INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GRAPHIC ENGINEERING AND DESIGN

Abstract:
In response to escalating environmental concerns and the global push for sustainability, the packaging industry is undergoing a significant transformation. Traditional packaging methods, heavily reliant on single-use plastics, are no longer viable due to their detrimental impact on ecosystems and contribution to climate change. As consumer preferences shift towards eco-friendly products and stricter regulations emerge, industries are compelled to adopt sustainable packaging solutions. This shift not only addresses environmental challenges but also redefines the future of packaging in a rapidly evolving ecological and regulatory landscape. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the innovations in sustainable packaging in the broader context of global ecological change. Alongside these advances, the paper also identifies significant challenges to widespread adoption, such as economic barriers, consumer misconceptions and infrastructure limitations. The study examines both regulatory frameworks and industry initiatives and proposes strategies to overcome these barriers, emphasizing the importance of collaboration, policy innovation and continued investment in research and development. The aim is to outline a way forward for the packaging industry that is aligned with global sustainability goals and the circular economy.

Keywords:
packaging, sustainability, environmental issues, consumer behaviour, economic barriers

Abstract:
The basic duties of packaging include protecting the product, providing information about the product, and facilitating transportation. With developing technology, decreasing resources, and increasing population, extra duties have been needed in addition to the basic duties of the packaging, such as protecting the life and freshness of the product, providing information about the product inside, improving the usage areas of the product, ensuring its correct use, and ensuring sustainability conditions. In this sense, sustainable, smart, and active packaging technologies are increasing day by day. The use of these functionalized packages is generally more common in the healthcare, food, and logistics industries. This study examines how active, sustainable, smart packaging can revolutionize packaging. The research aims to provide specific insights into the potential of functional packaging technologies. The study also discusses the promising future of functional packaging, with technological development and consumer needs ecological for friendly products. In conclusion, this work reveals how functional packaging can transform packaging industry accomplish limitations and compensation consumer demands, supply advanced product safety, quality, and sustainability.

Keywords:
active packaging, smart packaging, traceability, food safety, functional packaging

Abstract:
Design thinking is not a new concept, but it is a tool that could potentially be very useful in the classroom. It is deeply rooted in the scientific method and works well with the concepts of problem solving as well as critical thinking. It is an especially worthwhile learning method in conjunction with project-based learning. Traditionally the term design thinking might be associated with business and industry, but it is a process that can be practiced in all educational disciplines. Just as with other existing concepts, design thinking is a worthwhile tool that educators can use to help their students be successful in the classroom. The core tenets of design thinking are Empathy, Define, Ideate, Prototype, and Test. Each stage of the process allows students to work through a project step by step thereby allowing students to skillfully master a learning process can be used for a variety of projects, in all their classes. Today’s college students are very adept at creating a final project, but many are not aware of the design thinking process and how it can potentially help them be more successful. Far too often students simply go with their first idea to create a project and don’t take the time to analyze the steps needed to create a worthwhile project. By sharing the design thinking process as part of a class students will then be able to transfer the five tenets of the process into creating a higher quality final project. This study began by including the design thinking process in a sophomore level Graphic Communication course and then moved onto including the design thinking process in a senior level Graphic Communication course. Students in both classes were surveyed on their past experiences with the design thinking process, as well as their experience with the five tenets of the process. Both class formats were traditional in-person courses. Students were instructed on how they could use the design thinking process in a classroom project. Upon completion of the project students were then surveyed to find out their overall experiences with the design thinking process. Certain areas of the design thinking process including critique and reflection were emphasized as part of the project in both classes. This paper will explore the design thinking process though a literature review and how the process was implemented in two university level courses. Student’s prior experience with the design thinking process will be examined and student’s will be surveyed upon completion of a project based on the design thinking process to explore what elements they enjoyed of the overall process.

Keywords:
design thinking, project-based learning, critical thinking, scientific method

Abstract:
The drying process of printing ink on absorbent substrates in conventional printing techniques essentially takes place in two steps: the penetration of the ink within the printing substrate and the oxidation or oxy-polymerization process. The process of ink penetration within the printing substrate itself begins immediately after the ink is transferred using the impression cylinder, while the oxidation or oxy-polymerization process lasts up to several hours. In this research, the correlation between the value of ink penetration within the printing substrate and the print-through effect on prints produced using three different printing techniques was observed. In this analysis prints made on sustainable printing substrates were produced with a 30% share of non-wood cellulose pulp were observed in order to reduce the consumption of wood raw materials worldwide. The results of the research prove that the degree of ink penetration within the printing substrate correlates with the print-through effect in all analysed black prints (printed with one ink layer), while no correlation was found in the prints that were printed with three ink layers (cyan, magenta and yellow). That is the print-through effect is very low compared to the values obtained for ink penetration within the printing substrate. It was also found that the lowest values for ink penetration inside the printing substrate was achieved with offset printing process, and thus the lowest values for the print-through effect. Sustainable printing substrates achieve very low deviations compared to reference substrates made only from recycled wood pulp, which confirms the possibility of using these substrates for both secondary packaging and publications.
Keywords: gravure printing, ink penetration, offset printing, print-through effect, screen printing, sustainable printing substrates

