles or clothing. The article gives a broader overview of 3D printing on textiles and focuses mainly on the influence of different parameters of printing and woven fabric properties on the adhesion of 3D printed objects on the textile substrate.
In our research we investigated the influence of twill weave and its derivate as well as different weft densities of the woven fabric on the adhesion of printed objects on textile substrate. Therefore, five samples of twill polyester/cotton fabrics were woven and their physical properties measured for this research. 3D objects were printed on textile substrates using the extrusion based additive manufacturing technique with polylactic acid (PLA) filament. Preliminary tests were carried out to define printing parameters and different methods of attaching the fabric to a printing bed were tested. T - Peel adhesion tests were performed on the Instron dynamometer to measure the adhesion between 3D printed objects and textile substrates.
Keywords:
3D printing, FDM, textiles, woven structure, multi-material object
Karin Košak, Deja Muck, Marjeta Čuk, Tanja Nuša Kočevar
3D PRINTED JEWELLERY DESIGN PROCESS BASED ON SCULPTURE INSPIRATION
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p57
Abstract:
In the article we present the educational process in which design students were guided through their design process, creating 3D printed jewellery inspired by the Forma Viva sculptures of the outdoor gallery Kostanjevica na Krki. The assignment was part of the international project Cumulus Re/Forma Viva, whose main goal was to implement digitization using 3D technology in the field of education for the preservation of cultural heritage.
The task given to the 1st year masters students of Fashion and Textile Design at the Department of Textiles, Graphic arts and Design at the University of Ljubljana was to select a wooden sculpture and transform the visual and conceptual idea into a 3D printed jewellery collection.
The curriculum of the course includes teaching the theoretical basics of 3D printing, 3D print design – fashion accessories and new production, business and marketing models as "disruptive" changes that result from this. In the practical part, students will learn the advanced design process of fashion accessory objects, including 3D technologies such as 3D modelling and 3D printing. Students are guided through a process in which selected visual and conceptual content is translated into fine jewellery that can be created using various 3D printing technologies.
In this way, students tested themselves in two new areas that allowed them to expand their design knowledge and experience in 3D modelling and jewellery design with the goal of better "arming" themselves with the latest technologies for today's competitive world.
Keywords:
3D printing, jewellery design, sculpture, Forma Viva, education
Matej Pivar, Deja Muck
STUDY OF 4D PRIMITIVES' SELF-TRANSFORMATION
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p58
Abstract:
4D printing is the process through which a 3D printed object or primitive is transformed into another structure under the influence of external energy input such as temperature, light or other extertal stimuli. The 4th dimension is the time in which the primitive changes its appearance. In most cases, the shape changes. We call this a self-assembly or self-transformation process. In the process of printing a primitive, capable of transforming themselves from one shape to another, we often encounter combinations of one or two thermoplastic materials that have different thermal and physico-mechanical properties. The printed primitive is transformed where the active element is contained. The active element is the basic building block of the self-transforming primitive. For this purpose, it is necessary to choose the appropriate combination of thermoplastic materials, to determine the length of the active element and the number of layers of which it is composed. For the printing of the active element two thermoplastic materials can be selected which differ from each other in their thermal transitions and physico-mechanical properties. The process of transformation under the influence of elevated temperature should be carried out in such a way that the printed primitive is heated above the temperature of the glass transition that the material used on the active elements has. This releases the residual stresses created during the printing process and causes the active material to shrink. In this way, a primitive can be transformed from a flat shape to a final 3D shape. This shape is then maintained by controlled cooling below the glass transition temperature of the active element. In this paper the first research results of the primitive transformation were presented. The appropriate combination of materials and the optimal temperature of the water as external stimuli were determined, and finally the primitives’ shape recovery. In the research we used the active element which consists of a single layer of flexible, elastic thermoplastic material (passive material) and three layers of thermoplastic materials with the properties of shape memory polymers (active material). For printing we used the multitool 3D printer ZMorph which is based on Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology.
