INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GRAPHIC ENGINEERING AND DESIGN

Abstract:
Modelling with 3D CAD (Computer Aided Design) tools has reached a point that its complexity is difficult to be controlled without the use of programming tools. Both general purpose CAD systems and specialized CAD pieces of software allow their programming with textual or visual interface. The designer is offered with a variety of tools in order to automate the design process and handle its geometrical complexity. The present paper deals with the use of CAD based visual programming for product designers, who want to use unusual geometries based on 2D patterns and present their work to the final user using high-end rendering images. The proposed designs can be customized to a great extend and contribute towards their increased added value. At the same time, a family of products can be presented, when the design parameters used get alternative values

Keywords:
computational design, 2D patterns, interior design, CAD programming

Abstract:
The use of digitization and virtual, multisensory presentation techniques in the study of natural and environmental processes, industry, technology, history, medicine, etc., the basis of which is scientific data, complements development and research areas, accelerates and facilitates computer-assisted insight and interpretation of results. By dealing with digital information, we not only deepen the research process, but also expand the possibilities of information presentation outside scientific research circles, in society, thus bringing basic knowledge closer to different target groups through interpretive approaches of human-oriented design. Multimedia, interactive, multisensory media, and extended realities are a bridge between the scientific result and the user experience. These media raise awareness and teach people to live with the nature, in the environment, to use the scientific context through the creative design and delivery of digital content. This paper presents some starting points and guidelines of preparing graphic content in a way that holistically and multisensory engages the participants of the experience. At the end some examples of the application of graphical multisensory presentations are shown: documentation, popularization of science at micro and macro levels, analysis and measurement, simulation and training, animation and interactivity, 3D modelling and reconstruction, stylisation and interpretation, argumentation of physical realities and extension into the new reality.

Keywords:
digitization, graphic presentation, multisensory, scientific data, experiencing

Abstract:
Contrary to the negative predictions, the graphic arts industry keeps continuing its growth. The modern world is transferring information through digital platforms leading to decrease of the serial publications on paper (newspaper, magazines etc). But on the other hand, packaging industry is increasing its revenue by high numbers. In the same way as for the whole industry, many predicted that paper use will also decrease, as for a long period of time (still partly present) paper was thought of as being killer of trees. Today, along with new findings, paper is becoming more popular with EU Commission banning single use plastics. Paper as a substrate is becoming popular in packaging industry, mainly due to being suitable for both organic and material recycling. However, due to lack of some functional properties, materials are often coated. Coating as a process includes covering of a surface by another substance. The coatings processes are present in various industries and are intended to enhance properties of the base materials. In the graphic industry the coating process is often called varnishing, due to the resins used as a coating material. Varnishing is used to improve rub resistance and provide varnished material with special effects (combination of gloss and matte surfaces). Applicability and functionality of the coatings is achieved using various materials, among which are nano-engineered materials. Results of various researchers show benefits of introducing nanocomposites in the packaging industry by improving prints’ resistance to degradation by UV irradiation, improving barrier to water vapour and enabling packaging surface to inhibit microbes’ growth. To conclude, coatings development and application plays a significant role in the material development, as it can provide common materials with improved properties, as well as enhanced aesthetics. At the same time, application of coatings could present some obstacles in both materials and organic recycling, and for that reason development of coatings should include evaluation of recyclability of the coated product as well as the characterization of coating’s functionality.

Keywords:
packaging, coatings, varnishing, nanocomposites

Abstract:
Pressure sensitive labels (PSL) are a growing part of graphic industry. In the past, their design and application were rather limited to basic packaging and product information while currently labels are receiving more and more attention because they are customer's first contact with a product. PSL composition includes release liner, adhesive and facestock. Facestock can be considered as the most important part of the label since its properties determine the final label appearance. Nowadays, facestock material can be both paper and filmic. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a comprehensive characterization of pressure sensitive labels facestock in order to investigate the future impact of optical dot gain on the print. Point spread function is a measure of scattering and absorption of light in the given substrate. It carries information regarding paper composition and its future behaviour in term of optical dot gain. In the study, seven different facestock substrates were examined, two made from biogenic polyethylene, and five paper based PSL facestocks, three of which are made from 15% agro industrial waste by-products (barley, citrus and grape). Point spread function of the substrates were obtained by projecting collimated red laser light source on the facestock of pressure sensitive labels. Although the laser light used in this experiment was characterized by a narrow beam width of 0.5 mm and low divergence, <1 mrad, the beam was further converged and then passed through a space filter to ensure collimation of the laser beam which was then incident perpendicular to the set sample. Laser profile was firstly obtained by photodiode profiling. Based on the measured values of light intensity, the laser light profile was determined, as well as the average beam width that was needed for further image analysis. Image of the light scattering within the substrate was obtained perpendicular to the surface with Canon EOS 5DS camera. From the obtained image, laser profile was removed, and the resulting profile gives the point spread function of the substrate. The resulting images were processed with commercially available image analysis software (ImageJ). The mean background intensity subtracted from each individual pixel was determined to remove the background effect, and the distribution of the scattered light profile was achieved. The results showed that facestock composition has a high influence on PSF shape and width.

Keywords:
PSF, optical dot gain, pressure sensitive label, facestock, light scatteri

Abstract:
Paper aging depends on the type and chemical composition of the fiber raw materials, the chemical additives used, such as dyes, fillers, sizing additives, pH and others as storage conditions of the paper (relative humidity and temperature) and the degree of exposure of temperature, light and some microbiological factors. The durability of paper is its ability to retain certain physic-mechanical, optical and chemical properties unchanged over time. In this context and in line with the increased consumption of coated or treated printing and packaging papers, the aging resistance of treated or coated paper is of a great scientific, research and applied interest. This research work inherently involves preparation and properties evaluation of thermal stability of packaging papers treated of silver water. In order to examine this process for woodfree packaging paper, accelerated thermal aging for 72h at temperature of 105°C and dynamic thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out of a pulp sample and four paper samples (three of them treated with silver water – 1, 2 and 3 ml) together with the structural-dimensional and strength properties of the laboratory obtained paper samples. The degree of colour changes in the CIELab colour space have been studied, bearing in mind that the changes in colour characteristics define the stability over time and even more – the influence of the silver water treatment. As a result of the studies carried out it was found out that paper do not change significantly during 72h of accelerated thermal ageing, but it is not recommended to be used more than 2 ml of silver water, as silver ions probably catalyze the aging process and the paper darkens and turns yellow in a greater degree. The change of the weight of the paper samples as a function of temperature was monitored by TGA. When comparing the weight losses, it was found out that for the paper sample treated with 2 ml of silver water the temperature of complete burning of the sample increased by 2.28°C. In addition, the surface of the treated paper samples is more even compared to the untreated due to the callandering effect of the manufacturing process.

Keywords:
ageing stability, thermal stability, packaging paper, silver water

Abstract:
Bending stiffness of corrugated cardboard is a structural property that gives rigidity and strength. It depends on macroscopic structure of cardboard, different layers and thickness. The structure of corrugated cardboard used for secondary Shelf Ready Packaging (SRP) is weakened by perforations. Perforations serve as separation line used for converting SRP into the shelf-ready tray. The aim of this paper is to analyse the change of corrugated cardboard bending stiffness under the influence of perforations. The focus is on determining which of the explanatory variables affect the corrugated cardboard bending stiffness the most. The explanatory variables are: Type of perforation, Angle of perforation position and Quality of perforated corrugated cardboard. They are used to explain the variability in a measured property. The specimens with and without perforations were prepared using die cutter with machine-made knives. Three types of perforations (labelled: 1/1, 2/1 and 3/1 with the differences in the ratio of cut to uncut part) were positioned in five defined angles (0°, 20°, 45°, 70°, and 90°, where 0° represents Machine Direction, MD) and tested on three different quality of three-layer E-flute corrugated cardboard. Three-point bending tests were carried out using Instron tensile tester in order to observe the behavior of perforated specimens. Statistical analysis was performed to quantify the effect of perforation variables on the change of corrugated cardboard bending stiffness. The analysis showed that the explanatory variable Angle of perforation position was the most influential and provided the most significant information to explain the variability on the loss of corrugated cardboard bending stiffness. The trend in the measured values between all qualities of corrugated cardboard was obvious: the values decrease as the angle of perforation position increases; therefore, the highest values were for angle 0° and the lowest for angle 90°. A quantitative but not qualitative interaction between Quality and Perforation variables appeared. Hence, the “non-perforation – perforation” relationship was qualitatively always the same, although numerically it appeared somewhat different at different cardboard quality. The lowest loss of bending stiffness in the measured values was observed for the perforation type with the same ratio of cut and uncut part (labelled 1/1).

Keywords:
bending stiffness, three-point bending, corrugated cardboard, perforation

Abstract:
1.45 million tons of paraffin wax-coated boxes of used products enter landfills every year, and 4.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide is released during the recycling process. Therefore, the goal of the research is to find out an alternative to the synthetic wax coating seen on food product cartons. This research uses natural coating materials that are more effective than synthetic coating materials, such as hibiscus, gum Arabic, and turmeric. The natural antibacterial herb turmeric's curcumin is extracted using ethonal, and then heating is used to create the hibiscus extract. Three layers are coated on the package: the first layer is curcumin, which serves as the package's antimicrobial coating; the second layer is gum Arabic, which serves as a binder to hold the third layer of hibiscus. These two layers serve as a barrier on the packaging, and then the hibiscus extract gel is applied over them. Using a spray gun, these three coats are applied to the packaging. The method used to dry the coatings is air or sun drying. The test findings are assessed for the burst strength, burst factor, moisture content, smoothness, calliper thickness, and micropsoic analyses of the wax coated and bio coated carton samples.

Keywords:
bio-coating, paper board, natural coating

Abstract:
In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose, carrageenan-based films and a blend film with 1:1 concentration were prepared using the solvent casting method and the influence of various concentrations of jackfruit seed starch (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2 g) on its functional properties were investigated. The effect of jackfruit seed starch on strength properties such as tensile strength and elongation, as well as water-related characteristics such as water contact angle, water vapour permeability, and moisture content, were evaluated and compared with the results of the control blend films. FT-IR, TGA, SEM, XRD were performed to identify the functional group and its potential interactions, thermal stability, surface morphology and crystallinity of prepared films. The results suggests that addition of jackfruit seed starch from 0 to 1.5 g enhanced the tensile strength from 26.62 MPa to 33.26 MPa, but thereafter the tensile strength drops to 32.58 MPa and the elongation decreases. When compared to the carboxymethyl cellulose carrageenan control film, some physical parameters of the film, such as water vapour permeability and moisture content, decreased while thickness and contact angle increased significantly. The results of scanning electron microscopy exhibited rough and heterogeneous morphology for films with more starch content, while the control films exhibited smooth and homogenous structure. The presence of starch increased the crystallinity of all films, which attributed to improved thermal and mechanical stability of the prepared films.

Keywords:
Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Carrageenan, Jackfruit Seed Starch; Packaging Film

Abstract:
We have prepared three UV curable varnishes for inkjet printing that can be cured by UV LEDs (365–395 nm). The advantages of UV LEDs compared to medium pressure mercury lamps (conventional source of UV radiation) are lower energy consumption, possibility of immediate switching on/off, no IR radiation, no ozone generation and are mercury free. UV LEDs cannot effectively (or at all) cure formulations designed for mercury lamp curing. Developed UV varnishes enable the creation of special varnish effects on printed substrates (including 3D) thanks to partial curing with UV LEDs. Evaluated properties of prepared varnishes were viscosity, surface tension, reactivity, long-term stability and printability. The printing properties of prepared UV curable varnishes were tested on commercially available inkjet printing machine (Spotmatic 36, KOMFI). The cured varnish layers (thickness 20 and 40 m) were evaluated in terms of mechanical properties (adhesion, elasticity) and optical properties (yellowness). Namely, the study of mechanical properties included the evaluation of adhesion by Tape test, quality of the varnish layer with respect to cutting and grooving, and elasticity/adhesion of grooved varnish layers after folding (180 °). Results showed that prepared UV LED curable varnishes have very good elasticity and adhesion to various printing substrates and enables further trouble-free mechanical processing of varnished products, such as cutting, grooving or bending.

Keywords:
inkjet, varnish, UV LED, curing, mechanical properties

Abstract:
Lamination of electrophotographic prints is more problematic than lamination of prints from conventional printing techniques as is for example offset printing. The main problem is worse adhesion of laminating films and due to partial or full delamination can occurs when prints are mechanically stressed. Often problem is also creation of optical effect called silvering. The aim of this work was to compare adhesion of two laminating films (PKCCO BOPP Thermal Laminating Film and Derprosa™ Matte Premier) to prints from different electrophotographic printers (e.g. Xerox, Canon, Konica-Minolta). The lamination conditions were as follows: lamination speeds 10 and 20 m/min, application temperature 120 ˚C and lamination pressure 400 kPa. The adhesion of the laminating film was evaluated by a Peel tester 1 hour, 1 day and 14 days after lamination. The quality of the lamination after the grooving and bending test was evaluated visually. The last measured parameter was colour difference between laminated and non-laminated prints and this parameter was evaluated 1 hour and 14 days after lamination.

Keywords:
lamination, electrophotography, adhesion, peel test, colour difference, grooving

Abstract:
When studying the process of photodegradation, we often deal with the durability of the individual ink colour components, the durability of the printing material or the durability of the ink on the printing material. Less frequently, ink degradation in the solution is compared to the print. However, it is essential to consider all the crucial external and internal factors that influence the photodegradation process in the context of the durability of printed materials. When studying photodegradation, external factors such as light, temperature and humidity are relatively easy to control. On the other hand, the control of internal factors in the photodegradation process is much more complex since the internal factors are related to the composition of the ink used, the substrate and the physical and chemical processes between them. The study aims to analyse the complex degradation process of prints made with an ink-jet printer compared to the degradation of the same inks in an aqueous solution. The study included two types of paper and an ink-jet printer using dye-based inks. A high-pressure mercury lamp was used to irradiate and accelerate the degradation process, and a specially adapted reactor was used to irradiate solutions and prints. The results showed how short-wave UV radiation significantly influences the changes of the printing material, ink and prints. In some cases, the difference between the ink stability in solution and ink stability on the printing material can be observed. The effect of paper on the durability of the print is, however, negligible in the case of short-wave UV radiation. The process of photodegradation of the paper under UV radiation was mainly manifested by the loss of specific surface and optical properties.