Abstract:
In order for prints to be considered high quality, regardless of the type of printing substrate, they must retain the initial optical quality achieved during printing and years after the printed product has been used or stored. The rate at which print quality deteriorates over time depends on several factors. The composition of the printing substrate, the composition of the printing ink, the technique of applying the ink to the substrate, and the interaction between the ink and the substrate have the greatest influence on the initial quality. In addition to the listed influences on the durability of the print quality, the conditions under which the print was used or stored, such as humidity, temperature, microorganisms, and air quality, also have an effect. Paper is the most commonly used printing substrate, and considering the favourable ecological components of this material, it will be used more and more in the future. The need for alternative raw materials to wood in its production will also become more pronounced. Precisely because of the cellulose fibres that make up its basis, paper is subject to many degradation changes. In this research, the optical and colorimetric stability of prints on paper with straw pulp from different cereals were monitored after two cycles of accelerated ageing of 48 hours, performed according to the ASTM D 6789-02 standard. As the stability of prints in which UV curable inks were applied in three layers on laboratory paper by screen and gravure printing techniques was monitored in parallel, it was determined that screen prints have better colorimetric stability compared to gravure prints. It was also observed that for both types of inks, the most significant degradation occurs in the first 48 hours of accelerated ageing, while further prolonging the exposure time of the prints irradiance through the daylight filter does not show any significant continuation of the degradation.
Keywords: artificial ageing, gravure printing, paper, straw pulp, screen printing, UV curable inks

Abstract:
Fluorescent printing inks are utilized in graphic reproduction for their special visual impression. Because of their vividness, they are used for printing decorative elements and information that needs to be noticeable. In this research, the fluorescent motive was printed by screen printing technique on recycled paper substrates and a preprinted flexographic ink layer. Because of the importance of introducing eco-friendly and sustainable options and alternatives to all segments of graphic reproduction, the possibility of using recycled paper substrates for printing a special-effect ink initiated the research with specific materials presented in this paper. Two types of flexographic printing plates (one solvent-washable and one eco-friendly water-washable) with different surface properties and screen printing plates with different mesh counts were used. This research aimed to determine the influence of the basic flexographic and screen printing plate parameters on the reproduction quality of fluorescent prints on recycled paper substrates. Spectrophotometric measurements of prints, measurements of the thickness of screen-printed and flexographic layers, microscopy of details on fluorescent prints and the width of the fluorescent printed fine lines were analyzed. Furthermore, adhesion parameters were calculated between the paper substrates, printed flexographic ink and fluorescent screen-printed ink. The results of this research provide information on the interaction, compatibility and properties of layers printed by a combination of flexography and screen printing on recycled paper substrates.
Keywords: fluorescent inks, flexography, screen-printing, recycled paper

Abstract:
Flexographic printing technology is relevant for producing flexible packaging. The quality of reproduction in flexographic printing is influenced by various factors such as the screen frequency, the volume of the anilox roller cells, and the hardness of the plate mounting foam backing. This study aims to investigate the impact of different plate mounting foam backings with varying hardness (Tesa Softprint Soft, Tesa Softprint Medium, and Tesa Softprint Hard) when used with the standard NX raster produced by Kodak (STD_NX). Additionally, different volumes of anilox roller cups ranging from 3,8 cm3/m2 to 11,6 cm3/m2 were considered. NX plates were produced on a Kodak Flexcel large CtP device and printed using a WGH VISTAFLEX CL8 machine with a printing speed of 300 m/min. The printing was done on a 60 μm low-density polyethylene substrate using process magenta solvent ink. The printed samples were analysed using a densitometer and a spectrophotometer (TECHKON SpectroDens) to obtain and compare the reproduction curves with the ISO printing standard 12647-6 (FOGRA 39 reference data). Furthermore, a detailed visual analysis of the printed samples was conducted using a Dino-Lite Edge digital microscope. The results of this research will provide guidance on the selection of the appropriate plate mounting foam backing in combination with the standard Kodak Flexcel NX screen and the suitable anilox cell counts in the roller. It was observed that the finest anilox (400 L/cm = 3.8 cm3/m2) yields the highest quality magenta prints and the smallest tone value increase. Additionally, the soft Tesa plate mounting foam backing offers the most accurate initial reproduction curve, staying closest to the allowed tolerance area.
Keywords: flexography, plate mounting foam backing, print quality, reproduction curve, anilox rollers, Kodak Flexcel NX screening