Keywords:
3D printing, shape memory polymers, 4D printing, primitive, self-transformation
Mohd Asrizal Razali, Noranis Ismail, Nurzihan Hassim
IMMERSIVE INTERCULTURAL EXPERIENCE FOR GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION STUDIES THROUGH VIRTUAL REALITY
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p59
Abstract:
At Taylor’s University, Intercultural Design is a project-based module where students are exposed to different cultures of foreign countries and are required to understand the role of design in a wide cultural, political and social context. Through this experience in addition to reflective practice, conceptualizing of ideas and active experimentations, the participating graphic communication students interpret their immersion of culture subjectively and present a piece that communicates the said cultural elements to intended audiences. The present COVID-19 international travel restrictions had disrupted this knowledge acquisition process and posed limits of onsite exploration, engagement with foreign agencies and face-to-face interactions with communities and cultures. However, previous studies had posited the potential of utilizing similar approaches via virtual space, place metaphors and avatar-environment interaction. Henceforth, this paper explored Virtual Reality (VR) technology that replicated environments of foreign destinations and allowed students to map information from this perspective in order to produce a graphic design-based output. This paper intended to further examine the effectiveness of VR by comparing information and feedback of; 1)participating students who had firsthand experience of foreign environment, and 2) students who only have second hand experience via VR. This paper also proposed the suitable selection of VR tools based on cost, accessibility, technological requirements and immersion satisfaction via online learning. The results achieved during the analysis is pertinent to endorse the intention towards the use of VR tools for online collaborative and student-centered learning experience for this module.
Keywords:
intercultural design, virtual reality, experiential learning, immersive experience, graphic design
Nikolaos Efkolidis, Prodromos Minaoglou, Kyriaki Aidinli, Panagiotis Kyratsis
COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN USED FOR JEWELRY
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p60
Abstract:
Nowadays more and more computer-aided technologies and computational techniques are applied to product design. Jewelry belongs to those products. Jewelry is considered as part of human civilization and adopted to human’s needs. In recent years, computational design is applied in order to overcome the limitations of traditional CAD systems, when reaching an increased level of complexity and geometrical controls. Computational design supports the evolution of creative design and develops models as a form of the computational exploration. Furthermore, additive manufacturing (AM) pieces of equipment are widely used to create models and prototype parts in various applications. AM plays an important role, when developing jewelry models, as it is utilized with an aim to produce high-quality models in rather reduced numbers and complex shapes. In the current paper, a computer-based design tool was applied in order to develop algorithms for the generation of new artistic forms for the design of a set of jewelry. Then, Stereolithography (SLA) technique is chosen for the prototype models construction.
Keywords:
computational design, jewelry design, computer-aided-design, additive manufacturing
Stefan Đurđević, Dragoljub Novaković, Željko Zeljković
DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTS STATE IDENTIFICATION APPLICATION
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p61
Abstract:
The subject of this paper is the development and design solution of an application for product identification with smart packaging. The main goal of the study is to examine the functionality of a relatively new application design program "Adobe XD" company - "Adobe" as well as creating an application that will allow each user to very easily navigate through it. The main goal of the application is to give the user more information about the product than the packaging itself and help him choose the right product. The development of the application was preceded by research in the field of smart packaging and product state identification. This paper aims to set up an intuitive system in the form of a mobile application that would identify the product state and the information would be unambiguously obtained on the mobile device screen.
Keywords:
smart packaging, application design, user experience design, products state
Ana Dujmović, Nace Pušnik
ADVERTISING ON CITY BUSES
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p62
Abstract:
Public transportation became a prime carrier of “moving images” in many consumer cultures. The main interest was to investigate how many advertisements participants can retrieve from memory and what was their general opinion on outdoor advertising. A field and online survey (both in form of questionnaire) were carried out in a group of 1200 participants. They were divided in six groups and analyzed according to their age, gender and frequency of using the public transportation. The results indicate that memory of outdoor advertising decreases with age. The participants most frequently agreed with the assertion/claim that outdoor advertisement on city buses of Ljubljana impedes the outside view through the window of the bus making it difficult to orient themselves according to surrounding. Advertisers could take this into account and avoid posting ads on the bus windows, or limit this to the parts where ads are least distracting the users.
Keywords:
cityscape, city bus transport, memory, outdoor advertising, user experience
Helena Gabrijelčič Tomc, Tanja Nuša Kočevar
OBSERVATION ON CREATIVITY AND SPATIAL VISUALISATION SKILLS OF GRAPHIC ARTS’ STUDENTS
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p63
Abstract:
The aim of our research was to discover whether education in 3D computer graphics and visualisation can improve students' spatial visualisation skills and how the complex project as a design and synthesis of a 3D animation influences students' creativity. Spatial visualisation skills are extremely valuable in various professions, including graphic design and engineering, where 3D modelling and visualisation is becoming increasingly important for the qualitative execution of professional projects. Scientists define two types of three-dimensional skills, spatial visualisation and spatial orientation, where visualisation is understood as the ability to mentally rotate, flip and flip over presented images, while spatial orientation describes the ability to recognise the position or direction of objects in space. Creative process is defined as a sequence of thoughts and actions that lead to original and appropriate productions. The creative process can be discussed on two levels, i.e. macro and micro level with the related phases of the creative process: orientation, preparation, complementary stages after preparation, incubation, idea generation, production.