Keywords:
UV-C radiation, photodegradation, dye-based ink, ink-jet printing

Abstract:
Today, the packaging industry is increasingly transforming, especially in terms of development of new sustainable materials and smart solutions in order to attract customers when choosing products, and to be competitive in the market. The use of colour changing packaging can give added value to the product since this kind of packaging can in that way interact with the consumer and provide a massage upon the product. During its lifecycle, the packaging can be exposed to the influence of various agents, for example the spilling of beverages over the printed labels. For this reason, the prints need to be resistant to certain agents, in this case, ethanol. In the end, the spill of ethanol can cause visual alterations of the print due to the colourants or the substrate itself not being resistant to the particular agent. Thermochromic inks are widely used as indicators for beverage packaging which can often be exposed to different concentrations of alcohol that may affect the functionality of that same indicator. Thermochromic inks differ in their composition from classic printing inks, which in the end results in lower stability when exposed to UV radiation and various chemicals. Thus, this study explores the influence of ethanol on the functionality of TC prints on labels. Different label papers were printed with one TC ink, with an activation temperature of 12°C. The samples were exposed to different concentrations of ethanol (8%, 12%, 25%, 35%, 42% and 96%) to simulate the real conditions in which it is possible to spill different alcoholic beverages on the thermochromic print on the packaging of an alcoholic product. It can be concluded that alcohol affects the stability of microcapsules even in the smallest concentrations because the largest changes of colour were observed at low temperature, while smaller colour changes determined at 23 ° C indicate that the classic process ink is more stable to the influence of alcohol. The results of this test showed that the chemical stability of the thermochromic print depends on both, the printing substrate and the external conditions to which the print is exposed. The results show that the proper choice of printing substrate can improve the stability of the thermochromic print in reaction with ethanol.

Keywords:
thermochromic ink, packaging, labels, alcohol, ethanol, colour difference

Abstract:
Printed electronics are emerging technology products that we use in every moment of our daily lives. It is used in many fields from health, textile, electronics to communication. Inks with nanometal or organic content can be used in printed electronics. The ability of printed electronics to withstand temperature makes its use widespread in the electronics industry. Main aim of the study is to combine surface modified graphene oxide-based conductive inks with flame retardant materials. In this study, an effective and simple approach for the preparation of polyurethane acrylate (PUA) screen printing ink containing surface modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO) which has flame retardant activity. A new and effective flame-retardant additive; 9,10-dihydro-9,10-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), silane coupling agent and reduced graphene oxide was synthesized. In this synthesis, first reduced graphene oxide was modified with (methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, and then reacted with DOPO to obtain a flame-retardant monomer containing P and Si. Based on the successful modification reactions, screen-printing ink containing polyurethane acrylate and different amounts of modified graphene oxide content (0, 5 and 10 wt%) were prepared and screen printed on the paper surface. In addition, coatings were made on the paper surface to determine some the properties. LOI values, thermal properties, contact angle values, conductivity and surface properties of the obtained prints and coatings films were investigated. As a result, conductive screen-printing ink resistant to high temperatures was successfully produced and printed coatings and free films were formed.

Keywords:
reduced graphene oxide, polyurethane acrylate coating, UV curable coating, flame retardant, printed electronics

Abstract:
Security inks are functional inks containing a binder and a special colorant used in money, checks and valuable documents. In security inks, thermochromic dyes, UV emitted, infrared emitted dyes can be used. Thermochromic dyestuffs provide different colors at different temperatures and ensure the requirements in the field of security. Thermochromic inks are generally used in smart packaging applications, high temperature alarms and security inks. Thermochromic dyes are generally metal-containing chemical materials. In this study, ink will be produced for metal surfaces by using commercial thermochromic dyestuff and it will be provided to act as a temperature warning plate. For this purpose, UV spectra of the thermochromic dyestuff was determinate with different temperature. Solvent-based ink with polyurethane binder containing 1; 3; 5% commercial thermochromic substance was produced. Screen prints were made on the metal surface with the produced ink. The color and gloss properties of the prints were measured with a spectrophotometer and glossmeter, respectively, at different temperatures. Print quality and surface properties were determined with an optical microscope. In addition, alkali, nitro, acid resistance tests were carried out. The reusability (color change) number was determined depending on how many temperature changes the print has. As a result, inks that change color at 38 °C with commercial thermochromic material were produced and successfully printed.

Keywords:
security ink, screen printing, UV –Viz. Spectroscopy, printability

Abstract:
The UV radiation causes inks to fade. The ink fading will lead to the degradation of the visual appearance of printed imprints making them less attractive to the user. To deal with this that phenomenon, one of the solutions is to create a coating that could challenge these issues. In order to create efficient protective coating against UV induced degradation, nano scaled titanium dioxide (TiO2) wasl added to the commercial water-based varnish. To determine influence of the amount of TiO2, was homogenized in various weight ratios. The prepared nanocomposites were applied onto offset (lithography) prints made in accordance with Fogra PSO, i.e. ISO 12647-2:2013 on gloss coated paperboard. The samples have been subjected to artificial UV induced aging for 30 hours. The protective properties of the nanocomposite TiO2 coating was determined by calculating colorimetric and densitometric change on full tone and determining tone value change of half tones. The results showed that the prepared nanocomposite coating has relatively little effect on the printed colour of the samples. However, some coating compositions exceed the allowed tolerance ΔEab> 5, however in those cases the initial colorimetric value of WB (ΔEab) was close to the FOGRA PSO border value. The coatings with TiO2 will increase resistance to accelerated ageing on full and halftone. To conclude, this research has provided the new perspective on modulation possibilities of commercially available varnishes in order to cope a designated problematics and downsides of coatings which was, in this case, UV induced fading and degradation of visual appearance. The further research should investigate the applicability of this kind of modulated varnish in other coating techniques as well the use of other kind of nano sized compounds.

Keywords:
Coating, Nanoparticles, Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Lightfastness, Packaging

Abstract:
Although the primary role of packaging is to protect its content , it also acts as the carrier of both relevant information and visual identity . To enhance its properties, packaging materials are often coated with material which could provide barrier against chemicals, atmospheric conditions, or electromagnetic radiation. This paper focuses on the change of surface properties, i.e., wetting of a coated cardboard surface when packaging material is exposed to light induced accelerated ageing. Prepared printed cardboard w as coated with nanocomposites composed of commercial water - based varnish and defined mass concentration of nanosized TiO 2 . The prep ared samples were subjected to accelerated ageing in a light chamber equipped with Xenon lamp. The characterization of the samples included determining contact angles with liquids of known surface tension and calculating surface free energy, determining wa ter vapour transfer rate and performing burst resistance tests (Mullen burst test). It can be concluded that the UV radiation influenced the card board substrate and varnished samples where AcA made some changes in the polar component due to forming of new oxidation products, which are less polar from its - OH group . However, with the introduction of nanoparticles, the UV influence was lowered in terms of surface parameters. The smallest TiO 2 weight ratio (0.25%) lowers the WVTR by 56%. Moreover, with increa se of TiO 2 nanoparticles weight ratio, water permeability decreases significantly where the 0.5% TI/NC provided the best result (decrease of63%). Regarding the mechanical properties, although bursting strength of samples coated with nanocomposites is higher than the one coated by WB, there is no visible dependence between mechanical properties and weight ratio of nanoparticles. This research showed that add ition of TiO 2 nanoparticles will improve commercial varnish and will increase protecti on against UV radiation in terms of adhesion to the substrate and water vapour barrier .

Keywords:
Coating, Nanocomposite, Packaging, Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Accelerated ageing

Abstract:
The demands on the adhesive joints for packaging are important during conversion, transport, storage, shelf exposure, and end-of-life operations of paper-based packaging. During this lifecycle, the adhesive joint is under constant loading from environmental conditions (e.g. forces from the surroundings such as other packaging units, dynamical forces from the machines, and/or climate changes such as temperature and relative humidity). The contribution from mechanical bonding can be particularly important for solid boards where the adhesive bonding is achieved through the mechanical interlocking of the adhesive into irregularities and pores of the carton-board surface. The formation of an adhesive joint with dispersion adhesives is affected by the rheological properties of the adhesive layer, the structure and absorption properties of the board surface. There are many test methods intended to determine the strength of an adhesive including peel, shear, cleavage and tension tests. Peel tests are common for tapes, labels, coatings and other bonded materials. The most common methods include T peel, Y peel and angle peel tests using tensile test machines. The cardboard adhesives that are currently in use have a large share of dispersion adhesives (PVAC, EVA, acrylic and PU) which are water-based adhesive systems that form bonds through physical hardening when the water evaporates. Sustainability issues require replacement of these chemicals with bio-based ones. Based on our previous research, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) can increase the bonding strength of adhesive joints for different kinds of materials. In this study, 3 different cardboards with dispersion adhesive which had the addition of 7% of BNC were used. Zwick multitester with two methods (Y peel and T peel) was used to determine the strength of the cardboard joints. The results indicate differences in force elongation results due to different testing methods, where some of the cardboard properties and BNC had a positive effect on the overall adhesion joint strength.

Keywords:
cardboard adhesion, bacterial nanocellulose, Y peel, T peel

Abstract:
The subject of this paper includes research into the possibility of using different waste paper materials for the production of new graphic packaging, in order to reduce the percentage of paper waste, give new life to waste paper materials, and reduce the production and use of virgin paper packaging materials. The subject of this paper also includes research into the possibility of using the FDM technique of additive manufacturing in the production of molds for casting, that is, the design of future paper packaging. The molding process is used to form the shape of paper pulp, while the forming process is used to form the shape of solid paper materials.

Keywords:
packaging, paper pulp, recycled paper, 3D printing

Abstract:
This paper study is related to two research areas, namely 3D computer graphics and augmented reality with a combination of their display on mobile devices. It presents the creation of three different interactive 3D models based on a realistically drawn image of domestic animals and can be displayed on mobile devices using augmented reality. The textured animals' models are displayed in the application Augmented animals (slo. Obogatene živali) with a simple user interface. The usability of the application is demonstrated by the detection of the image target, i.e., a printed interactive card, which proves the interaction between the mobile device and the augmented paper. When the mobile device camera recognizes the target, it displays the selected animal on the screen. The result is the enhancement of the real environment with animated 3D characters. By displaying a 3D character on the screen and interacting with the user interface, the presentation of each animal in three different animated movements is enabled. The first empirical part of this work was done with the help of the Blender program, in which we created all three animal 3D characters. First, we had to model all the animals from the initial templates into a recognizable 3D mesh, which we then mapped the textures on. This was followed by the construction of a system of bones and animation controls, based on which we could create the animal animations. After this step, we transferred the project to the Unity program. Then it followed the construction of an application that allows the representation of characters in augmented reality. The results of the entire work are appropriately made animal characters in the form of animated 3D models that can be displayed in augmented reality mode on mobile devices using interactive cards. The selected testing parameters showed that there are certain differences in rendering between the two tested mobile devices depending on the selected subdivision level of the 3D character. However, for recognition based on lighting conditions, distance and slope between the image target and the mobile device, the best user experience is obtained when the image target is captured from a distance of 15-20 cm and from a bird's eye view under good lighting conditions.

Keywords:
3D computer graphics, augmented reality, mobile devices, interactive 3D content, augmented paper

Abstract:
The Covid-19 pandemic has caused a series of hasty changes and spurred the digital transformation of various services. The pandemic itself has the greatest impact on the health system, which faces several challenges. Health-focused chatbots (“healthbots”) and apps have more and more important role in collecting quality information about health from credible sources and by doing so, they contribute to quality healthcare. Chatbots, which were used exclusively in connection with the pandemic, were used in more than thirty countries in the world. But there is limited evidence on how such healthbots are perceived in public. This paper is a contribution to this field of research – it deals with the analysis of media presentation of the healthbot Andrija, which was developed and used in Croatia during the Covid-19 pandemic. Using the research matrix from the paper “Chatbot use cases in the Covid-19 public health response” by P. Amiri and E. Karahanna published in Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, we analysed the health chatbot used in Croatia, with the emphasis on its design features and also media presentation of the project, which was crucial in popularization of the healthbot. Because of the need for a quick response to crisis, this chatbot was developed very quickly. As such, design is relatively simple, using system-directed initiatives and it is focused on a narrow set of simple tasks. In conclusion, the ease of use, and fast information dissemination provide complementary functionality which can potentially reduce the pressure on health workers in situations of increased need for access to primary health care. The use of health chatbots is confronting with many obstacles both at the level of the social system (consumers’ acceptability) as well as the technical system (design and usability). More sophisticated chatbot designs and opportunities for synergies with machine learning should be explored in the future in combination with more developed and sophisticated methods of media presentation.

Keywords:
chatbot, design, visual information, health system

Abstract:
In visual interaction between people, faces are the element that most attracts observers, so facial images are also an important element of communication between people. The aspect of observing and memorizing facial images has often been the subject of research. When observing facial images, there are two important parameters: the dimensions of the facial images and the observation time. Both of them have a great influence on recognition performance. In our research, we set three different dimensions of face images (small, medium, and large) and four observation times for the observation test (1, 2, 4, and 8 seconds). Since the results of face image recognition success in terms of these parameters have already been reported in other studies, we focused on the observation times for face images in the recognition process. We hypothesized that when participants looked the facial image quickly (short answer times), they were more likely to be convinced of the correctness of the answer and, consequently, fewer false recognitions would occur. In contrast, when participants looked at the face image for a longer time during the recognition process, they hesitated more, and the rate of incorrect recognition was higher because they were not completely sure of their answer. We found that in all 12 cases, the average duration of correct answers was shorter than that of incorrect answers. According to the time distribution of the duration of all answers, we set two limits (2 and 3 seconds) and analyzed the wrong answers according to these time limits. We found that with longer answer times, the proportion of incorrect recognition increased strongly. This is particularly noticeable in the tests where participants observed the facial images for a longer time (8 seconds) and could therefore memorize them better.

Keywords:
facial images, observation test, recognition test, incorrect recognition, eye tracking

Abstract:
Expressions of emotions are often found in facial images. In addition to the neutral facial expression, we know six basic expressions of emotion: joy, anger, sadness, fear, surprise, and disgust. The similarity of some emotion expressions sometimes leads to incorrect recognition or confusion of two emotions. In our study, we tried to find out how these substitutions manifest in the recognition of emotions on frontal and profile face images. The results of the substitutions in emotion recognition were presented with a substitution matrix. The second part of the study focused on confirming these results with the analysis of facial feature observation and fixation duration. In the analysis of facial features, the three main facial features (eyes, mouth, and forehead with nasal) that attract the most attention were considered. Fixation duration was also measured for these facial features. The basis of the research equipment was an eye tracker, which we used to define the areas of interest (AOI) for the analysis. The results of the observational proportions of facial features confirmed a relatively large scale of substitutions of the emotions fear and surprise, anger and disgust, and partial fear and disgust in frontal facial images. In profile facial images, the most frequent incorrect recognition were the emotions happiness and surprise, anger and disgust, fear and disgust, and anger and sadness. Since there is less information about the face in the profile facial image than in the frontal facial images, the results also confirmed a higher proportion of incorrect recognition in the profile face images and thus a more difficult recognition of emotions in the profile face images. The greater extent of incorrect recognition was also confirmed by the fixation duration results. Both results (observation proportions of facial features and fixation duration) were also presented in a graph.