Abstract:
Packaging for food is available in different forms based on product and technical requirements in the supply chain and the branding required for the product and package. Paper and board are versatile materials used to package foods. Manufacturers in the food packaging segment focus on the highest levels of manufacturing controls to protect the user and consumer. Migration from paper occurred very fast compared to migration from plastics. Printers must focus on the printing quality of that package. The offset press room manages colourful images with aesthetic outputs by ink flow. The offset process will do printing on paperboards with four process colours. Ink transferred on paperboard at the time of printing with an offset machine may affect the migration of foodstuff; therefore, using the experiment design, it is possible to evaluate migration due to paperboard and press parameters. Overall, ink migration on food simulant was measured. The simulants were selected as per regulations of U.S. FDA 176.170. The ink migration equation was used to calculate migration in mg/in2. Also, an optical microscope measured the ink penetration of each process colour to know its relation with ink migration. Thus, an analysis of the migration of contaminants into food simulants was carried out to evaluate the suitability of paperboards and inks.
Keywords: food packaging, ink migration, Total Area Coverage (TAC), Paper board, simulant

Abstract:
Besides the quality of colour reproduction itself, there are other secondary print quality attributes. Secondary print quality evaluation is very important and is influenced primarily by the print method and type of substrate. For textile printers, there is an additional challenge related to macro non-uniformities due to the nature of the substrate. One of these secondary quality attributes is print mottle, which is influenced by macro non-uniformities that remain at the top layer of the print after the ink is fixed on the substrate. Print mottle values primarily consist of an analysis of macro non-uniformities and can be analysed using the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method, among others. In this study, the GLCM method was used as well as the macro non-uniformity index or NU value verification method performed by ImageJ software. Four different textile printing methods and one cotton fabric substrate are used. The objective is to examine print mottle and the impact of printing method on macro non-uniformities. The printing methods include DTF, DTG, screen printing, and screen transfer printing. The aim is to compare the results of different printing methods and to determine their relation to perceived non-uniformity as assessed visually.
Keywords: print mottle, textile printing, macro non-uniformities, printing methods, substrate

Abstract:
This research aims to analyse the chemical stability of thermochromic (TC) prints to determine which substances affect the TC effect and which parameters contribute to their better stability. Two different types of paper were chosen: synthetic and bulky, each distinguished by its unique chemical composition and absorbency characteristics. This study employed two TC inks based on leuco dyes—a 45°C activation temperature offset TC ink and a 31°C activation temperature TC screen printing ink. The offset TC printing ink dries through oxidative polymerisation, whereas the screen printing TC ink dries using UV radiation. Following printing, the samples underwent a chemical stability test in accordance with the ISO 2836 standard by employing water, ethanol, oil, and alkali. From the obtained results, we can conclude that the printing substrate significantly affects the stability of the TC ink. Samples printed on bulky paper were found to be less stable compared to those printed on synthetic paper. The paper's structure enables bulky paper to absorb more ink and chemicals, thereby accelerating the degradation of the TC ink. The greatest impact on the TC ink was shown by samples exposed to alkali printed with offset TC ink, while a slightly lesser impact was observed on samples printed with screen printing TC ink and exposed to oil and ethanol. UV TC inks require special drying conditions and drying units, while TC inks that dry by oxidative polymerization require an adequate air source and fewer conditions, making them cheaper. All these parameters ultimately define the cost of the product itself and the profitability of the entire printing process. The results of this study show that it is necessary to consider the type and purpose of the product itself and accordingly choose the appropriate TC ink and substrate for printing
Keywords: thermochromic printing inks, chemical stability, bulky paper, synthetic paper

Abstract:
In the rapidly evolving textile printing industry, it is critical to understand the impact of substrate properties on print quality. This study objectively compares the print quality and geometric deformations of typographic elements on paper and textile substrates using a large format inkjet printer. We evaluated print non-uniformity and geometric deviations by analysing prints on Microporous Satin Photo Paper and Blackout VI DirectTex textile fabric. Our analysis, conducted using ImageJ software, revealed that the textile substrate had significantly higher NU values and greater variations in both the area and perimeter of the typographic elements compared to the paper substrate. These deviations are attributed to the textured, uneven surface of the textile, the higher thread density and the greater bleeding of the ink, while the smoother paper substrate showed more consistent results. This study highlights the importance of substrate properties in assessing print quality and suggests that future research could focus on optimising materials and printing technologies to improve accuracy on different substrates.
Keywords: inkjet printing, printing on textiles, textile structure properties, quality of prints