The facultative course Advanced computer 3D graphic and visualisations is taught in the 2nd level studies of Graphic and interactive communication. Through project work, students are encouraged to use their creativity and imagination to create a visually attractive 3D animation that is also interesting in terms of content and in which they can convey the story they want to tell. For this reason, we often held individual sessions in which the teachers made profound corrections to the students' work and made suggestions for the further development of their projects. Experimental methods were: Questionnaires for self-assessment of the creativity process, whereby the students also interpreted their creative process with an illustration and the spatial visualisation test before and after the course. Regular evaluation of their project work with regard to the entire design process, i.e. 3D content creation, planning, technical approach and production, were also carried out. Results of the analysis present an interesting insight in students’ creative process, spatial ability and comprehension of 3D computer graphic that could be considered as teaching/learning guidelines in the coming academic years.
Keywords:
creativity, spatial visualisation skills, 3D content creation, education, graphic arts
Dorotea Kovačević, Maja Brozović, Dubravko Banić
APPLYING GRAPHIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES ON TEA PACKAGING
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p64
Abstract:
The aesthetic aspect of product packaging is a well-known factor in attracting consumers’ attention. One of the most common ways in achieving the aesthetic appearance of the packaging is applying graphic design principles. The purpose of the study was to explore how people perceive the attractiveness of tea packaging with different levels of graphic design principles applied. The graphic design principles applied on the packaging were: contrast, dominance, alignment, symmetry, consistency and colour harmony. The manipulation of these principles resulted in three different packaging samples that were tested: aesthetic packaging, partially-aesthetic packaging and non-aesthetic packaging. The participants’ tasks were to rate the attractiveness of each of the packaging samples and to select the one which they would like to buy. The statistical analysis showed that the results of both tests (rating and choice task) were consistent, indicating that the aesthetic packaging was appreciated the most, followed by the partially-aesthetic packaging and the non-aesthetic packaging. These results were the same even when taking into account whether the beauty of the packaging was important to the participants or not. The findings support the idea of using graphic design principles in packaging design whenever applicable.
Keywords:
graphic design, packaging, attractiveness, tea
Khloud Khaled Ahmed
THE POWER OF COMMEMORATIVE BANKNOTE DESIGN TO SUPPORT GLOBAL AND LOCAL EVENTS
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p65
Abstract:
Commemorative banknotes are issued to commemorate some particular event or issue with a distinct design with reference to the occasion on which they were issued. In this paper the author explores another aspect to utilization commemorative banknote to promote and support Global and Local events, In addition to marketing historical, artistic, and sporting events, etc., sheds light on the most important international events the covid-19 Pandemic and the utilization of commemorative banknote to support the role of doctors in the world in to Commemorate their unique experience. Further, banknote artwork that captures a personal moment, emotion, memory or other poignant event that tells their story of the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, the author elaborates on how Commemorative banknotes have a media role to promote important events and communicate the idea in a simple artistic manner.
The author concludes that the power of commemorative banknote stems from their ability to enhance the global participation in crises and disasters, through design a global limited edition unified model of banknote In accordance with each country.
Keywords:
commemorative banknote, artwork story, Covid-19 pandemic, design features
Milena Lakićević, Ivona Simić, Radenka Kolarov
DESIGNING PARTERRES ON THE MAIN CITY SQUARES
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p66
Abstract:
A “parterre” is a word originating from the French, with the meaning interpreted as “on the ground”. Nowadays, this term is widely used in landscape architecture terminology and depicts a groundlevel space covered by ornamental plant material. The designing parterres are generally limited to the central city zones and entrances to the valuable architectonic objects, such as government buildings, courts, museums, castles, villas, etc. There are several main types of parterres set up in France, during the period of baroque, and the most famous one is the parterre type “broderie” with the most advanced styling pattern. Nowadays, French baroque parterres are adapted and communicate with contemporary landscape design styles, but some traits and characteristics of originals are still easily recognizable. In this paper, apart from presenting a short overview of designing parterres in general, the main focus is based on designing a new parterre on the main city square in the city of Bijeljina in the Republic of Srpska. The design concept relies on principles known in the history of landscape art but is, at the same time, adjusted to local conditions and space purposes. The paper presents the current design of the selected zone – parterre on the main city square in Bijeljina and proposes a new design strongly influenced by the “broderie” type of parterre. For creating a new design proposal we have used the following software AutoCad (for 2D drawings) and Realtime Landscaping Architect (for more advanced presentations and 3D previews). The paper provides detailed graphical representations for a new design proposal and explains the main design ideas and guidelines which can be applied even when designing parterres in the other urban space. Besides that, the paper lists the plant material that is suitable for establishing and maintaining parterres in the urban environment.