Keywords:
frontal facial images, profile facial images emotion expression, internal facial features, fixation duration, eye tracking

Abstract:
COVID-19 has brought a number of changes in people’s lifestyles as well as in business strategies. The consumers are moving towards social media and brands are forced to adjust their positioning strategies to retain existing and attract new customers. In generating the customer engagement, the brand content must match the visual preferences of its target group. This paper reviews a relevant literature of visual communication in the context of branding focusing on changes in terms of redesign and rebranding imposed by a crisis. The aim is to identify how companies successfully developed memorable, contextually-relevant and public-educational visual brand communication and strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The content analysis method was used in order to create a synthesized overview of brands' visual communication and their creative solutions during the pandemic. The results of this study highlight the importance of visual communication that can be taken by brands in dealing with crisis situations such as pandemic, and its effects on consumer behaviour in the new-normal era.

Keywords:
visual communication, branding, covid-19 pandemic

Abstract:
Animation is a method, in which still images create the illusion of movement on the screen. We manipulate the viewer with fast-moving pictures to make them look as if they can move. This article intends to make a 2D animated film based on a screenplay template with synchronized sound. In the article, we had to provide different Software: Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Animate, Adobe After Effects, Adobe Premier Pro, Reaper (Digital Audio Workstation), and Sketchbook. In addition to the software and, of course, the computer, we also used a graphics tablet, a microphone, and a sound card During writing the article, we get to know the workflow of the creation of animation, from the design to the final product. We tested ourselves in the role of all important members of production houses to get the most realistic insight into the creation of such a project. The final product of the article is a short cartoon with a synchronization of speech and sound.

Keywords:
animation, 2D, cartoon, lip sync, synchronized sound

Abstract:
Collaborations between social media influencers (SMIs) and brands have become increasingly popular in recent years, so many marketers and brands either start implementing influencers or intensify SMI use in their marketing strategies. Influencer marketing is the practice of compensating influencers for posting about a product or a service on their social media profiles. Influencers usually specialize in a particular niche area and possess highly devoted follower bases of different sizes. Their incentivized brand-related messages are very effective and achieve increased engagement because of their personal manner, subtlety, and authentic advertising approach. One of the first steps in the influencer marketing process is to reach out to the right influencer with the aim of partnering up and collaborating in order to engage new potential customers and consequently grow a business. Therefore, influencer marketing basically starts with an influencer’s positive response to a brand’s outreach and collaboration consent. This research study aims to determine the responsiveness of Instagram influencers to a small business outreach offering an unpaid collaboration (a free product in exchange for a feed post). It was also analysed how different Instagram influencer categories, in terms of follower count, responded to the selected small business’ outreach (and consequently collaborated) and which Instagram influencer category is more likely to accept this kind of collaboration proposal. In addition, several practical recommendations are made regarding how small businesses should focus their efforts to make their Instagram influencer outreach marketing strategy more successful.

Keywords:
social media influencer (SMI), Instagram influencer marketing, influencer outreach and collaboration responsiveness, influencer outreach strategy, small business

Abstract:
Internet users are bombarded every day with various ads, and they try to block them in all possible ways. If they do not block them, they usually pay little attention to them. Therefore, ads need to be creative and provide as much relevant information as possible about the advertised product or service at a glance in order to lead to conversions. For this purpose, the benefits of infographics can be used very well, in addition to dynamic forms of ads that consist of audio and video elements, especially in a responsive web environment. This type of advertising is also great for posting on social media, where the flow of information and responses is very fast. Infographics actually represent a visual presentation of information through a combination of typography, symbols, pictograms, shapes, and colours and are used to present complex information quickly and clearly. The use of infographics as one of the multimedia elements in digital advertising contributes to the optimization of advertising content, which also contributes to SEO optimization. To investigate the extent to which infographics in digital advertising can contribute to the optimization of advertising content in a responsive web environment, A/B testing of multimedia advertising content presented through infographics and content that contained all relevant information about the advertiser and was not presented in the form of an infographic was conducted on two types of screens. The A/B testing model itself provides the opportunity to maximize conversion rates, but it also provides a significant increase in knowledge about how advertising content is presented. It can also establish a set of optimized practices for multimedia elements of ad content. The proposed testing model provides the perfect opportunity to properly test your ad before launch. The same analogy can be applied to other multimedia elements used to create ads, such as photos, animations, colours, content management system elements, etc. The obtained results provide valuable information about infographics possibilities in advertising content optimization in a responsive web environment because they load faster, are suitable for small screens, and do not tire users.

Keywords:
infographics, digital ads, ads content optimization, responsive web, A/B testing

Abstract:
Chromatic aberration is an optical defect that causes light rays of different wavelengths to focus at different points along the optical axis of the lens. It is manifested as band of one color at frame transitions around contrasting edges in the photo. There are two types of chromatic aberration: longitudinal and lateral. Lateral chromatic aberration is the color fringing that occurs because the magnification of the image differs with wavelength. It tends to be far more visible than longitudinal. The aim of this research is to examine the influence of depth of field on the appearance of lateral chromatic aberration. For the purposes of the experiment, we used one mirrorless camera (Sony a1), while the lenses were variable. We used Sigma 85mm f/1.4 DG DN and Sigma 40mm f/1.4 to check which type of lens shows the most chromatic aberration and how much the change in f-number affects its appearance.

Keywords:
chromatic aberration, digital camera, depth of field, f-number

Abstract:
This paper focuses on the influence of colour on customers’ trust in websites in the fields of online banking and cryptocurrency trading. The literature reviews associated with the use of colour in web design shows that colour has a significant influence on customers’ interaction with websites. Considering that, this study aimed to determine the relationship between used colour and trust towards websites in the specific areas of online banking and cryptocurrency trading. The method used to explore these relationships was an online survey, based on Likert scale. The survey inquired data about respondents, such as gender, age, level of education and their use of online banking and cryptocurrency trading. The main part of the survey was the one where the respondents were presented with website stimuli that differed in colour, and evaluated through grades on the Likert scale on given statements related to trust. To define to which extent, the chosen colour palette along with some users’ general characteristics impacts the perception toward trust of presented websites, Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Mann–Whitney U test was conducted. The results indicated that there is a difference in respondents’ trust towards websites in the fields of online banking and cryptocurrency trading depending on the colour used as the dominant in website design. Statistical significance was partly reached to their age and gender but not to their level of education. Overall, the study showed that when designing websites in the fields of online banking and cryptocurrency trading, choosing colour palettes that are needed to be trustworthy to the targeted audience is the issue that should be addressed with attention.

Keywords:
web design, colour, trust, e-banking, cryptocurrency

Abstract:
Quality control of digital photos is evolving rapidly every day. Procedures and methods of measurement are changing. Cameras on mobile phones are currently in focus because they are largely replacing the cameras used so far. Based on the standards for the control of photos on mobile phones, in this paper one of the essential quality attributes was chosen to be tested, which is the sharpness of the photos. For the purposes of the experiment, five commercially available mobile phones with different rear camera characteristics were selected. Two standard test cards with different contrast ratios were used. The tests were carried out under appropriate laboratory conditions. Sharpness is analaziry via MTF50 value as measured in Imatest software. Based on the results, it is concluded that the contrast of the test chart affects the measured value, therefore it is important to strictly define the conditions of measurement and the used test card when analyzing this attribute.

Keywords:
digital photography, mobile phone rear camera, sharpness, test chart contrast

Abstract:
This paper aims to give an overview of the user experience in online video game players with colour vision deficiency by exploring the different methods of daltonization tools given within four popular online multiplayer video games. The paper also considers the different options for improving the user experience of players with colour vision deficiency based on the noticed shortcomings of analysed games. The analysis of the potential colour confusing scenes was done for the four popular online multiplayer games: Rust published by the Facepunch studio, Valorant and League of Legends both published by Riot Games and Overwatch, published by Blizzard. The conducted research has shown that Rust has no accessibility settings, Valorant and League of Legends use partial daltonization, while Overwatch is characterised by full daltonization. Detailed analyses of the pros and cons of each daltonization level for each video game were presented along with suggestions for improvement, including the implementation of the proto-patterns method suggested by Molina-López and Medina-Medina (2019). As the result, it was shown that colour, although an essential part of video game design, can and should be a secondary element in video game graphics over which shapes, outlines and text should lead in the clear presentation of the information and reduction of mistakes due to colour vision impairments.

Keywords:
Colour perception, colour vision deficiency, video games, universal and accessible design, daltonization tools.

Abstract:
The average estimated time for creating a realistic human-like 3D game character using traditional workflow is approximately one hundred hours. Creating corresponding facial animations for the persuasive narrative of 3D characters is even more time-consuming. The manuscript explores the possibilities of creating a personalized digital character according to an actual person within the newly-developed technology. The goal of the work involves defining guidelines for the workflow of generating a personalized three-dimensional character based on a real person in the MetaHuman framework. The given detailed insight into the state-of-the-art methodology for creating game characters ensures understanding and reproducibility within a timeframe that is ten times shorter compared to the standard 3D character design workflow.

Keywords:
character design, game engine, MetaHuman, Unreal, photogrammetry, 3D modeling

Abstract:
The subject of this paper is the development and design solution of an augmented reality application for marketing purposes. The main goal of the study is to examine the functionality of Unity software and Vuforia software development kit, as well as create an application that will allow the user to play video content using augmented reality technology. The application's primary goal is to give the user more information about the Company behind the Augmented Reality target image. The development of the application was preceded by research in the field of immersive technologies and software for Augmented Reality development. The aim of this research is to set up an intuitive system in the form of a mobile application that would identify the image and play and control the video content on the mobile device screen using Augmented Reality technology.

Keywords:
Augmented Reality, application design, user experience design

Abstract:
Traditional papermaking is based on the use of an aqueous suspension consisting of cellulose fibres obtained by processing wood, non-wood plants or waste paper. With growing environmental concerns regarding deforestation and CO2 production, the paper industry has been always looking for new sources of non-wood pulp that would produce papers of similar quality to those made from wood pulp. Cereal straw from wheat, barley or triticale crops that remains on fields as a residue after grain harvesting has proven to be a good substitute for virgin wood fibres needed in the production of recycled paper. In this study, the quality of printed text on recycled paper with added straw pulp is evaluated mainly based on the line and edge characteristics of the printed letters. For this purpose, three types of laboratory paper substrates were first prepared using recycled wood pulp with the addition of 30% wheat, barley, or triticale straw pulp. The same letter pattern was printed with black ink on each paper substrate at a standard size of 12 pt with two common typefaces: Arial and Times New Roman. The quality of the printed letters was assessed through the measured print quality parameters such as blurriness, raggedness, fill and contrast. The resulting measurements were compared with the results obtained on the reference and control samples made exclusively from recycled wood pulp as a substrate from laboratory and commercial production. In terms of fill and contrast values, the uniformity of lines printed on the recycled papers with added straw pulp is the same or very similar to the reference and control papers. Letters printed in Arial (sans-serif) typeface show slightly better reproduction quality than letters printed in Times New Roman (serif) typeface. The measured parameters blurriness and raggedness of all laboratory-made paper substrates (with and without straw pulp) had similar values between 0.17 mm and 0.20 mm, resulting in a very similar reproduction quality compared to the reference paper substrate.

Keywords:
digital printing, line and edge quality, paper substrate, printed letters, straw pulp

Abstract:
Compared to papers derived from virgin fibres, recycled papers possess somewhat limited optical, strength and printing properties. Strength properties are usually increased by blending recycled fibres with virgin fibres in pulp for paper production, while optical and printing properties are often improved by coating after the paper is being manufactured. In this study, the usability of virgin fibres derived from straw as the agricultural residue of wheat, barley and triticale crops for paper production was evaluated based on the stability of prints on laboratory-made paper. For that purpose, in laboratory conditions, the papers with the addition of straw pulp in the pulp of recycled fibres were formed and prior to printing they were coated with TiO2-based coating. Process inks, in full-tone, were applied on coated straw-containing papers by digital printing process. Optical properties of digital prints upon accelerated ageing were evaluated based on Euclidean colour difference calculated from spectrophotometric values measured on black and magenta prints before and after 48 h and 96 h of ageing. The obtained results were compared with those provided by printing substrates made only from recycled fibres with and without TiO2-based coating. It was observed that TiO2-based coating has no influence on the stability of black digital prints, while each layer of TiO2-based coating reduces deviations in magenta colour upon ageing.

Keywords:
straw pulp, paper, TiO2-based coating, ageing

Abstract:
Papers are the most commonly used substrates. A printable paper must have certain properties. These properties include surface smoothness, air permeability, surface energy, colour of the paper, opacity, whiteness, light fastness, gloss, and coefficient of elongation under force. In addition, a good printable paper should not allow ink to pass between its two surfaces. After the papers are produced, they are subjected to surface treatments in order to improve the above-mentioned properties and to provide extra specification. Surface treatments include calendering, surface sizing and coating processes. While filling the recesses and protrusions on the surface with the coating process, the paper's affinity for the ink is increased, and the penetration of the ink to the other surface of the paper is prevented. In the coating process basically, a filler is dispersed in a binder. In this study, it is aimed to obtain the highest quality and most printable paper by changing the type of binder used in the coating. In this study, equal amount (5% w/w) titanium dioxide filler was used in all coating formulations. In coating formulations; cationic starch, hydroxy ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol polymers were used as binders. Binder amounts are adjusted according to optimum viscosity. The obtained coating formulations were coated on the paper surface with a laboratory type coating device. Colour, gloss, surface smoothness, air permeability, surface energy and surface morphology of the coated papers were determined. It was printed with magenta offset printing ink on three different types of paper coated with different binders, using the IGT C1 offset printability test device, under 400 N/m2 pressure printing conditions. Colour and gloss measurements of the prints were made. As a result; It was determined that three different binders improved the printability parameters.

Keywords:
printability, paper coating, binder, paper quality

Abstract:
The main problems encountered in the long storage of printed or painted images are associated with deterioration of color characteristics and loss of information from them. The changes, that occur are due to the processes of ageing of the inks and papers. Natural ageing is a rather slow process. Therefore a study of the changes occurring with the printed images over the time under artificial UV radiation has been carried out. For the purpose of this experiment, was designed specialized test form, containing thousands of control patches for estimating the spectral, color and optical density shifts during the artificial ageing. The main goals of this research are to investigate the influence of artificial UV ageing on the optical density, spectral and color characteristics of printed images. The experiment have been performed in real printing conditions on state of art offset printing presses. The printing media used in the experiment are matte coated and uncoated offset paper, which are chosen because they are wide used all over the world. The test images and all the thousands of color control patches have been submitted to UV artificial ageing. The spectral and color characteristics of the inks and paper were examined during the different UV ageing period. The obtained results shows changes in all of investigated parameters during artificial ageing. The results are important from scientific and practical point of view. They might be used for modeling of ageing processes and could be very useful for recovering of original color characteristics of aged images.