Abstract:
Inkjet printing system, one of the digital printing systems, has a more widespread market day by day due to its low operating costs and allowing variable data printing. Bio-based inks, in which natural polymers are used and whose solvent is water, are attracting more and more attention both in the food industry and other industries, in order to reduce the decrease in oil resources and possible harm to environmental and human health. Polymers that can be used in naturally sourced inks include cellulose, starch, polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, and cellulose derivatives. In this study, water-based ink was prepared with magenta pigment as a colorant and hydroxyethyl cellulose, a natural polymer as a binder, and printed with thermal inkjet, and its printability properties were examined. For this purpose, the study started with the preparation of ink. In ink production, first, a binder was prepared with hydroxyethyl cellulose and water. 6.5% magenta pigment was added into the prepared binder. The viscosity of the ink was adjusted to 9 cP using pure water. Since the colorant used is water-soluble, there is no need for a surfactant. Surface tension was adjusted to 31 mN/m with 3 drops of BYK 348. Test prints were made with the obtained ink using the BENTSAI BT-HH6105B1 Portable Handheld Mobile inkjet printing machine. The most stable prints were obtained at 1 m/s speed, 300 dpi resolution and 11 volt printing parameters. The color measurements of the obtained prints were measured with an X-Rite spectrophotometer and their gloss was measured BYK Gardner gloss meter. As a result, it was determined that stable ink with good printability parameters was produced in thermal inkjet.
Keywords: inkjet ink, printability, natural ink, water-based ink, thermal inkjet

Abstract:
Cellulosic paper which is created from cellulose-rich wood fibers has a highly flammable property and can easily catch fire. Some studies are being conducted to improve and increase the flame-retardant properties of paper, but there are currently very few studies that apply flame retardant coatings on sheet paper. By coating the paper surface using some bio-based coating materials containing natural pigments, oxygen can be prevented from reaching cellulose and the rapid ignition of the paper can be delayed. In this study, paper coating materials were prepared using three different types of pigments (PCC, zeolite and bentonite) and coated on 80 g/m2 base paper. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements were performed on the coatings. Prints were made on the coatings with an Epson Stylus Photo R3000 digital printing machine, and printing color measurements were made using an X-Rite eXact spectrophotometer. The surface morphology of the coatings was examined, and the limited oxygen index (LOI) was determined. As a result of the investigations, it has been determined that the coatings created increase their flame retardancy and have a good hydrophilia. At the same time, when the printing parameters were examined, it was determined that the measured values were in accordance with ISO 12647-2 standards.
Keywords: paper coating, inkjet printing, printability, heat resistance

Abstract:
This article presents two methods of colour printing on programmable 3D structures and their use for practical applications in everyday life. The colour printing was done by direct printing with a flatbed UV inkjet printer and indirect printing by thermally transferring the electrophotographic toner to the 3D printed object produced with the most widely used and affordable material extrusion 3D printing technology. The print quality of the colour reproductions was determined by basic densitometric and spectrophotometric measurements, ink adhesion analysis and image analysis of the printed graphic elements. The research was also extended to the field of 4D printing, where 3D printed objects with flat geometry can be subsequently transformed when exposed to a suitable activation medium. In this case, the direct printing process was used for colour printing, as it allows printing on both sides of the programmable 3D structures compared to the indirect printing process. The advantage of colour printing on a programmed 3D structure is that the flat geometry can be easily printed with colour graphics on the entire surface and later transformed into a new 3D object shape, whereas conventional 3D objects cannot be printed in very inaccessible places due to their geometry. These methods, which use direct or indirect printing techniques to create coloured reproductions on 3D-printed objects, enable the personalisation and aesthetic enhancement of products and can also provide additional interactivity if, for example, QR codes or RFID tags are included. The research focuses on the production of colour-printed smart objects for consumer products.
Keywords: 4D printing, 3D printing, UV inkjet, electrophotography, colour reproduction

Abstract:
Although modern digital technologies have successfully replaced many traditional methods of communication, including the use of braille for the blind and visually impaired, braille remains an important element of literacy for this vulnerable group. To accurately recognise the braille dots that make up the standardised characters, it is important that they have the correct dimensions, both in size and height. In this study, the reproduction quality of braille dots on self-adhesive labels was analysed. The elements were printed using the UV inkjet printing technique with a different number of passes (layers) to define and analyse the changes that occur with an increasing number of UV varnish layers. The samples were printed with 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 layers of UV varnish. The image analysis with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) focussed on the change in the diameter of the dots. The braille dots show deviations from the digitally defined diameter in the graphic prepress (1.60 mm), especially in the horizontal direction, which is due to the spreading of the varnish and the movement of the print head. The first layers of UV varnish behave differently depending on the substrate, while the application of further layers reduces deformation and improves dot formation. Lifting the print head led to a stronger spreading and deformation of the dots in both samples.
Keywords: Braille printing, UV inkjet, UV varnish, image analyses, visual impairment