Keywords:
urban design, exterior design, Bijeljina, Republic of Srpska
Athanasios Manavis, Ioanna Nazlidou, Tatjana Spahiu, Panagiotis Kyratsis
JEWELLERY DESIGN AND WEARABLE APPLICATIONS: A DESIGN THINKING APPROACH
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p67
Abstract:
The present paper examines the application of a holistic product design approach from the Design Thinking point of view. The Design Thinking process follows a number of steps with an aim to develop product design visual concepts around users’ experiences and their needs. The presented case study is focused to the modern jewellery design era. The proposed design was developed by using a series of design thinking methodologies (empathy maps, persona, product design) and creative tools (mind-maps, moodboards, sketches, storyboards, and prototyping). Furthermore, through this holistic design approach an alternative version of future jewelries is achieved, while at the same time it embodies novel technologies and web-based applications. The paper discusses the potentials for reimagining the jewellery products in relation to the Design Thinking Process and CAD-based tools at the same time. Finally, the proposed products provide a novel framework of art and new technology methods for extensive production of innovative art-based products.
Keywords:
wearable design, jewellery design, Computer Aided Design, design thinking tools
Milan Rackov, Ivan Knežević, Maja Čavić, Marko Penčić, Dijana Čavić, Siniša Kuzmanović
DESIGN SOLUTIONS OVERVIEW OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR GEAR DRIVES WITH HELICAL GEARS
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p68
Abstract:
Today there are no products whose appearance is not important. Of course, the greatest attention is paid to products that are intended for mass consumption and personal use, since the customers want to emphasize their uniqueness. That doesn’t mean the other products are not given any attention but on the contrary. Within this paper, only universal gear reducer with helical gears will be considered. These units are often installed within the other products, so that they are usually invisible to the customers, and this paper will give attention to their design solutions overview. Universal gear reducers are relatively simple products and around the world there is a large number of manufacturers of these gear drives of different concepts and shapes. It is interesting to note that most manufacturers try to adopt the shape of gearbox housing that is significantly different from competing solutions. The reason for that is they want to accentuate their solution in order to and to avoid the possibility of an accusation of copying some other’s solution. Although, there are manufacturers which retain almost identical shape as a competing solution, which is probably a reason of bought licence or a consequence of inexperienced copying.
Keywords:
design solution, universal gear drives, helical gears
Yeter Beris, İsmail Erim Gulacti
INFLUENCES OF JAPANESE PRINTS ON EUROPEAN PRINTMAKING (IN THE CASE OF DEGAS-MANZI PARTNERSHIP)
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p69
Abstract:
Contemporary artists have included classical methods together with innovative digital printing technologies to their artistic manufactures and thus their technological production interactions have been reflected on current art as well. Today’s artists have also been in collaboration with each other by involving the digital printing technologies which kept advancing during the recent 20 years in their works of art just like Degas and Manzi did in their relationships of production partnerships in 19th Century. Besides, those opinions which originated from modernism ideas and movements consist of the core of this cooperation post Industrial Revolution era. Therefore, the concept of nationalism, the devastating consequences of the world wars and the latest industrial and technological advancements have all transformed human life irreversibly. Consequently, during this transformation era, various significant movements of art such as Impressionism and Expressionism emerged in the 20th century and representatives of those art movements substituted such a lot of printmaking practices in their works of art. None of those mentioned above took place in other previous movements of art. They reflected their points of view that they display social movements and none of the other artists who represent other senses of art have ever exhibited such a lot of printmaking practices. Thus, various printing technologies which present a new laboratory environment to the artists. As a result of this, printing technologies have been preferred as a sort of new artistic media value and it started to take its prominent place in collections of art as well as in museums during artistic presentations.