Keywords:
UV ageing, physical - mechanical and optical properties of papers, color characteristics

Abstract:
Flexographic printing is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the printing industry. Our related research project examined the potential of matte varnishing as a surface finishing process. Various surface finishing processes, such as various safety varnishes, protective varnishes, barrier varnishes, and the types of matt varnish we have chosen, are playing an increasingly important role in the development of today's packaging material trend. In the course of the research, we tested the changes in the surface structure of the varnishing layer in the case of varying amounts of lacquer application, and we measured the gloss values in the case of the use of clichés with different surface patterns.

Keywords:
flexographic printing, varnishing, surface structure

Abstract:
By integrating light and static electricity to form a passive electrostatic image on an image unit covered with a light conducting substance, the electrophotography principle is applied to digital printing. and employ powder ink with a charge or toner on both the recording unit's image and non-image areas. Static electricity also causes the image to transfer to the printed material. The quality of the image that is conveyed and received depends on the electric charge energy. This study's objectives were to examine how the electric charge energy difference in a digital press image impacts the color value. By changing the electric charge's five levels to -10, -5, 0, +5, and +10, evaluate the color difference value, and selected each of electric charge energy value to improve color quality of digital printing.

Keywords:
electrophotography, electric charge energy (ECE), color gamut

Abstract:
With the increasing importance of flexible packaging in recent years, the trend of packaging printing in the printing industry has increased. The most widely used printing systems in flexible packaging printing are flexo and rotogravure printing. Although rotogravure printing is as high quality and fast as flexo printing, it has made flexo printing more preferable because the printing preparation processes take longer and are more costly. Flexo printing is a high printing system, and it is a printing system that is widely used especially in corrugated cardboard and flexible packaging printing. In flexo printing, the main factors affecting quality are the material to be printed and its physical properties. In flexo printing, the main factors affecting quality are the material to be printed and its physical properties. In particular, the surface structure of plastic film and metallized packaging substrates with low surface energy is expected to be ink-retaining. Because the surfaces of synthetic plastic films and metallized foils have a smooth and slippery structure, preventing printing inks from sticking. Because the binder in the structure of the ink does not have a rough surface to penetrate. In order for plastic films to be printed, their surfaces must have certain properties. For this, surface improvement process called corona is applied to these material surfaces. With this process, the film material surfaces are made micro-rough and the ink adheres to the surface better and is more resistant to external factors. It should be borne in mind that the surface of a film material that has undergone a corona treatment may deteriorate over time unless it is printed on. Because the effectiveness of the corona treatment is time-limited and the surface energy inevitably decreases after a while. They are also affected by environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. In this study, to show the importance of corona surface coating, test prints were made with flexo printing on corona treated film materials whose corona became insufficient due to time. In the examination of the microscopic images of the test prints, it was observed that the ink adhered very well and was resistant to external factors on the surfaces where the corona treatment was adequately applied. On the other hand, it was determined that the ink color intensity decreased and the print quality deteriorated in the material with insufficient corona after the corona period. As a result, in printing systems, the surface energies of the plastic films must be approximately 10 mN/m higher than the surface tension of the ink during the printing process, in order to maintain good printing quality and unchanged throughout the printing, and for this, the surface energies of the plastic films must be increased by corona surface treatment. demonstrated on test prints and microscopic images of prints.

Keywords:
Flexo printing, Corona treatment, Flexible packaging printing, Plastic films

Abstract:
Coating the substrate as a method of surface finishing is very common in the printing industry. It is used to improve the properties of the final printed paper substrate and also as a pre-treatment method before applying the printing ink. Such pre-treatment is primarily used to modify the surface tension of a substrate, which primarily aims to achieve higher print quality and better ink adhesion. In this paper, the effect of the HP Indigo WS 6800 print press on the paper substrate was tested with a variation of corona power (0 W, 450 W, and 950 W) and the application of the different thicknesses of primer intended for working with ElectroInk inks (0 g/m2, 0,5 g/m2 and 1 g/m2). To determine their influence on achromatic reproduction, an image analysis is carried out to determine the diameter of the black halftone elements (Personal PIAS), which could also diagnose the halftone shapes (deformation of the circle of black print dots). Black separation without corona treatment produces the smallest, but also the most deformed halftone elements, while the optimum (highest print dot) is achieved by a corona voltage of 450 W. The most effective black print is achieved by applying a primer of 0,5 g/m2.

Keywords:
paper pretreatment, HP Indigo, print quality, screen element analysis

Abstract:
The main purpose of this article is to study the various quality indicators of industrial electrophotographical digital printing systems. Several test forms with a large number of test charts and various control elements were printed on the aforementioned digital printing and media systems. For the purpose of the study, one of the most common print media was used - mat and glossy coated papers, uncoated papers, Brigh foil gold, Martele Blanc paper, MC Primecoat, PP Silver, etc. with standard colour profiles FOGRA 39 and FOGRA 51 and offset uncoated paper with standard colour profiles FOGRA 29 and FOGRA 52. Colour gamut (2D and 3D), colour volumes, colour differences, etc. were studied. ICC profiles for specific printing systems and materials have been generated and their 3D volumes, 2D areas of different sections in light, medium and dark tones have been studied. Other indicators of the quality of reproduction have been studied, such as - achieved colour differences in relation to the set / desired colour and ISO standards, accuracy of reproduction - colour and geometric, grey balance TVI, etc.

Keywords:
ICC colour profiles, digital printing, printing quality, colour gamut, colour reproduction quality, grey balance, electrophotography

Abstract:
Industrial digital inkjet printing machines are increasingly entering commercial printing, label, packaging, etc. The quality of printing and the speed of inkjet printing machines are constantly increasing, but in a number of industries such as packaging, labels, etc. there are increased requirements for colour reproduction quality, which requires additional and in-depth research. The main purpose of this article is to study the different quality indicators of the most widely used digital inkjet systems. For the purposes of the experiment were used from the most commonly used in practice materials such as – regular matte and glossy coated paper, uncoated white paper, Jetcoat paper, photo paper - gloss, self-adhesive film - gloss, etc. with standard colour profiles FOGRA 39 and FOGRA 51 and offset uncoated paper with standard colour profiles FOGRA 29 and FOGRA 52. Several test forms with a large number of test charts and various control elements are printed on the aforementioned digital printing presses on different media. Colour gamut (2D and 3D), colour volumes, colour differences, etc. were studied. ICC profiles for the specific printing systems and materials have been generated and 2D visualization and comparison of the colour gamut of the studied media at different values of L and 3D visualization and comparison of the colour gamut of the studied media with standard ICC profile FOGRA.

Keywords:
reproduction quality, Inkjet printing, ICC profiles, digital printing, substrate, colour gamut

Abstract:
We can define printed electronics as the application of printing on a material by means of semiconductor, dielectric and electronic components. This process basically takes place by adding materials that will provide conductivity properties into the printing inks. In addition to printing with traditional printing systems, drop-on demand inkjet printing provides an important advantage in this field thanks to its non-contact and digital patterning capabilities. Therefore, the demand for inkjet printing printable inks based on high-performance electronics is also increasing to expand the scope of possible applications for printed electronics. In recent years, inkjet printing technology has become more and more popular due to its use in various applications such as photovoltaic cells, light-emitting diodes (LED), organic thin-thin transistors, displays, radio frequency identification devices (RFID), smart clothing and sensors. For these applications, the unique feature of inkjet printing technology is that it can print on a wide range of materials and is a digital, contactless and plateless system. We can count other advantages of this technology as low cost and savings from waste. These properties make the inkjet printing technique particularly suitable for printing conductive patterns on a variety of flexible substrates in the manufacture of electronic circuits or devices. The electrical conductivity on the printed material may vary depending on the substrate, printing speed and pressure. For this purpose, a specially prepared test scale with lines of different thicknesses was printed on the polyethylene film material with BENTSAI BT-HH6105B1 Portable Handheld Mobile inkjet printing machine. The effect of machine speed and pressure values on conductivity was observed in the prints made with silver-based conductive inks. As a result, it was concluded that the conductivity value increased as the printing pressure increased at constant speed, and on the other hand, the conductivity value increased as the printing speed decreased when the pressure was fixed.

Keywords:
conductivity, inkjet, printed electronics, printability, conductive ink

Abstract:
Lithophane is a transparent plate on which, with the help of the different thickness of this plate, an image is formed. Light that passes through the plate from the back side of the plate shows a clear gray image on the front side of this plate. The strength of the transparency is determined by the material of the plate and the light source coming from behind. Without backlighting, the subject on the lithophane cannot be seen. Lithophanes in the form of porcelain vases were discovered in China long before the technique made its way to Europe. In Europe the origins of lithophanes date back to the early 19th century in France. Europeans perfected the technique and also used it to reproduce famous portraits and paintings. Today, the production of lithophanes is experiencing a renaissance with the advent of 3D printing technologies. In the research paper, the process of making lithophane using 3D printing is presented. First, 3D printing technologies are presented, more specifically the technology of extrusion of materials or thermoplastics modelled by joining layers. Then, the materials used for 3D printing with the mentioned technology are presented. Next, the procedures for 3D acquisition and reproduction of reliefs are described, and at the end, the lithophane itself is presented. In the practical part, the whole process of making lithophane is presented. For the creation of the lithophane model, the 3D modelling program Blender was used, and the lithophanes in physical form were made with the Creality Ender 3 3D printer using PLA filament. Droplet and electrophotographic printers were also used to produce colour lithophanes. The influence of LED and halogen lamps on the final impression of lithophane reproduction was also compared. Lithophanes produced with different print settings and different colour reproductions were compared. The results showed that the best wall thickness is one millimetre, and the layer thickness is the smallest value allowed by the printer. The orientation of the lithophane during printing has a great influence on the final image of the design. The best orientation is upright. Color reproduction is best when using electrophotographic printing in combination with acrylic varnish. Lighting research showed that LED is better than halogen lamps. The finished lithophane was of satisfactory quality and could be used as a decoration for the home or to organize an art exhibition with a large number of coloured lithophanes reproducing various artworks and motifs.

Keywords:
lithophane, coloured lithophane, 3D printing, relief reproduction

Abstract:
The field of 3D printing has developed greatly to date, and it is expected that this development will continue. 3D printing is already being used in the fashion industry, where it was first used for rigid, architectural shapes and later for a variety of movable structures. However, the area of mobility, comfort and softness is still under development in this field. The exploration of the above properties was also the reason for the present research work, the aim of which was to study the process of creating a textile-like 3D structure by assembling individual elements into a mesh. Various factors in both the design and technical areas had to be investigated and considered. The design process included the technical and visual part, i.e., the design of the individual elements, as well as the creation of different repeating patterns, as the shape and colour of the elements influence the final appearance. Different approaches were tested when modelling the individual elements. Through the research, other design approaches were also used, such as the use of geometry nodes or animation nodes, which are available as plug-ins in the Blender software. We combined different elements to create meshes or textile-like structures that were simple at first, but later resulted in more interesting designs by varying the size and shape of the elements, their arrangement, and colours. There are still many possibilities to develop the patterns further, for example, the elements could be arranged in different ways, or more emphasis could be placed on the shape and colour of the elements. Finally, we experimentally printed part of the chain-like structure and compared it with other structures designed in a 3D program and checked the size and density of the mesh by virtually simulating the fall of the mesh onto the body.

Keywords:
3D printing, 3D textile-like structure, fashion, SLA technology

Abstract:
Among the many types of additive manufacturing, stereolithography (SLA) stands out as one of the most versatile technologies, especially in the production of large prototypes of extremely high surface quality. The basic working principle of this technology has not changed for almost thirty years, but the recent rapid development of the mask-based variant of stereolithographic 3D printing technology (MSLA) has significantly increased its popularity and made it available to a wider range of users. This is especially true for MSLA 3D printers that use liquid crystal displays (LCD) for mask forming. These 3D printers are characterized by large build volume, high resolution and speed of model production, and low price. These factors make them extremely attractive for rapid prototyping or small-scale serial production. However, although they are superior to classical laser-based stereolithography in many technical aspects, their current main drawback is the smaller range of available materials. The development of modern stereolithographic technology has clearly shown that the capabilities of 3D printers themselves are just as important as the materials from which the models are made, the diversity of their mechanical characteristics, available colours, and optical properties. The materials used in all variants of SLA technology are liquid thermoset polymers that are sensitive to UV light (photopolymers). A wide range of areas of application requires a wide range of materials that meet the specific needs of each application. MSLA, as a newer technology, still does not have the same range of materials as 3D printers based on the laser variant of stereolithography. The situation is significantly improving with the increase in the number of available MSLA 3D printers, their popularity, and improved technical characteristics, and it can be said that this is the last step in legitimizing MSLA technology as a competitor to laser stereolithography. The aim of this paper is to analyse the material market for MSLA technology, categorize the supply of materials and objectively compare the available materials with those offered by reputable manufacturers of materials for classic SLA 3D laser printers. Special emphasis is placed on the quality and scope of technical specifications of MSLA materials, which is crucial for their professional use. In addition, the impact of thermoset polymers on user health and the environment is an especially important topic, so an overview of plant-based materials was also made.

Keywords:
additive manufacturing, stereolithography, materials, photopolymers

Abstract:
The main concern with protecting fruits and vegetables from bacterial infection and growth is ensuring product quality and safety. Hydroxyethyl cellulose, with –OH in the natural cellulose molecule substituted by a hydroxyethyl group, has been widely used in oil exploitation, coating, medicine, food and polymerization process. It is nontoxic and low-cost. Aloe vera is a well-known herbal plant that is used for its therapeutic properties. The gel extracted from Aloe vera plants contains a variety of biologically active compounds, phenolic contents, and minerals. In this study, the edible films containing different proportions of aloe vera and hydroxyl ethyl cellulose were prepared. The structural and antibacterial properties of the obtained edible films were examined. The obtained films were printed with inkjet. Color and adhesion properties of printed samples were determined and it was observed that the edible films showed antibacterial properties.