Abstract:
Colour is a complex and integral aspect of human visual experience, significantly impacting our daily lives by influencing emotions, behaviours, decisions, and even physical well-being. Colour perception is highly subjective, varying widely among individuals due to factors such as biological differences, psychological influences, and contextual conditions. To ensure accurate colour monitoring, objective colorimetric analysis is essential, particularly in the graphic industry where colour reproduction quality is paramount. This necessity becomes even more pronounced in the reproduction of skin tones, a critical area of research due to its association with memory colours and its influence on the perceived impression of people in images. Recent research has demonstrated that individuals with normal trichromatic vision can accurately differ subtle changes in skin colour, including slight shifts in chroma and hue towards more reddish tones compared to the actual skin shade. Objective colour reproduction analysis typically employs standard colorimetric measurement procedures, devices, and software solutions. However, commercially available devices are often expensive and robust, particularly in the objective quantification of colour reproduction on materials with specific surface properties and shapes. There is growing interest in quantitative colour measurements derived from low-cost, user-friendly software solutions paired with inexpensive imaging technologies, making objective colorimetric detection more accessible. In this paper, we investigate the potential of using two area-based open-source image analysis tools, ImageJ and Trigit, to assess skin tone colour reproduction accuracy. Targeted skin colour tones were ink-jet printed, scanned, and analyzed to extract colour coordinates using these tools, with manual measurements taken directly from the prints using a spectrophotometer as well. By calculating colour differences, we characterized the proposed colour measurement procedures. The research reviled certain advantages as well as limitations of usage of area-based open-source image analysis tools in characterizing skin colour reproduction.
Keywords: colour perception, skin tone reproduction, colorimetric analysis, image analysis tools, ink-jet printing

Abstract:
Laser engraving technology is increasingly prevalent in the graphics engineering industry due to its speed, precision, and capacity for individualization. This method is widely used for decorative metalwork, metal packaging, and signage, providing high-quality aesthetic results on various surfaces. This study investigates the impact of different laser engraving parameters, such as speed, hatching, frequency, and power, on the colorimetric properties of steel surfaces. The experiments were conducted using a fiber laser with a power of 30W and a wavelength of 1064 nm on polished steel plates measuring 20 x 20 cm with a thickness of 4 mm. Engraved samples, each measuring 5 x 5 mm, were produced, with laser parameters varied for each sample. After engraving, each sample was analyzed under a microscope and measured using a spectrometer to accurately determine colorimetric values, offering precise quantification and analysis. The results indicate that engraving speed significantly affects the depth and intensity of color, with lower speeds allowing deeper oxidation and more saturated colors. Increased laser power generates greater heat, resulting in more vibrant color tones. The frequency and pulse duration of the laser influence energy distribution and heating patterns, with shorter pulses producing precise changes in colorimetric properties and longer pulses causing deeper alterations. The hatching pattern also affects the colorimetric properties due to variations in heat distribution and energy absorption. High temperatures are critical for color formation as they facilitate the oxidation process, where the oxide layer's thickness and composition determine the final color. These findings enable designers and technicians in the graphics engineering industry to control the aesthetic aspects of steel engraving with greater precision. Moreover, the results of this study could be utilized to develop software for the automatic adjustment of engraving parameters to achieve desired color images on steel surfaces. Such software would significantly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of laser engraving processes, offering new possibilities for creative applications in the design of metal packaging and signage. By integrating these insights, the graphics industry can achieve more consistent and high-quality outcomes, driving innovation and expanding the potential uses of laser engraving technology.
Keywords: laser engraving, colorimetric properties, hatching patterns, spectrometry analysis

Abstract:
The subject of this paper was to examine the impact of mechanical rubbing on the rate of colour change of thermochromic ink on textile samples. Textile samples made of polyester and cotton were printed using a manual screen printing technique with a reversible magenta leuco ink, with an activation temperature of 31°C. This paper aims to investigate how the process of mechanical rubbing affects the colour change of thermochromic samples during their cooling period, with varying numbers of rubbing cycles. To determine the relationship between the rubbing process and the rate of colour change, thermal, colorimetric, and spectrophotometric values were measured on the samples. The results indicate greater resistance of polyester compared to cotton, providing guidelines for improving the durability and resistance of thermochromic textile products. These findings have a significant impact on the development of more durable, functional textile products, reducing waste and costs and enhancing the sustainability of the textile industry.
Keywords: thermochromic inks, textile materials, rub resistance, smart textile