Within this context, this article aims at studying the phenomenon of art by considering how it has changed during the historical process by examining those works of art which reveal these variations. Common production and working techniques in traditional printmaking, contributions of the technological advantages to the artistic manufacture. Besides, periodical innovations will be examined and presented by introducing an updated point of view to the topic within the content of this article that contain some citations from the second part of the thesis titled “Effects of fine art printmaking on the phenomenon of contemporary art”.
Keywords:
European Printmaking , Japanese printmaking, Degas-Manzi partnership
Thomas Hoffman-Walbeck
VISUALIZATION OF THE PROCESS-RESOURCE MODEL FOR WORKFLOWS
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p70
Abstract:
We describe the design of a JavaScript prototype that allows the user to visualize an arbitrary production workflow for print production that is based on the Process-Resource Model. The user can create square cards of type “process,” “resource” or “resource group.” For each card, a name might be chosen out of a list and neighboring relations can be set (input and output). Each card should be positioned on a fixed grid. Finally, the user can check the workflow design according to different reasoning.
Keywords:
workflow, Process Resource Model, visualization, JavaScript, JDF
Filip Mauzner, Lidija Mandić, Ana Agić, Jesenka Pibernik
DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN´S COGNITIVE ABILITIES THROUGH INTERACTIVE APPLICATIONS
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p71
Abstract:
In this paper we present the development of cognitive abilities in kindergarten children with interactive applications. Practical part includes the design of application prototype used for the development of cognitive abilities in children age three to four. It comprises three categories in which children’s cognitive abilities are tested and being developed. The categories are colors, numbers, shapes and sizes.
Keywords:
application, cognitive abbilities, color, numbers, shapes
Petr Roudný, Markéta Držková
USE OF PREPRESS AUTOMATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND EXAMPLES OF AUTOMATED PROCESSING FOR SELECTED PREPRESS TASKS
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p72
Abstract:
The work is focused on the prepress and possibilities of its automation. The article provides a brief overview of main prepress operations together with software products available for their automation. The information on problematic areas of prepress processing and current use of software tools and prepress automation in the Czech Republic was gathered via the survey with almost a hundred participating companies. The questions about the type of company, the number of its employees and the number of orders received per day were also included so that the results could be better evaluated. As expected, most of the problems in prepress are connected to the printing data received from customers. The reported frequency of different issues and the time needed for the corrections are presented. The results also show that while almost half of the participating companies use a workflow system, which is the main means of automation, often it is not used to the full extent. Further, different possibilities of automated processing were demonstrated for three common issues selected on the basis of the survey results. The tasks included correction of files with default printer marks and a missing bleed, which belong to the most frequent problems, and adding the missing data for processing steps; this issue does not occur so often, but the participating companies reported they spend more time with its solution. The example PDF files were created in Adobe Illustrator and then processed in Adobe Acrobat, Callas pdfToolbox Desktop, Xerox FreeFlow Core, Enfocus PitStop Pro, and Esko Automation Engine. It was verified that when the given software includes the appropriate editing functions and the automated processing is employed, all the tasks can be accomplished very quickly – in the case of the example printing data, it was in less than a minute, usually in a few seconds. Based on the findings, the applicability and benefits of the alternatives considered are outlined. The comparison of functionality of the software tested and a number of their implementations in the participating companies suggests the important role of local resellers and support.
Keywords:
prepress software utilisation, prepress automation, Czech Republic, survey, automation benefits
Andrej Učakar, Patricija Selič, Raša Urbas
USE OF CODECS IN VIDEO UPLOADS
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p73
Abstract:
In recent decades, linear communication has largely been replaced by visual depictions that contain not only moving images but also sound, text and other (visible or invisible) data. It is therefore not surprising that video has become so popular, especially among young people. So-called multimedia communication is transmitted via a variety of media. Since there are many ways and means of transmission, we wanted to investigate how the type of encoding that allows efficient file reduction affects the characteristics of the video format. For this purpose, we encoded selected videos using the three most common encoding mechanisms H.264/AVC, MPEG-2 and H.265/HEVC at high and medium bitrate. The newly created video files were then uploaded to three popular platforms – Instagram, YouTube and Gmail. Changes in file size, colour gamut, frame and bitrate, resolution and other visually recognizable details are presented in the paper.