Keywords:
Edible film, hydroxyethyl cellulose, aloe vera, printability

Abstract:
The packaging industry is highly dependent on fossil resources and have serious environmental drawbacks. The largest part of the total volume of plastic waste is generated from food packaging, so new packaging strategies with green materials are required. Using the edible packaging films which are renewable, biodegradable and versatile, can reduce the amount of plastic waste. Also, there is an increasing demand of higher quality foods and a growing interest from consumers for minimally processed fresh-like foods with an extended shelf life. Edible films can be effective barriers which prevent unwanted mass transfers in foods. They can be green alternative to synthetic petroleum-based polymer packaging materials and nowadays this topic is a fast-growing area. Sodium alginate as a natural polysaccharide can be used for edible films with excellent properties such as transparency. But, sodium alginate practical applications in food packaging are limited as single-component because of poor mechanical and barrier properties. At the same time, pullulan is an extracellular and water-soluble microbial polysaccharide with good film-formation properties. The packaging materials made from pullulan and alginate may be better candidates for edible packaging films. The objective of this study was to formulate pullulan and sodium alginate based edible films for food packaging. For that purpose a series of pullulan/alginate films with different ratios were prepared. To improve film flexibility and processability, glycerol was added as plasticizers in the film formulation. Designed films were solvent cast from aqueous polymer solution. Understanding the film-forming mechanism during the drying process is crucial to predict properties of the obtained films, so rheological properties of prepared solutions were investigated. Formulated films have the potential to be used as inner primary packaging and can be manufactured by preparing a film-forming composition and enclosing a food product with the film. Using this kind of packaging material, no waste is generated contributing to the circular economy.

Keywords:
packaging, edible film, rheology, alginate, pullulan

Abstract:
Artificial intelligence has entered into many aspects of our lives – from virtual assistants and Netflix's recommendations, to fraud prevention and autonomous vehicles. In this paper we present an overview of the current use of artificial intelligence in printing industry. We discuss what does it imply for printers and clients, and how it might be used in the future. Since the main idea behind creating artificial intelligence is to mimic the capabilities of human mind, it does not surprise the fact that in printing it is mostly use for monitoring and decision making. Smart algorithms for choosing different layouts in order to minimize print waste, automated process control, creating targeted catalogues, are just a few examples. Even though the printing industry is one of the few not so disrupted by AI, it seems that the things are changing, and we might expect to see more of AI in printing in the near future.

Keywords:
artificial intelligence, printing, automated process control, inspection systems

Abstract:
Cultural heritage objects are precious witnesses of the past, so our mission is not only to preserve them for future generations, but also make them available or open to the public. Among most fragile historic materials are paper-based materials. They are susceptible to various forms of damage and deterioration, and their preservation presents a challenging task for conservators. In recent years, the use of advanced materials with unique properties has been growing at an increasing rate, even in the traditionally slow-changing cultural heritage sector. This study models how historic paper would be affected by application of multiple coating layers containing different quantities of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). In our study, a 4 % CNCs aqueous suspension was used to treat the samples. In order to form a uniform layer, bar-coating method was used, and in addition, a specific layer thickness was formed in both single and multiple passes. The prepared samples were analysed for their optical properties (colour coordinates, yellowness, opacity, gloss), physical properties (Taber stiffness, weight, thickness) and surface properties (roughness). An increase of wet film deposit thickness (single layer applications) resulted in an increase of paper thickness, grammage, gloss, opacity, yellowness, the ΔE value and Taber stiffness, while its average surface roughness decreased. Multi-layer applications have gradually decreased paper thickness, while Taber stiffness remained unchanged.

Keywords:
Gabriela Aleksić, Tomislav Cigula, Katarina Itrić Ivanda

Abstract:
Nowadays, the circular economy model is basically built on the efficient use of resources and the maximization of the product’s lifetime as long as possible, by recovering, reusing and recycling existing materials and products. Comparing circular economy with the new trend of customized products, there is an opportunity for the production of personalized products with less associated environmental costs. As a key factor can be considered the 3D printing technology, which is already widely accessible, offering customisable possibilities without expensive tooling based on individual specifications. Furthermore, the opportunity for recycling and degradation of different plastic materials and the creation of a filament for 3D printers has large impact on the product life cycle. The aim of this study is to highlight the management of recyclable plastic by creating new customized products. Souvenir industry has been chosen as a representative example which covers a big number of different products offering simultaneously a mass customized character.

Keywords:
Circular Economy, Customized Products, 3D Printing, Souvenir

Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to propose an approach to number plate recognition using digital image processing techniques in Matlab. The template matching method serves as the foundation for the suggested methodology that is thoroughly discussed and illustrated within a graphical user interface. A few limitations are mentioned along with the application of the methodology. Finally, suggestions are made for future research and methodology enhancement.

Keywords:
Number Plate Recognition (NPR), Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Template Matching, Digital Image Processing, MATLAB

Abstract:
Microbial contaminants intimidate food safety and shelf-life. Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have become a leading area of interest and research in barrier packaging materials that ensure food safety. Traits such as small size, high surface-to-volume ratio and multi-functionality make them ideal materials for producing self-sterilizing packaging. Numerous metal NPs have proven to fight against a wide range of pathogenic microbes through various methods. Further, metal NPs exhibit more biocompatibility than metal ions. This study investigates the role and the mechanism of action of the various NPs in self-sterilizing packaging. AgNPs, TiO2NPs, MgONPs, ZnONPs, AuNPs, FeONPs, Cu-based NPs and SnO2NPs have been explored for their biocidal action in self-sterilizing surfaces and food packaging applications in this work. The size, shape, surface structure, surface reactivity and other environmental factors (like pH) influence the biocidal properties of these metal NPs. From the literature survey, it was inferred that it was necessary for the metal NPs to be smaller than 50 nm in size to exhibit effective biocidal action against pathogenic microbes. The mechanisms followed by the metal NPs against bacteria and fungi include disturbing the cell wall, the metabolic process by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or the DNA synthesis mechanism. It was inferred that AgNPs, MgNPs and ZnONPs are some of the NPs that have a significant share in self-sterilizing surfaces. Being expensive, the works of literature on AuNPs and their application in this subject are very few. This paper aims to study the biocidal behaviour and rank the effectiveness of these metal NPs to act as ideal materials for self-sterilising packaging.

Keywords:
Metal nano particles, self-sterilizing packaging, nano technology, nano particle Synthesis

Abstract:
Packaging that supports NFC technology is generally designed to be reusable, thus by reducing the environmental impact of packaging, consumers and businesses are presented with more opportunities to be more sustainable. The important thing here is that a company can be creative and add information about a product or company without a significant financial investment. For example, if a customer is interested in a product on the shelf, they can be granted information about the origin of the product or links to provide some feedback on social networks. Furthermore, sales can be promoted by offering the customer a discount, coupon, or added value to the buyer. NFC technology can offer many benefits when used with packaging, ranging from interactivity to product security validation. NFC labels have unique identifiers that can be embedded in packaging to make consumers more interactive, secure, and more efficient in tracking, allowing packaging companies to offer better customer service and product safety. The aim of this work is to perform a comprehensive literature review of the application possibilities of NFC technology and develop a methodology for the application of NFC technology to promote product sales efficiency.

Keywords:
NFC, smart packaging, food packaging, mechanical impact

Abstract:
One of the main concerns in the world is health. The expansion of the food industry has also led to an increase in human morbidity. Therefore, nutrients, especially food additives, started to be more closely controlled after the emergence of scientifically proven threats. Even though these substances are strictly observed to ensure appropriate quantities and materials are used, consumer opinion is still negative towards them. Another crucial problem is the environment. Plastic waste generated in greater vast each year is accumulating and taking more and more space not only on land but also in water and even air. This is because plastic is cheap, strong and quickly made material leading to being the main type of packaging nowadays and creating this loophole situation. By combining naturally occurring substances, new packaging can be created to have the needed qualities. The purpose of the study was to create the coating with the synergetic essential oils mix for bread to replace the usual plastic package with an environmentally friendly and mould-resistant option.

Keywords:
bread, paper packaging, essential oil, antifungal

Abstract:
Interactive packaging is associated with data transmission methods such as 2D barcodes, radio frequency identification (RFI), near field communication (NFC), electroluminescent displays (ELD), and augmented reality (AR) for packaging. Data on storage, distribution, and characteristics of packaged food are most often stored. Some of the important data on storage conditions that can be stored are temperature and relative humidity, and data on food quality from microbiological points of view are also important. All collected data is easily accessible and enables an efficient flow of information to the supplier or end-user or customer. The manuscript will present the development of a conceptual solution for functional interactive packaging for olive oil with radio frequency identification. The conceptual solution is designed with full functionality in terms of packaging materials because certain packaging materials such as glass can interfere with wireless contactless technology that uses radiofrequency to transmit information. In addition to all the above, sustainable design settings were considered during the development of the conceptual design, so that the product follows a combination of the latest trends in the process of designing packaging products.

Keywords:
conceptual design, packaging, RFID, sustainability

Abstract:
Previous studies have shown that packaging design can influence people’s expectations regarding product attributes. This study explored the role of packaging visual design in presenting a non-visual attribute (i.e. odor) by investigating consumers’ responses to various graphic designs displayed on perfume packaging. Particularly, the aim was to examine how different visual elements (such as patterns, photographs and illustrations) influence product choices, preferences and odor associations. 136 people participated in the study, with approximately equal numbers of males and females. They were presented with 10 packaging samples. The samples were of the same shape and size but with different visual elements. The results of the experiment confirmed that participants associated highly recognizable objects with their specific odors. For example, a lemon pattern was paired with a fresh smell, and an image of a rose was paired with a floral smell. On the other hand, when packaging presented odor-neutral objects, the participants’ responses were not uniform. The design which was associated with the largest range of smells was the one with a photograph of a human body, which was paired with three different perfume types (namely, floral, woody and oriental). When data were split by gender, the results suggested that men had a preference for regular and sharp visual shapes. Another relevant finding is that perception of perfume packaging can be influenced by age. Young participants mostly preferred abstract visual shapes for perfume presentations. The results of the choice task indicated that young participants were more sensitive to variations in design than mature participants. Furthermore, they associated most of the packaging designs with more than one type of smell. The findings can be useful for successful perfume packaging design, especially when young consumers are the main target audience.

Keywords:
packaging; perfume; graphic design; expectations; choice

Abstract:
The consumer's interaction with packaging should be simple and intuitive. However, packaging is frequently designed in such a way that it is difficult to use, with text and labels that are difficult to see or understand. As a result, the prospective consumer may be discouraged from purchasing the product, or if the purchase has already been made, the ineffective handling of the packaging may result in a negative user experience, e.g. some users struggle to open the packaging. Due to the inability of the user to access the contents of the packaging, the user often experiences a feeling of frustration which may lead to accidents and injuries. This paper emphasizes the importance of cognitive ergonomics in packaging design. Cognitive processes, which involves how people think, make decisions and react, can be predicted, and lessons learned from studying these predictable responses can be integrated into good design.

Keywords:
packaging, cognitive, ergonomics

Abstract:
Footwear and apparel industry creates large amounts of waste, which cause environmental concerns through all value chain. Therefore, the aim of our research, as systematic review, was to identify, summarize, and evaluate existing sustainable packaging solutions in the apparel and footwear industry. The study followed the principles of a systematic review,research methodology, using a website search; Phyton programming language libraries were used to develop a web scraper. A sample included apparel and footwear brands that operate internationally around the World. The qualitative analysis method of thematic content clustering was then used to identify, summarize, and evaluate the results. The results have shown that less than half of the brands announced their long-term commitment to switching to sustainable packaging. Less, 84 brand have certificates for all or certain types of their packaging. There are 60 brands that offer reusable packaging services through collaboration with packaging providers. Only 52 of 400 brands have invested in eco-friendly packaging solutions and 32 joined to Responsible Packaging Movement and Ellen McArthur foundation. We found out that most of the brands with the sustainable statements and packaging solutions are from Europe (54.50 %). Others are from North America (28.25 %), Australia (10.10 %) and Asia (3 %). As expected, the clothing categories with the most sustainable packaging solutions are clothing for women and men, less footwear and accessories. The results of our study suggest that sustainable packaging is highly dependent on the social and environmental impacts, as well as the business and supply chain circumstances associated with each product packaging system. Apparel and footwear brands are generally committed to finding better packaging solutions for their products, although innovation in this area is still reluctantly shared.

Keywords:
packaging material, certificates, packaging solutions, sustainability, circular economy.

Abstract:
Grocery aisles in the United States provide the shocking realization that plastic packaging dominates the grocery industry. This realization raises the question of whether consumers are purchasing food that is not wrapped in plastic but in environmentally friendly packaging. For some consumers, finding food products wrapped in environmentally friendly packaging is not easy as it is not widely available in many United States grocery stores. This study adapted the Theory of Planned Behavior to investigate the relationship between purchase intention and purchasing behavior toward environmentally-friendly grocery packaging. This quantitative study collected 487 usable responses targeting a population of US consumers over 18 years old who purchase groceries. This study uncovered novel findings. This study supplied a fresh perspective on socio-demographics' role in environmentally friendly consumption, confirming that predominantly younger, unmarried consumers are likelier to act upon their intentions by purchasing environmentally friendly grocery packaging. The hope is that these findings provide marketers with fresh insights into the characteristics of consumers willing to purchase environmentally friendly grocery packaging. Results can also give government agencies and brands a clearer perspective on ways to increase consumers' knowledge of environmentally friendly packaging consumption.

Keywords:
Environmentally Friendly Grocery Packaging; Consumer Behavior; Socio-Demographics; Sustainable Consumption; Packaging Waste

Abstract:
It is well established that the consumers can often judge the qualities of enclosed products solely based on the information obtained from the packaging. The shape, size and weight of the container, materials, visual design, and information influence the consumer’s perception of the product and purchasing decisions. In the context of consumer’s browsing through store shelves, the appearance of the packaging container can be the crucial factor for selecting a specific product for closer inspection and, therefore, can have the major role in purchasing process and consumers’ decisions. The majority of chocolate bar packaging feature rectangular physical shape of the container. Therefore, using materials, finishing and, most importantly, visual design elements, the designers strive to differentiate the product from the competition on the store shelves while also communicating desired qualities of the product. The research in this paper is focused on the influence of colour and basic shape elements applied on packaging on the perception of quality attributes of chocolate products. In the first part of the research semantic differential questionnaire was used to evaluate perception of colours and basic shape elements in regard to pragmatic and hedonic quality aspects of confectionery products. For this part of the research, the stimuli were displayed outside of the context of packaging. For the main part of the research, both physical prototypes and digital simulations of the packaging were developed, with variations in dominant colours and basic shapes used for visual design of the packaging. AttrakDiff questionnaire was used for subjective evaluation of physical stimuli. Digital simulations, combined with eye-tracking equipment, were used to assess the visual inspection of stimuli when the participants were asked to search for a specific taste related property of the product. Fixation count and fixation duration were measured to establish which packaging designs gathered the most attention during the visual search for specific product traits.