Abstract:
The rapid development of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies has profoundly influenced various sectors, including graphic design. These immersive technologies are transforming the way designers create and interact with visual content, providing innovative methods to engage audiences. This paper explores the applications of AR and VR in graphic design, with a specific focus on their roles in advertising, product visualization, security features, and product packaging optimization. In advertising, AR and VR offer brands unique opportunities to create interactive and memorable experiences. AR-enhanced print ads can turn static images into dynamic content when viewed through a smartphone, while VR campaigns immerse users in a brand’s narrative, offering a level of presence and engagement unattainable by traditional media. These technologies capture attention and cultivate deeper connections with consumers by delivering personalized and interactive experiences. For product visualization, AR and VR enable designers to develop detailed and interactive 3D models. These models can be examined and manipulated within a virtual space, providing a comprehensive view of the product from all angles. Additionally, AR allows customers to visualize products in their own environments before purchasing, thereby improving decision-making processes and enhancing satisfaction. This capability is particularly beneficial in industries like automotive, real estate, and fashion, where contextual visualization significantly influences buying decisions. AR and VR can also enhance security features in product packaging. By embedding AR markers or VR verification steps, brands offer consumers a way to authenticate products, reducing the risk of counterfeiting and ensuring that customers receive genuine products. Furthermore, AR and VR technologies optimize product packaging design through virtual prototyping and simulation. This allows designers to test different packaging concepts cost-effectively and efficiently, leading to better design outcomes and reduced material waste. Despite the promising applications, adopting AR and VR in graphic design presents challenges, including the need for new skills and knowledge, potential high costs of implementation, and the necessity for continuous technological updates. However, as AR and VR technologies evolve, they possess immense potential to redefine user interaction within graphic design. AR and VR are expanding the boundaries of graphic design by offering innovative ways to create immersive and engaging experiences, enhance security features, and optimize product packaging. These technologies will significantly shape the future of user interaction, positioning graphic design professionals at the forefront of technological advancements.
Keywords: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, Graphic Design Innovation, Interactive Advertising, Product Packaging Optimization, Security Features in Design.

Abstract:
This paper details the creation of a mobile Augmented Reality (AR) application to enhance interior design processes by allowing users to place digital furniture within their physical spaces. Developed using the Unity Engine, the application leverages C# programming to provide a seamless and interactive user experience. The user interface, designed in Adobe XD, ensures functionality and aesthetic appeal, guiding users through intuitive screens and interactive elements. Three-dimensional (3D) models are integral to the application, created through manual modelling in Blender and photogrammetry using Polycam. Blender's advanced capabilities enable detailed and accurate 3D models, while Polycam's photogrammetry converts real-world objects into digital models, enhancing realism and diversity. Real-time functionality is supported by integrating Google Firebase for scalable and reliable backend services, ensuring smooth data synchronization and user-generated content storage. AR technology overlays digital information onto the physical world in real time, enhancing users' perception and decision-making in interior design. Users can visualize different arrangements and make informed choices by virtually placing and manipulating furniture, reducing uncertainty and increasing satisfaction with their design decisions. This paper also explores the historical context and advancements in AR technology, highlighting its transformative impact on various industries. The development process here combines programming expertise, creative design, and technical knowledge of 3D modelling and backend technologies, offering valuable insights and practical advice for future AR application developers.
Keywords: Augmented Reality, Unity Engine, 3D Modelling, Interior Design, Google Firebase

Abstract:
The direction of a model's gaze in a photo can have varying effects on how users perceive an interface. The psychological state of the person in the image can be interpreted by viewers by focusing on the model's gaze. In advertising, however, gaze direction plays a different role, as it can guide the viewer’s attention to specific elements as intended by the designer. This paper aims to explore whether the model's gaze direction influences user experience. For the research, a prototype of an online store was developed, featuring a model whose gaze is directed left, right, and straight ahead in different photos. An eye-tracking camera was used to monitor eye movement during the study. The results are displayed as heat maps, highlighting the areas of the interface that received the most attention and were viewed for the longest time.
Keywords: gaze direction, advertising, user experience, eye tracking

Abstract:
Nowadays, the presence of pets in family households is increasing. There are more and more studies are carried out on the effects of pets on human health, physical activity, stress levels, feelings of anxiety or happiness and similar parameters. At the present time, pets are not only animals, but also family members. Regardless of this fact, it is not always possible for owners to be with them due to various obligations and responsiblities. Owners want to ensure that their pets are always in safe hands. The innovative application discussed in this article is a solution for owners whose goal is to find quality care for their pets while they are away. The application offers all the necessary functions for easy and fast communication between the parties involved, finding and booking a guarding service. Owners can describe their pets in detail, including all their unique needs and behaviours, so that potential sitters can assess their compatibility and ability to provide quality care. On the other hand, sitters can create their own profile and highlight their experience so that owners can find the ideal candidate for pet care.
Keywords: user experience, user interface, pets, mobile application