Keywords:
codec, compression, encoding, file format, upload, video
Ksenija Mitrović, Anja Jakšić, Jelena Spajić
THE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN PLATFORMS USED IN SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p74
Abstract:
Development of the internet conditioned the evolution of marketing. Nowadays, organizations have relocated their marketing activities on the internet, so digital marketing comes into focus, as the most influential branch of marketing. A progress of digital marketing activities established the appearance of different digital marketing elements, among which social media marketing becomes more prevalent. Social media marketing is an inevitable element of digital marketing strategy and nowadays business. In order to complement social media marketing activities, graphic design is used as a crucial part of a content strategy. This paper focuses on the importance of effective visual content for social media and the usage of different tools that can facilitate and improve its creation. Social media users interact with visual content. In order to achieve higher engagement, social media posts are enriched with compelling visuals. Social media have become a real field for competition in terms of creating competitive content and attracting more users’ attention. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of online graphic design tools that are used for creating visual content adapted to the requirements of communication on social networks. Given the importance of visuals in social media marketing, an abundance of tools are created with different features in order to support content design. These online platforms offer complete customization options, a wide range of different editing tools and templates and diverse functionalities. Visual content, through social media platforms, boosts user awareness of existing brands and makes it easier for users to associate with the organization. Through a relevant literature review in the field of social media marketing, the importance of visual elements and graphic design in online marketing communication is emphasized. In addition, this paper provides a comparative analysis of the most commonly used online tools and platforms that provide graphic design solutions and increase the effectiveness of online marketing campaigns.
Keywords:
social media marketing, visual communication, content strategy, graphic design tools
Mojca Plot, Saška Roškar, Helena Gabrijelčič Tomc
EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF AN AWARENESS-BASED ANIMATION ON STUDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MENTAL ILLNESS
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p75
Abstract:
Animation is an exceptionally good medium for educating and raising awareness of the issues that are more difficult to talk about, such as mental illness. The use of animation and graphics in society awareness and education can improve knowledge and communication about issues related to mental illness. Despite various destigmatization activities, people are still reluctant to directly approach individuals suffering from mental illness, partly because they do not have enough knowledge on the subject. Therefore, the aim of our study was to test whether animation can improve the knowledge about appropriate / inappropriate conversations with a person suffering from depression in a Slovenian student population. We focused on education and awareness-based animation (adapted to the target group) to evoke empathy without arousing pity and to indirectly encourage people in need and others to talk about it. The methodology included the surveying of the participants and their knowledge about appropriate and inappropriate conversations with a person suffering from depression (22 phrases, 11 appropriate and 11 inappropriate). 251 participants aged 19 to 30 completed the survey. Participants were asked to rate each phrase for appropriateness on a 5-point Likert scale before and after being exposed to the animation. The results obtained were analysed using the paired samples t-test. The desired change in knowledge was confirmed by comparing the average scores of the survey responses before and after viewing the animation. A statistically significant result was obtained in 18 of 22 sentences. A change in the desired direction was detected in 81% of the statements. Our study had some limitations, but we nevertheless conclude that an awareness-based animation can be a useful tool to increase knowledge and subsequently influence behavioural change in the student population.
Keywords:
illustration, animation, stigma, mental disorders, depression
Gojko Vladić, Selena Mijatović, Gordana Bošnjaković, Ivana Jurič, Vladimir Dimovski
ANALYSIS OF THE LOADING ANIMATION PERFORMANCE AND VIEWER PERCEPTION
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p76
Abstract:
Digital content presented to the viewer usually has to be processed by the device on which is displayed, in case of internet content processing is done by hosting server and user device with additional download time. Time elapsed for these tasks differs depending on the quantity of the data and complexity of the processing needed. Waiting time for content to be displayed can have significant influence on the user experience. Loading animations are often used to divert viewers’ attention or to provide viewer with the information about the process progress, estimated time, etc. Performance of these animation can differ depending on their type, elements or even a story. This paper presents analysis of the performance and viewer perception of different loading animations. Survey and eye tracking were used to gain insight in to the viewer’s perception of the loading animation. Results show noticeable differences caused by loading animation type.
Keywords:
loading animation, user experience, perceived performance
Atiye Güner, İsmail Erim Gülaçt
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL ROLES OF CONTEMPORARY ART MUSEUMS AND DIGITALIZATION
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p77
Abstract:
This paper was adapted from the author’s PhD dissertation named “The Effects of Digitalization on Contemporary Art Museums and Galleries”.
The digital age has started with the digitalization of information and information communication. The digitalization processes that accelerated with the rapid developments in information and communication technologies have deeply affected museums. Museums are information-based organizations, their primary functions are to protect and spread information. Digitalized information and information communication have obligated contemporary art museums to follow digitalization processes. In this process, technological convergence is another factor that accelerates digitalization of contemporary art museums.