Keywords:
packaging design, colour, quality, visual design elements

Abstract:
Globalisation, has been challenged in the last two years by the emergence of the Corona virus. In particular, the events of the last two years have had a tremendous impact on the educational process throughout the world, as the learning process has taken a completely new turn; the young people, who have been deprived of much unconcern, have lost the most in terms of educational processes. Despite these facts, with a lot of effort, it has been possible to maintain the high level of education and knowledge transfer with the help of modern technologies (online learning). Even more, successful practises and thus real-time networking and education have been achieved. One of the results of the above work is also the bilateral cooperation between the Republic of Slovenia (University of Ljubljana) and the US state of Kansas (Wichita State University), which started in October 2021 and ended in January 2022. We created a project that involves students from both continents and gives them the opportunity to learn about cultural and linguistic differences. Multilingual communication is something to strive for, especially in the post-covid times. Slovenian students learned about US states and tried to represent them graphically in an appropriate way by imitating the design of letters or inscriptions. Following the same principle, Kansas students were also involved in the project, with the difference that they were able to collect and learn data about different European countries. The result of the bilateral cooperation was a world map that represents the state or country as the students see and perceive it. In designing the map, the students considered historical, sociological, and cultural aspects specific to a region. This laid the foundation for further collaboration and created a basis that can help educate and learn about cultural and linguistic differences in the world in the future. The first phase of the project is currently ongoing, but will be expanded in the coming years. The aim of the project is to create a graphic printout of all the countries in the world, displayed in what is called a typography world map. Our aim is to connect educational institutions from all over the world and thus contribute to the acceptance of cultural and linguistic differences.

Keywords:
education, graphic design, language, typography, visualisation of information

Abstract:
Designers today, through the creation of media content, do not only create a media construct, but they also participate in the creation of social values, norms, and common patterns of communication. When reading books, manuals and design instructions, a design practitioner often encounters the term "good design". If we take the “good design” concept of industrial designer Dieter Rams, then the term will be describing the product that is useful and understandable, innovative, aesthetic, unobtrusive, honest, long-lasting, thorough to the last detail, environmentally friendly, and involves as little design as possible. His principles of "good design" can be applied to the field of media design, applications, user interfaces and so on. Or, if we change the paradigm towards the ethics, is “good design” design which is not only aesthetically pleasing but also that strives to do good - to be socially responsible in order to improve the social environment? This approach is the basic of this article. The basis and starting point for the discussion was the article "Redefining design ethics" by Phil McCollam published in Design and Culture, 6: 3, 2014. The author argues that designers have a legal obligation to be aware of and to follow accessibility laws and standards, but also, more broadly, they have an ethical obligation to focus on the needs of the people who will use their designs, even when the law does not explicitly require it of them. Furthermore, he says that future professionals must be challenged to develop solutions that are human-centric. The research is based on a questionnaire and discussions with the students of graphic design. Therefore, the goal of this research is to explore the existence of awareness of the ethical and social role of design in contemporary society through individual awareness of students.

Keywords:
ethical design, vocational ethics, citizen designer, media education

Abstract:
In teaching and learning graphic design in a secondary vocational school, we mainly use digital tools for both teaching and learning. According to the curriculum, students in the 2nd and 4th years learn to design various printed and animated content. The work is very creative and students need to be able to visualize their ideas in an appropriate way and with appropriate tools, which is a challenging and complex process. For the teachers, it is a challenge to give instructions for a specific task and to evaluate it, and for the students, it is a challenge how to solve it in the most successful way. With the rapid development of technology and the unstoppable updating of programs, problems arise because students must constantly familiarize themselves with new programs and the variety of new digital tools and techniques, while thinking about how to conceptualize and visualize a particular idea in accordance with the task at hand. As a result, they are unable to focus on their own creativity as they have to constantly learn how to use digital tools that enable them to create a design product. The goal of the research is to create measurable and verifiable data that will help apply an appropriate didactic method to achieve optimal results when teaching graphic design. When teaching the subject matter in the practical classes of graphic design, teachers mainly use 3 didactic methods: Demonstration methods, text methods and video methods (Figure 1). In the research, we determined which didactic method is the most effective in achieving a certain learning goal according to the set task. The methodology included experimental work and interviewing students. In the experimental part, students solved tasks using the method of all three didactic methods and then completed a questionnaire. The survey was completed by 56 students (2nd and 4th year students). Students rated each didactic method on a 5-point Likert scale. The results obtained were statistically analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics. The results of the analysis provide an interesting insight into the creative process of the students in relation to the learning methods. The results of the study show that the choice of an appropriate didactic method or a combination of didactic methods is important both for a student's successful and creative implementation of a design task and for the effective teaching of graphic design.

Keywords:
graphic design, high school, formal education, didactic methods, creativity, digital learning tools

Abstract:
A paragraph is a grouping of sentences, a way of carving them up into connected sets so as to reduce the diversity of their thoughts to manageable proportions. Normally readers will expect a paragraph to have a single focus and one role since it is defined as a group of sentences developing a single idea, concept, thought, and topic. Overlong paragraphs, with too many sentences in them, have numerous drawbacks. The text becomes under organized and difficult to follow. However, paragraphs should not be too short. If paragraphs are reduced to just one or two sentences, then they cease to have this organizing rationale and become heteronymous cogs, turning as the argument progresses but not doing any useful work. For English-speaking readers, short paragraphs in technical writing will also make the text look disconnected, fragmented, and uncertain. A paragraph's pattern is important in making an argument look coherent and well organized because it is a unit of thought. In general, a paragraph should make one point, or one component part of a single broader point. Where a paragraph handles miscellaneous unconnected points, as it is sometimes necessary to round out an argument, this role should be explicitly signaled to readers because they will not expect it. The relationship between the ideas in an EST (English for Science and Technology) paragraph and between the items of information and the core generalization is expressed by several techniques. Sometimes the nature of the material the writer has available determines the applied technique, but at other times, the writer makes his own decisions as to the best way of presenting the relationships between his ideas. In the first case, we are dealing with natural techniques, and in the second, with logical techniques, and they are not mutually exclusive.

Keywords:
paragraph development, English for Science and Technology, natural techniques, logical techniques

Abstract:
Gamification as a concept was defined for the first time two decades ago, as the use of game elements in a non-game context. Specific game elements like points, challenges, badges and leaderboard are incorporated in the learning process in order to increase motivation, engagement, and satisfaction to students. On the other hand, serious games are interactive video games that have a defined purpose of learning and practicing skills rather than entertainment. Serious games aim to improve problem solving skills, critical thinking and learn specific knowledge through playing video games that are software that have specific learning oriented purpose. The first purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast different aspects of gamification and serious games in the education domain, in order to identify appropriate applicable environments for these two approaches. Another purpose is to identify models and frameworks to apply gamification and serious games that are more effective to increase motivation and engagement to students. The final purpose is to identify in which courses these approaches are more applicable and help to improve the learning process by increasing creativity, motivation, engagement and problem solving skills. Methodology of this research is realized by analyzing different research papers in conferences proceedings and journals in the last two decades for concepts of game based learning, gamification in education and serious games evolved over the years. Also questionnaires are conducted for academic staff of Albania universities to measure perception and identify challenges and strategies of incorporating these approaches in the learning process. We conducted qualitative and quantitative research analysis in order to achieve results to fulfill the purposes of this research in all the aspects. This research represents conclusions and recommendation related approaches to evolve gamification and serious games methodologies in the education system in Albania. The paper aims to suggest practices and some of the most appropriate and effective models to apply gamification and serious games during the learning process.

Keywords:
Serious Games, Gamification, Engagement, Motivation, Learning Process

Abstract:
This research aims to improve the visual design of information in primary school education by improving the structural and graphic design of the textbook through paper engineering of pop up interactive book based teaching material. The goal of the research is also to find a solution for textbook design that combines the benefits of an electronic book and an ordinary book by displaying images in three dimensions and content in an interactive manner to simplify and facilitate the information. The difficulty for primary school students to understand some curricula through ordinary textbooks is a research problem. In this study, we used a field study with a focus group discussion to achieve our goal, and we chose an informal ordinary book as the primary source, its title (into the crater of doom) and transforming its structure design into a pop-up book to present to primary school students and get their feedback on the method to design the pop-up book to use as an aid means of simplifying information for students, interacting with the book, and presenting the information in an interesting manner. The results of a discussion group with 33 primary school teachers divided into three groups revealed that 92% of them agreed that the design of the ordinary textbook should be updated. By presenting the researcher's pop-up book, all of them prefer to use the pop-up book as an aid in improving students' cognitive and intellectual skills. Furthermore, the results of the discussion groups with the students, a total of 35 students divided into three groups, revealed that all of them preferred to use the pop-up book in all textbooks, particularly science and social studies for 4th grade primary students. As well as making recommendations to the Ministry of Education on their performance regarding the positive impact on students of using pop-up books designed by the researcher as an aid means to students in schools and homes.

Keywords:
Popup book, paper engineering, Ergonomics, Structural design, intellectual skills

Abstract:
Throughout this research, evidence has been accumulating on the positive impact of educational games (serious games) on students' learning and achievement and the impact of non-educational games on different psycho-physical traits. Today's dynamic way of life and almost innate familiarity with technology opens many new possibilities for teaching and can facilitate a better understanding of specific topics. There are numerous applications of video games for educational purposes. This paper aims to give insight into these researches and propose potential applications in a Graphic engineering and design studies. There is not much literature describing and discussing applications of video games in this field of study, and only simulations for specific graphics-related processes are commercially available. Significant findings in various applications of video games are listed and discussed. Some game design guides for implementing video game technology as an educational tool in the field of Graphic engineering and design are proposed.

Keywords:
video games, education, gamification, edutainment

Abstract:
Nowadays, graphic arts bindery sector has shown growing environmental awareness in reaching the targets regarding economic, social, environmental, and technological aspects. Croatian bindery small entrepreneurship sector provides a piece of work done for clients in a sheetfed offset lithographic printing manufacturing which isn’t involved in any manner in bindery manufacturing. On top of that, sustainable bindery concepts are strictly related to effective printed resources usage, in which the generated waste is reduced through numerous binding manufacturing activities. In binding sector, designing concepts help achieve less negative environmental impact. Sustainable awareness is beginning from practical work, from preparing plans and a modelling shape, in which the process of designing the three-dimensional book presents its proposed structure on a printed original scale. Bindery eco-efficiency concepts cope with manufacturing service activities, in which the printed paper sheets (or outputs) together with binding raw materials move in a specific direction through the machine operations (cutting, folding, gathering, binding, trimming, joining and surface finishing), which are predictable in edition binding. This study provides a comprehensive overview on how a new approach in book designing might contribute to reducing “non-hazardous” printed or/and bound paper output residuals which gradually appear in a specific way during book binding process. What’s more, it offers “eco-friendly book binding”, which has “the best book in class” value. This eco-efficient bound production is monitored as well as the indices of graphic arts materials are followed up throughout the working procedures under standardized circumstances. These innovative creative thinking might bring up sustainable engineering solutions or frameworks in which “the business as usual” shifts towards “the eco-friendly business”. Eco-labelled printed paper sheets, from Croatian markets, are a sustainable choice which encourages responsible business and leads to zero pollution and circular economy. However, scientists have been worried about the fact that many manufacturing sectors rely on using adhesives with non-renewable resources, which are harmful to humans. Present published literature gives a general overview on the existing advanced adhesives which have less harmful impact on environment, but at the same time have promising performances.

Keywords:
bindery concepts, book designing, sustainable eco-engineering solutions

Abstract:
The paper proposes formulas for theoretical calculation of forces when trimming book-edges with a disc knife. The theoretical model is based on experimental data obtained by the authors. The authors calculated the approximation parameters from own experimental studies. The kinematic parameters of the cutting process and the approximated value of the unit cutting force were used in the calculation formulas. Calculation makes it possible to predict value of total cutting force depending on diameter and sharpening angle of knife, value and direction of its angular speed, feed rate, thickness and distance of book block from axis of knife rotation.

Keywords:
book cutting, circular knife, disk knives, book-edge trimming

Abstract:
Flatbed cutters are in increased demand and usage due to their developments in tool speed and size of the cutting area. The creasing tool on flatbed cutters are mostly creasing wheels as opposed to flat knives in die cutters. The wheel creases the paperboard in a way that can damage the top layer causing breaking in the printed surface visible after folding and sometimes even before. The end result can decrease the attractiveness of packaging and other creased paperboard products. This paper investigates the results of flatbed creasing of different types of printed paperboard and suggests possible solutions to the problem. Examined paperboards differed in grammage, grade, and thickness, and they were creased with different depth levels. The results indicated that some types of paperboard are not suitable for packaging even if they are adequate grammage. Furthermore, controlling the creasing depths can reduce ruptures of the top layer and improve final folding quality.

Keywords:
Creasing tools, flatbed cutter, damaged print, packaging, folding

Abstract:
Contemporary packaging is more than just packaging and has other various roles that raise the product value. Technology development enabled packaging design to become more complex and improve quality and performance. Cutting different and complex shapes and forms has become a standard requirement in the packaging industry. Perforation has become one of the central elements of the packaging to aid the hole opening and product use, to aid the box forming process, and for design purposes. Packaging material requires sufficient tensile strength to maintain the primary role of packaging. Therefore, it is important to investigate the tensile strength of perforated paper in order to control the strength and durability of the packaging. Our research aims to investigate whether the paper material's tensile strength changes by using different perforation designs. We designed different perforations varying the bridge width. Cutting is done using CO2 laser technology Trotec Speedy 300 machine system. The obtained results show that different perforation designs (variations of bridge and gap width) require a different amount of force applied to break the paper material, regardless of paper grammage. Meaning that the same type of perforation design has the same tensile strength regardless examined grammage. This paper suggests further research and experiments regarding perforation for packaging.

Keywords:
packaging, cutting, laser technology

Abstract:
Laser technology in post-press is used for various products to get a unique shape. It has been used in producing packaging prototypes, finishing and marking the surface of both paper and other materials, thus making the graphic industry more flexible and diverse. Whether in the coming years, the production of graphic products, especially packaging, will be able to rely on the advantages offered by laser technology depends on the extent of degradation of materials that are cut by the laser. In addition to the visual analysis, it is necessary to carry out experiments examining whether material degradation occurs during laser treatment or whether the structure, homogeneity, and mechanical characteristics are kept. Perhaps the most effective method to show if the packaging obtained by laser cutting can be used in the industrial production of packaging is a comparison with the characteristics of packaging materials obtained by traditional cutting methods with the cutting and die-cut machines. The work examines which parameters need to be examined and compared so that laser cutting can be applied in packaging production.