Abstract:
This article examines the impact of micro-interactions on the user experience of digital products. A well-structured information architecture with beautiful illustrations is no guarantee for good user experience. It is the small details that can make the experience of digital products more entertaining, more intuitive and closer to people. Small additions make the product more appealing and give users an element of feedback or satisfaction when completing a task. These details, called micro-interactions, are feedback-based events that help users complete a task while making it interesting. The paper explains the process of creating micro-interactions based on the four main components, which are: triggers, rules, feedback, and modes of operation and loops. Warning micro-interactions as well as positive and negative feedback are designed. The impact of the micro-interactions on the user experience was examined through testing the designed prototypes.
Keywords: micro-interaction, user experience, feedback, prototype, prototype testing

Abstract:
Uploading videos to platforms for sharing has been a core feature of the internet for nearly two decades. Advances in video encoding algorithms, their standardization, and increased computational power have significantly improved the visual quality of online videos. This paper evaluates the video quality across several popular platforms, including YouTube, Facebook, and Vimeo. Using three test sequences with varying content characteristics, the study employs full-reference objective video quality metrics—VMAF, PSNR-HVS-M, and MS-SSIM—to assess video quality at resolutions supported by all platforms. The results provide insights into the comparative performance of each platform in delivering high-quality video.
Keywords: PSNR-HVS-M, video, quality, VMAF, MS-SSIM, VOD, compression

Abstract:
Much of the literature on history and cultural heritage is available exclusively in physical (printed) form. The traditional approach towards education still values this type of media more than digital methods of learning and information distribution. This often takes place in communities where people have difficulty accessing this information. Digitization can contribute to solving the problem of accessibility and general interest. This paper discusses the issues of cultural preservation and technical knowledge necessary for the implementation of cultural heritage in modern multimedia. Examples selected for this paper include typical monuments and a writing system from the 14th to 16th century from the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, specifically the culture of “stećak” (tombstone) and the alphabet called “Bosančica”. The paper explores the possibilities of using widely available programs and tools for the promotion of cultural heritage in the digital world integrated in the form of a website. Through several examples, various tools were used to digitize the most prominent characteristics of these monuments: their writing, iconography and relief. The material was used to assemble an interactive educational web platform. Unlike traditional sources, the digital resources reproduced on the website visually complement the textual information and thus complete the learning experience. Fonts and illustrations are presented together with historically relevant contextual information, thus enhancing the learning experience. Together with a special transliterator that was made to directly translate user input text (in Latin alphabet) to "Bosančica" writing, it allows for a personalized and interactive experience.
Keywords: cultural heritage, digitization, fonts, website

Abstract:
The aim of the study was to develop a website with the main functionality of an interactive three-dimensional (3D) viewer. In the theoretical part, we present a brief overview of content management services (CMS) and their limitations; definition of usability and user experience (UX) with an explanation of the basic components of UX and the theoretical background of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). The experimental part consists of the entire process that was used in the development of the website. We created the concept and design for the graphic identity of the website and developed the information architecture, defined basic and additional functions, created a low-fidelity wireframe and a high-fidelity prototype design. We developed the 3D viewer using open-source software model viewer, prepared and optimised the 3D models for the 3D view (Figure 1), followed by the rendering phase in Blender. We developed the final version of the desktop-first website and designed and developed mobile and tablet versions. Testing included qualitative usability testing using the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) and open-ended questions, followed by analysis of the results on three areas of usability (attractiveness, practical quality and hedonic quality). The results of the analysis served as guidelines for improving the current functionalities in terms of UX and technical aspects (with technical limitations). The results showed that creating a modern website that emphasises an interactive 3D model with a CMS platform is an extremely complex project that encompasses many areas. According to the UEQ test criteria, the final online solution scored above average in terms of practicality and attractiveness. The results also show the importance of iterative testing and website upgrades based on the results of the test analyses.
Keywords: 3d viewer, website development, web design, user experience (UX), measuring quality of usability

Abstract:
The choice of the appropriate visual design for each mobile application has a significant impact on the perception of information. This is also of the utmost importance when acquiring or communicating educational content. In the field of e-learning, there is an increasing number of mobile applications that enable efficient teaching and learning. Our study analyses different applications for e-learning that are frequently used by Slovenian high school students. Based on a literature review, an introduction to the field of application design is given and criteria that influence the selection of appropriate graphical elements when creating an application in general are presented. With the survey, we compared the five most widely used applications for self-directed learning on the basis of their visual design. Our aim was to collect data on the effectiveness of the graphic elements that influence the choice of an application and to identify students’ habits in terms of self-regulated learning (type of tool used, learning time, learning circumstances). In addition, the learning habits of students from a suburb were compared with students who live in the city. Based on the data collected, we provide guidelines for selecting the most appropriate graphic elements for designing an effective application as a learning and teaching tool. The research showed differences in the use of applications for learning or entertainment depending on the type of school the students attend (vocational, secondary school and high school students). The study also determined how much time per day students use digital tools for learning or entertainment and, more importantly, which media. Another important finding was that students still mainly rely on traditional learning methods, i.e. textbooks and notebooks, to complete their homework for school. Differences in the popularity of applications between suburban and urban students were found in only two of the five applications analysed.
Keywords: user interface, mobile applications, self-regulated learning, visual appearance, study habits