ICOM has defined a contemporary museum as a polyphonic platform including participatory, inclusive and democratizing elements. When all these concepts are considered, the importance of communication between museum-community becomes apparent. Today, contemporary art museums have taken communication to their focal points. Museum-society communication is experienced in contemporary art museums through artistic activities as well as institution's communication-oriented strategies. Contemporary art activities using digital technologies and multimedia technologies generally require audience participation. Global access and various digital platforms provide the society with equal access to museums and art events, as well as making the arts of various countries and identities more visible. In the field of education, contemporary art museums develop projects by cooperating with various institutions. The effective use of digital platforms and institutional pages serves as a catalyst in the realization of these roles that museums undertake. Innovations in information and communication technologies accelerate the digitalization processes and serve as a mediator in maintaining the social roles of museums. For example, it can be said that technological convergence increases the number of museum visitors, therefore, it is the mediator of the social roles of museums. Technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality and artificial intelligence, which are used in exhibition design in museums, require audience interaction. Digital art based on digital technology takes its place in contemporary art museums. In this study, it was aimed to reveal that social roles undertaken by contemporary art museums, such as participatory, inclusive, democratizing and polyphonic roles, are closely related to the digitalization of institutions and that digitalization acts as a catalyst for these roles.
Keywords:
contemporary art museums, social roles of museums, communication function in museums, digitalization process
Željko Zeljković, Dragoljub Novaković, Saša Petrović, Neda Milić Keresteš, Stefan Đurđević
ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING AS A GRAPHIC PRODUCT
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p78
Abstract:
Electronic publishing has a particularly significant application as a graphic product in the publication of some products such as books and newspapers that have traditionally been essential products of newspaper printing, book printing and the like. In the electronic publication of newspapers, there are certain templates that are related to the identity of the publisher. There is a number of published and printed editions of newspapers that were published before the introduction of electronic editions. Newspapers stick to tradition and try to transfer printed editions to electronic ones, that is, to do the so-called digitalization. The process of digitization is a complex and extensive work consisting of analysis and proper preparation of the transformation into a bit of a mapped image with the help of reproduction devices, rearranging and arranging data with OCR software, creating metadata, database management and web application development. As current products of graphic production, multimedia appears as a set of different media that affect the human senses. Procedures for digitalization of graphic products with essential elements are necessary, and various software tools are needed for the realization of the process. This paper points out the most important segments of previously mentioned procedures.
Keywords:
digitalization, printed media, electronic media, multimedia, metadata, electronic publishing
Kata Jovančić, Neda Milić Keresteš, Uroš Nedeljković
INFLUENCE OF WHITE SPACE ON TEXT SCANNING
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p79
Abstract:
Among its many roles, typography also serves to make a text more legible and readable, allowing the reader to follow the content flow with more ease. Typographic hierarchy, in turn, with its use of different logical and visual tools, serves to establish an order of importance of different text elements. To emphasize certain elements – i.e. create eye-catchers, typographers usually resort to making bigger and bolder items. In this paper we wish to examine whether white space can also serve as a means of emphasis. While several studies have already proven that white space influences consumer perception in advertising, no one has yet investigated the effects of white space on text scanning. With that in mind, we examined whether white space could contribute to the effectiveness and speed of text scanning. We used eye-tracking technology to collect accurate quantitative and visual data. Although the results did not show that white space has a positive effect on scanning speed or text structure memorability, we have noted a difference in the eye-movement pattern, which raises hope and leads us to believe that further research is needed.
Keywords:
typography, typographic hierarchy, white space, text scanning, eye-tracking
Jelena Žarko, Uroš Nedeljković
THE EFFECT OF CONTROLLING THE WEIGHT VARIABLE ON THE TYPEFACE ATTRIBUTE ASSESSMENT
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p80
Abstract:
Certain characteristics specific for typeface design initiate different impressions on observers, but here arises a research problem where we cannot identify what specific or universal characteristics of the typeface initiate the impressions on certain attributes. A common problem encountered in previous researches is that fonts may vary in many variables and at the same time differ in width, weight, contrast, and structure. Therefore, it is difficult to determine and isolate which universal and specific characteristics of the typeface affect the impression. The subject of this paper is the isolation of the weight variable and the investigation of its relationship with typeface personality attributes. The main goal of this paper is to provide empirical support for theoretical assumptions, building on previous researches on the typeface personality and typographic rhetoric to show how specific typographic characteristics influence the experience of writing itself.