Keywords:
CO 2 laser, die-cutting, packaging, paper, post-press

Abstract:
The folding process is one of the most commonly used print finishing operations in graphical production. Therefore, surface damages on coated papers and paperboards, which are frequently appearing during this process, can have significant negative economic and environmental impacts. To reduce the adverse effects, fold crack resistance has become an active field of research. In the last decades, there were several computer-aided visual assessment methods introduced for fold-crack evaluation. These techniques were based on similar concepts of digital image analysis to quantitatively characterise the surface damage, but they had differences in utilisation as well as in the used image feature. In this study, fold crack distribution has been introduced as a new digital image feature for quality assessment. Fold crack distribution can be determined as a measure of crack scattering over the folding line. In this paper descriptive statistics, mean value, standard deviation and coefficient of variance have been used for qualitative characterisation of surface damage. The obtained results for mean value demonstrated increasing tendency by increasing the basis weight and had slightly lower value for samples in machine than cross direction. These results confirm the basic assumptions that on thicker substrates (i.e. on samples with higher basis weight) the cracks are larger, longer or grouped and that the folding process generates higher surface destruction is cross than machine direction. In the case of standard deviation, results suggest that in a case of varying mean values, crack distribution should be defined via coefficient of variation. Based on this analysis, the proposed approach to the calculation of crack distribution can serve as a new image characteristic for the qualitative measurement of the fold-crack resistance of coated papers.

Keywords:
fold-crack resistance, damage distribution, coated paper, quality control

Abstract:
The three-dimensional form of a product is a key element in the development of a brand identity through the computational design methodology. Brand identity has an in-depth relationship with the object’s shape and product assembliness. In traditional mass production design methodologies, designers encode specific parameters into design rules that aren’t used by end-users to customize their own products. The “Do-It-Yourself (DIY)” process enable users to express themselves through the design thinking approach. Self-design is a form of co-creation between designer's knowledge and customer's skills according to the branded product design parameters. Under this statement, the object’s geometrical form and the product assembliness are fundamental principles in the promotion of a holistic design identity to the industry and to the market. The current paper combines the use of computational design with specific parameters of DIY bookcase/desk (i.e., height, length, width, number of shelves, etc.) in order to develop a generative design system for the mass customization of DIY bookcases/desks alternatives. The results from the end-user application offer, automatically alternatives 3D models under the "Do-It-Yourself" brand umbrella.

Keywords:
computational design, branding, do-it-yourself, self-design, design thinking, mass customization

Abstract:
A mood board provides a blueprint of the design process in a particular situational design problem. With the developments in the technology the process of making and presenting a mood board has now migrated to the various digital platforms. Traditionally designers in creative world used to make physical mood boards and this has changed as some now prefer the digital mood boards. The effectiveness of mood boards cannot be overemphasised especially in the fashion design world as they provide the visual impression which is a key source of inspiration to the designer. In this study ten final year students enrolled into a fashion design degree program were interviewed to assess their perception of digital and physical mood boards. The students were given a task to respond to a situational design problem and tasked to create their mood board physically and digitally and then evaluate the process they followed in coming up with their fashion mood boards. It was revealed that many students preferred the physical method as it is more engaging to the designer and informative though it is time consuming unlike as compared to the digital mood board. It was also revealed that due to the decrease in print media as technology is advancing sources of material that can be used in developing a physical mood boards have become less especially for the students who relied heavily on printed magazines. The study concluded that students need to be taught the process of making physical mood boards first before they do the digital mood boards and also there is need to improve individual graphic design skills so that they can improve quality of their digital mood boards.

Keywords:
design, fashion, mood board, students, graphics, technology

Abstract:
Using a static or animated information on a medium, such as a poster, is a common decision to be made nowadays. Advertising solutions in the form of a screen that mimics a traditional poster format offer us a way to bring to life something that has been static for more than a century. Deciding if and when it is better to use an animated rather than a static (printed) poster is not always easy. The campaign budget has to be higher, and a decision must be based on the proven effectiveness and communicativeness of the medium in question. Research is focused on whether and how animation can improve perception. The main hypothesis is that animation of some graphic elements can improve the visibility and therefore the effectiveness of a poster. The first step of the research was to prepare a test material. In cooperation with Cankarjev dom, we animated five of their posters, the original of which was prepared only for printing. Different artistic styles and compositions were chosen. The second step was to animate some of the elements, focusing on the effectiveness and communicativeness of the final result. In order to determine the difference in the perception of static and animated posters, different methods could be used. Previous research has shown that the use of eye-tracking provides useful results. Like many other areas of graphic communication, e.g. photography, copywriting, graphic design ... eye-tracking has been influenced by the use of artificial intelligence as well. The use of neural networks fed with big amounts of real eye-tracking measurements gives us the ability to predict with great confidence the way the human eye looks at something. In our research, we used software called Expoze that analyses the content of an image or video and predicts heatmaps of how real observers would see the test material. The end result of the research gives us a detailed view of how we receive information from static and animated posters.

Keywords:
animated poster, artificial intelligence, eye-tracking, graphic design, motion perception.

Abstract:
The concept of doodles as a self-expression art-form is discussed through a quantitative study on the perceptions of youths towards doodling activity to produce ideas, to develop self-confidence, and in decision making for brands. The intentionality and purposes for doodling have been much critiqued by contemporary visual researchers. This paper considers the function of doodles in visual communication, and how contextual utilisation of doodles as a communication medium impacts individualistic expression as well as influencing consumer decision-making in brand preferences. Research also highlights doodling’s capacity as visual representation of complex information. Primary research in the form of a survey and quantitative analysis of young adults’ perceptions about doodling is analysed. Overall, the survey acknowledges doodle as creative self-expression. The use of visualisation in branding was found to be correlated, however, views about doodle as intentional art were not conclusively proven. Youths perceive doodle’s role symbolically, chiefly in creating self-identity and projecting individualism. Doodling is a highly personal style to communicate or reflect on personal experiences, but the self-confidence to explore doodling in developing ideas is not a habitual practice that is encouraged among youths. Based on the survey, the effectiveness of doodles in branding or marketing practice is questioned as responses were mixed on the application of casual art styles for creative marketing approaches. Findings suggest further observation would enable consumer researchers to better understand doodling’s effectiveness to shape cultural information based on self-expression, and to explore its influence on brand decision making. To conclude, creative industry, design educators, brand owners and industry stakeholders could collaborate to optimise creative solutions to improve perceptions towards doodles and doodling as a visual thinking, information processing and decision-making tool.

Keywords:
branding, doodling, idea generator, intentional art, self-expression, visual thinking

Abstract:
The periodization of fine and applied art after the industrial revolution and the response of alienated artists to industrial kitsch testifies to the utility and purpose of art—the artistic and social avant-gardes and the crown of all their endeavors in the heroic period. From art and craft pastiche, to utopian efforts to reform society through design, a rich linear syntagm was structured that intrigued and burdened the creatives from this region, who sought to introduce the land of peasants and barbarogens into the currents of industrial and social progress, culture and art. One of those individuals, in whom Morris and Marinetti, Van Doesburg and Itten, Gropius and Meyer, Vassarelli and Dibiffe... Müller-Brockman and Rand conflicted, tirelessly pursued the affirmation and institutionalization of applied art and design through pedagogical, editorial, theoretical and research work, as well as visual and graphic practice. Miodrag Miša Nedeljković was a modernist with a small 'm'1, artist and designer, theoretician and practitioner, who nomadically moved through the currents of modern and postmodern fine and applied art and design with renaissance curiosity, driven by intrigue and logic, was primarily concerned with the emergence and establishment of circumstances, and environmental issues.

Keywords:
fine art, applied art, graphic design, design theory

Abstract:
Surface phenomena in printing are extremely important for understanding and optimizing the interaction of materials involved in the process of graphic reproduction. In order to protect absorbent printing substrates from moisture penetration, to strengthen mechanical properties or to ensure better adhesion of the printing ink to the substrate, the substrates are often coated with protective coatings (primers) before printing. The adhesion parameters between the coating and the printing ink then become extremely important for assessing the durability, but also the quality of the print. In this research, biodegradable primers (polycaprolactone and polylactic acid) were applied on a board substrate with the primary aim of reducing the permeability to water vapour in combination with printed ink layers. Two types of water-based screen printing inks were printed on the primed substrates: ink prepared using the transparent base, and the ink prepared using the opaque white base. Two meshes with different screen count were used (32 l/cm and 60 l/cm). The research focused on the possibility of reducing the water vapour transmission rate using the inks and biodegradable primers, and at the same time analysing the interaction of biodegradable primers and printing inks by determining the surface and interfacial properties in the "printing substrate-primer-printing ink" system. The results of the research have contributed to the optimization of the screen-print quality on the primed absorbent and porous substrates.

Keywords:
biodegradable primer, PCL, PLA, screen printing

Abstract:
Security inks are used in areas such as money, expensive products, identity cards, passports. Generally, they are more expensive than conventional inks. A good security ink is expected to be fairly inexpensive and non-replicable. Pigments used in security ink are usually produced from rare earth elements. It is very difficult to produce ink from rare earth elements and high performance ink carrier systems are needed. There is no need for special carrier systems to produce ink from organic fluorescent pigments, and they allow cheaper ink production while reducing reproducibility. In this study, it is aimed to produce ink using organic-based fluorescent pigment. For this purpose, solvent-based ink formulations containing commercial solvent based organic fluorescent blue pigment in different ratios were prepared with polyurethane resin. The prepared inks were printed on the paper surface with the inkjet printing system. The colour properties of the prints obtained were determined under daylight and UV light. In addition, the gloss, adhesion, abrasion resistance, light fastness and drying times of the prints were determined. As a result, it has been determined that the ink produced is transparent in daylight, has a blue glow in UV light and can be used as a security ink in valuable documents.

Keywords:
security ink, fluorescent, anti-counterfeiting, printability.

Abstract:
Many advantages and applications of 2D codes and functional printing inks have led to the development of Smart Tags. Interactive 2D codes provide the ability to store a large number of various information on a relatively small area and are easy to use. Combined with temperature sensitive thermochromic inks, 2D codes can provide a possibility for making Smart Tags, which could be used in smart packaging applications. In this study, Smart Tag is a temperature – dependent system sensitive to surrounding temperature, which provides information in the form of 2D codes and hidden messages. By combining the information provided by the Smart Tag, it is possible to monitor the temperature conditions of a particular product, create anti – counterfeit elements, and high – temperature warning systems. In this paper, 2D codes will be printed using thermochromic (TC) inks with different activation temperatures (TA) in screen printing technique. Printed 2D codes will be exposed to the defined temperature range around TA, to determine readability of the codes by mobile code scanning. Colorimetric properties of TC inks will also be measured within the defined temperature range. The aim of this paper is to determine which temperature range of a particular TC ink provides readability of 2D codes. The results could help in design and development of 2D code - Smart Tags using functional inks. These kinds of Smart Tags could provide higher level of consumer protection, temperature monitoring of pharmaceutical and cosmetics products, as well as burn – hazard warning systems.

Keywords:
2D codes, thermochromic inks, Smart Tag

Abstract:
High surface texture of textile materials is rougher than other printing substrates which can cause excessive macro non-uniformity. Adding metal oxides into the ink to enhance material properties usually add to surface roughness and increase print mottle. In this paper copper(I)oxide particles and different amounts of Pinus sylvestris L. plant extract were added to modified alginate paste (CHT-NV) prior to printing. The aim of this paper is to inspect the influence of added metal oxide and plant extract on the print quality of linen based material via surface macro non-uniformity GLCM determination method. In the pattern recognition phase, the co-occurrence matrix is applied to calculate the texture characteristics, such as contrast, correlation, energy, entropy and homogeneity. The research results indicated that the metal oxide particles have had a negative influence on macro uniformity of printed linen. Increasing of the concentration of extract leads to a dilution of the printing paste, and thus to a greater penetration of copper ions between the threads of the fabric, as well as into the yarn itself.

Keywords:
Macro non-uniformity; Printing fabrics; Pinus sylvestris L.; Copper(I) oxide; GLCM method

Abstract:
To maintain a circular economy and better sustainability, it is important to minimize the use of synthetic polymers. Nowadays, agricultural and industrial wastes or by-products are increasingly being used as raw materials in industrial processes. It has been determined that agro-industrial wastes have a high potential of cellulose fibers, which makes them an excellent resource for paper production. Recently, potential resources from non-wood raw materials for paper production, as well as cheap raw materials, have become the interest of various researchers. Since our main focus is on the study of thermochromic inks (TC) and the influence of substrate characteristics on their dynamic color change, this paper will examine the possibilities of a commercially available offset TC ink printed on several environmental friendly pressure sensitive labels (PSL) facestock compared to commonly use in PSL production. For the purpose of this study, a commercially available TC ink with an activation temperature (TA) of 29°C was used. The effect of color change, from blue to colorless, was measured through one heating and cooling cycle at several selected temperatures at six different PSL materials. Three fiber-based facestock of PSL used in this research are produced with 15% agroindustrial byproducts, 40% post-consumer recycled paper and 45% virgin wood pulp to form a high-quality natural paper. In addition, one material made from biogenic polymers facestock and two materials commonly used in labels production were used as well. The results of this research show that TC ink printed on alternative materials has a similar trend of color change and may be a good choice. Also, the influence of the color of fiber-based paper substrates on the change of TC color was noticed, which indicates the importance of colorimetric analysis of paper and TC ink before their printing.

Keywords:
pressure sensitive labels, facestock, thermochromic inks, eco-friendly materials, spectrophotometric measuremets

Abstract:
Waste paper is an important raw material for the paper industry and pulp due to its low cost and sustainability. However, the majority of waste paper contains high volumes of printed paper, which is difficult to deink and limits their application. One of them is printed papers using UV ink. In the study; Papers of different surface structures were printed with LED-UV curable inks. Printed papers were recycled using the INGEDE method 11p. CIEL*a*b* values of the resulting paper sheets were measured; and then compared with those of the base paper. The handsheets obtained via recycling process were viewed with a microscope and the particle sizes were shown. It has been determined that it is very difficult to remove the polymerized UV cured inks from the pulp.

Keywords:
Paper recycling, LED–UV ink, deinking

Abstract:
Today, more than ever, sustainability is at its highest peak of daily interest for all business sectors, especially involving label and packaging industries. Usage of paper products made from alternative fiber sources is a very important topic that directly supports circular economy in everyday life. Although paper products should be recycled or re-used as secondary source of raw - material, a vast volume of products end their life at landfill, especially still in our region, causing excessive accumulation in the environment. For the purpose of this research, fluorescence intensity was measured on three different biodegraded pressure sensitive label material samples (PSL), made from agro-industrial and post-consumer waste. PSL materials utilized in this research are widely used for labelling various products, for example, wine, luxury products, food etc. and are compiled of 3 parts: facestock, adhesive and liner. PSL materials are enriched with optical brighteners to give the final product the desired optical properties. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a direct measure of optical brightener concentration within the substrate. Biodegradation was performed by usage of soil burial test under aerobic conditions. Laboratory soil burial experiments were conducted at room temperature (25±2°C) by placing the unprinted label paper substrates; facestock and adhesive (delaminated from the liner) horizontally in field soils in 2L laboratory glass containers, orientated adhesive down. The water content of the soil was adjusted to 40 % of its maximum water retention capacity. Substrates were buried for a period of 2, 4, 7, 10 and 13 days. Sample’s fluorescence intensity was measured before and after incubation in the soil containers. The samples were dug out after designated time, rinsed with distilled water to remove soil particles from the surface, air dried and measured. Fluorescence intensity was measured by using Ocean Optics USB2000+ spectrometer using a 30 mm wide integrating sphere under (8:di) measuring geometry with the addition of LSM Series LED light source at 365 nm. LED light source is operated via a smart controller during the measurement. A constant current of 0.140 A was kept stable in order to maintain a constant excitation light source with the aim to excite fluorescence whitening agents within the samples. As previously research shows the presence of optical brighteners in composition of fibre based PSL, fluorescence spectroscopy of biodegraded samples indicates decomposition of optical brighteners.

Keywords:
pressure sensitive labels; fluorescence spectroscopy, sustainable self-adhesive labelling materials, biodegradation

Abstract:
The paper reports removal of organic Black (Key) dye from real printing wastewater using nano zero valent iron particles as a catalyst in Fenton-like treatment. The degradation efficiency of Black diazo dye via Fenton-like treatment is reported to be 61% under established optimal process conditions: [Fe2+] = 0.75 mgL-1, pH = 2, [H2O2] = 1 mM, within a reaction time of 75 min. The absorption spectra of Black dye clearly indicate that dye degradation is a slow process with difficult decomposition of aromatic structures, due to the cleavage of diazo bonds by hydroxyl radicals. The physico-chemical characterizations (measurements of pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, anionic surface-active substances and phosphorus content) as well as toxicity study (Vibrio fischeri bacteria) revealed the complex nature of printing effluent. Increased conductivity and biochemical oxygen demand content after Fenton treatment imply the formation of various byproducts and intermediates, formed in a solution during dye degradation. The mineralization percentage of Black dye of 58% is followed with 47% of chemical oxygen demand reduction. Results of toxicity test on Vibrio fischeri bacteria indicate that both untreated and treated printing effluents belong to moderate toxic samples with 58% and 67% of toxicity inhibition, respectively. Among three evaluated kinetic models (the first-order, the second-order, and Behnajady–Modirshahla–Ghanbary), experimental results fitted very well to the Behnajady - Modirshahla - Ghanbary model, indicating high initial rate of Black dye degradation.

Keywords:
Fenton-like treatment, Black dye removal, physico-chemical characterization, kinetic models, toxicity evaluation

Abstract:
The concentration levels of ground-level ozone in the flexographic printing plant were determined in two campaigns during five working days. The first campaign was conducted in the middle, and the second at the end of the eight-hour working time. In the second campaign, the mean ozone values per day (3.81, 3.60, 4.25, 4.71, and 3.18 μg/m3) were almost two times higher than in the first. Still, they were 32 to 47 times lower than the emission limit value prescribed by the Regulation of the Republic of Serbia.

Keywords:
flexographic printing process, ground-level ozone, emission limit value

Abstract:
Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI). It is based on teaching computers how to learn from data and how to improve with experience. This valuable technique has been increasingly supporting different spheres of life. This includes ML application in enhancement and optimisation of many ecological and environmental engineering solutions, such as wastewater treatment systems (WWTS). Complexity of processes triggers challenges in ensuring good effluent quality by adequate response to dynamic process conditions. That is why techniques such as ML which, after being trained, have strong prediction ability, have been applied in WWTS. ML facilitates understanding of correlation between input features and output targets through a data-driven approach. Different ML models have been used for this purpose. Some of the commonly used were artificial neural network (ANN) or deep neural network (DNN) model, support vector machine (SVM) and its variation support vector regression (SVR) model, random forest (RF) model and many others. More often authors apply a few different models in order to obtain the one that most appropriately works for specific problem. In wastewater management those problems are various, and could include modelling of WWT processes, prediction of certain technology performance, optimisation of technology working parameters, optimisation of the production of the materials there are being used in WWT technology etc. For instance, there are several articles which describes ML power in optimisation of material synthesis (e.g., biochar production). Application of ML led to reduction in number of runs which were necessary for obtaining the best results by applied production procedure, which saved time and was also cost-beneficial. Indeed, ML incorporation in solving or avoiding potential problems within WWTS is a promising approach which has gained more attention in recent years due to the exponential technology development and progress in artificial intelligence application.

Keywords:
artificial intelligence, machine learning, wastewater treatment technology, prediction and process optimisation

Abstract:
Typography appears in every aspect of our lives. It is closely intertwined with the representation of information, communication, and our cultural and national identity. Until the invention of computer in printing, only a few typefaces were in use. Then, almost overnight, a flood of new typefaces appeared in different type styles or in their combinations. Nowadays, a vast number of tools is available for designing typefaces, enabling almost anyone to do it. Nevertheless, not every typeface is well designed and useful, i.e. legible. A successful type design requires following the established aesthetic and technical principles. Moreover, it should follow perceptual principles. This study was concerned with evaluating the legibility of various useful typefaces in comparison to a self-designed typeface. The self-designed typeface was not based only on the principles of good legibility. Its design was based also on the paintings by the Slovenian Art Nouveau and later Impressionist painter Matija Jama, whose 150th birthday is celebrated this year. The Impressionist painter’s typeface should not only have the qualities of artistic style, but also be usable, i.e. legible, for a longer text. To determine which type size is optimal for such a text, the test of legibility was conducted. The legibility of the self-designed typeface was analysed along with three other well-known and useful typefaces, i.e., an old style typeface (Minion), a transitional typeface (Bentham) and a sans serif typeface (Gill Sans). The reading speed and number of fixations were analysed using a Tobii 120X eye-tracking device. Different texts in all four typefaces in three different type sizes (i.e. 16, 21 and 26 px) were displayed on a 24-inch LCD display. The twenty tested individuals were aged between 19 and 23 years. The results showed that the choice of a particular type size affected the reading speed and legibility. It was also found that for some typefaces, different type sizes, when read, require more fixations. The results of our study show that a self-designed typeface is useful, i.e. legible, at larger type sizes. An appropriate type style and size can improve legibility on displays.

Keywords:
eye-tracking technology, LCD display, legibility, typeface, type size

Abstract:
The diversity that occurs in the field of typography, more specifically in the planning and design of typefaces, plays an important role in our lives and in society more broadly. Therefore, purposeful product planning is important because it can facilitate our everyday communication and understanding of the environment. The goal of the collaborative project was to design a display typeface and use it in revised graphic products that, along with the typeface, fit the client, the Kosovel Memorial Room in Sežana, Slovenia. Srečko Kosovel is a well-known Slovenian poet whose work is representative of the cultural and social movement Constructivism. With new graphic products, we want to contribute to better publicity of Kosovel Memorial Room in Sežana. The theoretical part deals with the study and classification of typefaces in groups and larger sets. We also studied some basic properties of typefaces, contrast, stroke width and spacing, weight and height relationship within typefaces. We investigated the historical development of display typefaces, their properties, and their influence on various graphic products. Based on the content of the Kosovel Memorial Room, we examined the origin and development of the artistic avant-garde movement Constructivism abroad and in Slovenia. We highlighted important events in the life of Srečko Kosovel and familiarised ourselves with his work. Based on the client’s needs, the existing promotional material (brochure, posters, etc.) was analysed in more detail. In addition, we conceptually prepared the typeface design, drawing on his other graphic products. The display typeface was used in revised graphic products that we designed in collaboration with the client. The final products were presented in February 2022 and will continue to promote Srečko Kosovel’s work.

Keywords:
brochure, constructivism, display typeface, graphic product design, typeface design

Abstract:
Text legibility is an important and influential aspect of multimedia, not only on usual multimedia reading devices (displays, tablets, and mobile phones) but also in three-dimensional virtual environments (VE). In VEs, text can be used for many purposes in accordance with the category of experience (gaming, architectural visualization, exhibition, education). Font type used can deteriorate the VE experience if the user has to strain his eyes so that he may correctly read what has been written. The purpose of this re-search is to examine different fonts in order to determine which properties of a typeface are more suitable for VE. Four different fonts have been tested in 10 font sizes at three viewing distances (5, 10, and 15 meters). Times New Roman as a representative of serif fonts, Helvetica as a non-serif font, Caveat as a representative of handwritten fonts, and Roboto as a font for digital use, initially developed for the An-droid operating system. Different typographic characteristics of fonts significantly affect readability in VE. Additionally, was explored how the color of the text and the background color influence text readability in 20 combinations. It is known that the relationship between text color and background color affects reada-bility. Since VR is a relatively new medium, we wanted to determine which relationship between colors of text and background is the best and whether it follows some rules present on the web. The colors of the text were black and white, and the colors of the background were black, white and gray, red, green, pastel green, blue, pastel blue, yellow, pastel orange, and pastel pink. Results regarding text color/background color have shown that most participants preferred black text on white background, black text on a gray background, and white text on a pastel orange background. On the contrary, participants rated white text on a yellow background as the least preferable combination, accompanied by white text on a pastel green background.

Keywords:
virtual reality, virtual environment, typography, text legibili

Abstract:
When it comes to the function of photography in graphic communication, we should be aware of many different aspects of the medium. The standard criterion for a correct and successful photograph should always be its technical and artistic aspect. If something is not right, for example, if the exposure or composition are not correct, a photo should not be used for professional purposes. The third aspect is the content or meaning, where final decisions are usually made. With this in mind, editors are usually presented with photos from which they must select those to be used in a final publication. Since most editorial decisions are made on the basis of content or meaning, which is usually described as communication value, some decisions also involve technical aspects, such as whether it is better to use a slightly underexposed or slightly out-of-focus photo. In these cases, the standard criteria changes because the shooting conditions did not allow the photographer to take a technically correct photo, but the content or meaning is too important not to be published. The research focuses on measuring how the way people see different photos changes when they are not technically perfect. Using eye-tracking technology, where we can measure where a person is looking and for how long, we can get an accurate idea of what that person is seeing and the way their eyes move. This type of measurement is actually not a problem and has been successfully used in many research studies. The main question to be answered in this study was how the nature of image perception changes when the image is distorted in some way. Therefore, a new method for analysing eye-tracking data was developed. The results show that eye-tracking can be used to determine how technical aspects of photography affect the way we look at it. The final judgement that the method works was made by comparing the data with data gathered with subjective tests in which observers had to choose between different distorted images and decide which is more acceptable. The correlation between the results of new method and a subjective testing is very strong.

Keywords:
eye-tracking, photography, communication value, data analysis

Abstract:
As the role of digital transformation becomes multi-fold in every sector, it generates huge amounts of information that can yield valuable insights at all fields of business and production activity. This has led to an expansion regarding the necessity of data handing and processing. Industry 4.0 is the current trend on automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. The elements that are included in Industry 4.0 create the so-called "smart factory" concept which indicates the direction towards the total transformation processes for all industries. Data analytics, following data collection, storage and handling, has become a crucial component of any business management system as an integral tool for creating strategies in all major organizations. The printing industry -of course- is not an exception to this rule. Analytic tools are embedded in all major MIS (Management Information Systems) and data are collected throughout the production from prepress to postpress departments. The present paper investigates the structure and formation of data from print management and production and the way that these can be used for providing actual and accurate information for the total business operation of a printing company.

Keywords:
printing industry, digital transformation, smart printshop, industry 4.0, data analytics, business intelligence

Abstract:
Lighting conditions are one of the most important factors for good photographic exposure. In enclosed spaces, like a photography studio, we can control the light in several ways. We can adjust the type of light source, the shape of the light source, its intensity, and in some cases the colour temperature of the emitted light. The distance of the light source from the observed photographic scene affects the amount of light that reaches the desired target, and therefore the actual lighting conditions on the photographic scene. However, the environment surrounding the photographic scene is often overlooked. The light emitted interacts not only with the objects within the photographic scene, but also with any obstacle in the path upon which a light ray falls. Light rays can be reflected, partially reflected, absorbed, or scattered from any surface in the immediate vicinity of the scene, depending on the material properties of the objects they encounter. In the case of reflection, the observed scene is additionally illuminated by the reflected light, since the reflecting surface in the near environment acts as another light source. Light-absorbing surfaces, on the other hand, do not affect the scene in the same way, since the light is absorbed and not multiplied by the reflection. Reflections from the surrounding environment can therefore affect the intended lighting conditions of the observed scene in ways that we did not anticipate. This study focuses on the influence of the surrounding space on the lighting conditions in an observed photographic scene by comparing the lighting situations in a scene from a photographic studio with a diverse environment and from a darkroom with minimal environmental influence. Halogen, LED, and xenon light sources are tested individually, illuminating the test scene with different intensities and colour temperatures. The illumination conditions at the observed photographic scene are described using spectrophotometric methods and image analysis to numerically describe the differences in uniform illumination of the flat scene surface. The results are analysed and compared to illustrate the influence of the surrounding space. Based on the results, guidelines for a suitable test environment in photographic research are proposed.

Keywords:
photography, lighting conditions, photographic scene, light reflection, colour properties

Abstract:
The colour of an observed object can be described in many different manners, and the description by its reflectance provides the unambiguous colour representation. The reflectance description can be acquired by expensive multispectral cameras or, e.g., with time-sequential multispectral illumination. In our experiment, we propose that under the condition of constant and uniform illumination, the reflectance can be deduced from the object's RGB camera readouts, captured alongside the set of colour patches with known spectral characteristics. Translation from a colour description in RGB space into reflectance spectra, independent of illuminant and camera sensor characteristics, was performed with the help of an artificial neural network (ANN). In our study, the hypothesis was proposed that the ANN's performance of reflectance reconstruction can be enhanced by employing richer learning datasets using RGB input sets of two cameras instead of just one. Additional second camera information would be adequate only if the equivalent channels of cameras used are linearly independent. A quantitative measure of nonlinearity (QMoN), which is the metric primarily developed for use in chemistry, was employed to estimate the degree of nonlinearity. Additional attention was paid to ANN training, structure and learning set sizes. Two ANN training algorithms have been utilised, a faster GPU executed standard backpropagation and an order of magnitude slower CPU based, but with significantly better convergence Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm. The number of neurons in the hidden ANN layer varied from the size of the input layer to a number greater than the number in the output layer. The complete set of colour samples was divided into five learning sets of different sizes, with the smaller sets being subsets of the larger ones. To assess performances of the resulting ANNs, mean squared error, the goodness of fit and colour differences calculated from original and reconstructed reflectances assuming several standard illuminations have been compared. A noticeable reflectance performance improvement has been found by using two cameras, even though the cameras' equivalent channels exerted only small degrees of nonlinearity.

Keywords:
artificial neural network, reflectance spectra reconstruction, enriched learning set, two cameras, equivalent channel's nonlinearity