Keywords:
typeface personality, visual rhetoric, universal structure
Nikolina Stanić Loknar, Diana Bratić, Ana Agić
KINETIC TYPOGRAPHY - FIGURATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p81
Abstract:
Kinetic typography - text in motion is an animation method of characters that has a video form instead of some "static" form such as picture, poster or book. The most important element for figuration of kinetic typography is the choice of font. Furthermore, one should think about the letter cut, the size and color of the characters, and the background color on which the animation takes place. It can be created in various ways, most often using software that applies a multitude of effects to the text or letter character, creating dynamic solutions. The effects vary from the simplest such as "fade-in" and "fade-out" (entering and exiting text in and out of the frame). Static characters can expand, narrow, move slowly or rapidly, grow and change in a variety of ways to very complex ones in which the author builds an entire story or promotional video by carefully combining software capabilities. However, each software has its limitations and for this reason the kinetic typography presented in this paper is programmed using codes. In a wide range of available programming languages due to the simple interface that does not require advanced programming concepts and gives exceptional results in the field of kinetic typography, Processing was chosen. The Processing programming language is intended for generating and modifying graphics and is based on the Java programming language. The most important difference between Processing and Java is that Processing offers a simple programming interface that does not require advanced levels of programming such as classes, objects, or animations. It also allows advanced users to use them. Processing uses a variety of typography rendering approaches such as raster and vector solutions and allows typography to be programmed and displayed on the Web independently of the user's Web browser and font database. Processing enables the use of visual elements in animation, including typographic ones, by introducing interaction to the user. The user is no longer a passive observer but actively participates in the performance of the application whose final appearance is not predefined but arises from the actions of each individual user.
For the purposes of this paper, individual letters were created in a font-making program. The letters made are of various written classifications and cuts, which with their variety contribute to the attractiveness of the animation. In the creating of motion typography in this paper, the programming language Processing was used. Written program codes that manipulate words, letters, or parts of characters to create interesting visual effects for the viewer that aim to hold the viewer's attention and convey the desired message or emotion. There are no strict rules and patterns when making kinetic typography. In kinetic typography, each author determines his own rules, method of production, and there are no same solutions.
Keywords:
kinetic typography, processing, coding, character
Diana Bratić, Nikolina Stanić Loknar
AI DRIVEN OCR: RESOLVING HANDWRITTEN FONTS RECOGNIZABILITY PROBLEMS
Download doi: https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p82
Abstract:
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the electronic or mechanical conversion of images of typed, handwritten, or printed text into machine-encoded text. Advanced systems are capable to produce a high degree of recognition accuracy for most technic fonts, but when it comes to handwritten forms there is a problem occur in recognizing certain characters and limitations with conventional OCR processes persist. It is most pronounced in ascenders (k, b, l, d, h, t) and descenders (g, j, p, q, y). If the characters are linked by ligatures, the ascending and descending strokes are even less recognizable to the scanners. In order to reduce the likelihood of a recognition error, it is a necessary to create a large database of stored characters and their glyphs. Feature extraction decomposes glyphs into features like lines, closed loops, line direction, and line intersections. A Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network based on Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) algorithm as a method of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been used in text identification, classification and recognition using various methods: image pattern based, text-based, mark-based etc. Also, the application of AI generates of a large database of different letter cuts, and modifications, and variation of the same letter character structure. For this purpose, the recognizability test of handwritten fonts was performed. Within main group, subgroups of independent letter characters and letter characters linked by ligatures are created, and reading errors were observed. In each subgroup, four different font families (bold stroke, alternating stroke, monoline stroke, and brush stroke) were tested. In subgroup of independent letter characters, errors were observed in similar rounded lines such as the characters a, and e. In the subgroup of letter characters linked by ligatures, errors were also observed in similar rounded lines such as the letter characters a and e, m and n, but also in ascenders b and l, and descenders g and q. Furthermore, seven letter cuts were made from each basic test letters, and up to are thin, ultra-light, light, regular, semi-bold, bold, and ultra-bold, and stored in the existing EMNIST database. The scanning test was repeated, and recently obtained results showed a decrease in the deviation rate, i.e. higher accuracy. Reducing the number of deviations shows that the neural network gives acceptable answers but requires creation of a larger database within about 56,000 different characters.
Keywords:
OCR, handwritten font, letter character, artificial intelligence, MLP BPNN arhitecture