Abstract:
This paper investigates the transformative influence of cinemagraphs, a captivating hybrid of static images and subtle motion, on the overall quality and user experience of digital catalogues. As e-commerce and online browsing continue to shape consumer behaviour, the need for dynamic and visually appealing content is crucial. We delve into the aesthetic and functional enhancements brought about by cinemagraphs, analyzing their ability to capture attention, convey product features, and elevate the overall engagement levels within digital catalogues. Through a comprehensive analysis of user gaze patterns, fixations, and engagement metrics, we explore how cinemagraphs influence attention distribution, enhance product perception, and contribute to the overall quality of the digital shopping experience. Our findings not only underscore the significance of cinemagraphs but also provide valuable insights into designing visually compelling and user-centric digital catalogues.
Keywords: digital catalogues, cinemagraph, eye-tracking, user experience

Abstract:
Stereotype threat, the fear of conforming to negative stereotypes associated with one’s group, can significantly impact individuals in various contexts, including education, professional settings, and even entertainment, such as video games. In this study, a pilot experiment is conducted to examine the effects of stereotype threat on players’ performance within a gaming environment. The methodology follows existing literature and employs a 2x2 matrix design. The participants play a simple 3D platform game and are divided into two groups: Custom Avatar Group – Participants in this group use avatars created from their own images; and Premade Avatar Group – Participants in this group use preexisting avatars that correspond to their gender while playing the game. Additionally, the presence of stereotype threat is manipulated by exposing half of each group to a fictitious article specifically designed to induce gender-related stereotype threat. This paper aims to address the following questions: (i) Can the recently available technology that enables players to create custom avatars based on their own images be successfully utilized for this type of experiment? (ii) How does stereotype threat impact players’ in-game performance? (iii) Is there a correlation between the higher impact of stereotype threat and gender? The results of this paper will check for the impact on in-game performance of the new technology allowing players to play as themselves in video games.
Keywords: Avatar creation, Identification effects, Computer Games, Digital Character

Abstract:
Theatre costume design is a demanding process that requires the collaboration of the play's creative team, including the director and performers. Traditionally, the process involved phases such as sketching, tailoring, sewing, and fitting. Nowadays, these phases have been transformed through digital reconstruction, clothing simulation, and motion-tracking tools. This paper aims to illustrate the theatrical costume design process using Tibor Vajda's play Pygmalion as a case study and to explore how modern technology can breathe new life into the process. The study examines the costume design workflow, from the initial sketching to crafting costumes that meet the play's specifications. The characters' costumes were redesigned using Marvelous Designer, and the movement of Miljana Kravić’s character Eliza Doolittle was recreated using motion-tracking achieved with Wonder Dynamics. The result of this approach was a Blender animation that could serve as a costume-fitting preview for the creative team. This study provides insights for future projects, including the potential for three-dimensional theatrical productions emphasizing performers and scenography along with costumes, especially for plays that have been withdrawn from the repertoire.
Keywords: Theatrical Costume Design, Eliza Doolittle, Marvelous Designer, Wonder Dynamics, Blender

Abstract:
The advancement of interactive e-learning platforms requires developing sophisticated simulation tools to enhance the educational experience. This study focuses on modelling a virtual printing machine designed for integration into interactive e-learning applications. The virtual printing machine aims to simulate the functionalities and operations of a real-world printing machine, providing students with a hands-on learning environment. Using advanced software engineering techniques, the virtual model replicates mechanical processes, operational parameters, and troubleshooting scenarios typically encountered in printing technology. This approach not only aids in comprehending complex printing processes but also promotes active learning and critical thinking. The effectiveness of the virtual printing machine is evaluated through user feedback and performance assessments, demonstrating its potential as a valuable tool in technical education. The findings suggest that integrating such virtual simulations in e-learning platforms can significantly enhance the quality of technical training and education.
Keywords: Virtual Printing Machine, Interactive E-Learning, Simulation, Technical Education, Software Engineering

Abstract:
Electrochromatic materials are characterized by reversible colour change when placed in an external electric field. One of the possible applications of such electrochromatic films is in the "Smart windows" that are used to modulate the transmitted light in objects. Thin electrochromatic films of copper oxide are obtained by the chemical deposition method of two solutions. The spectral transmission of the resulting films was recorded in a state as obtained, in a coloured and shaded state, in the visible part of the spectrum. From the sum of the intensity of the incident solar spectrum AM 1.5 and the amount of intensity of the spent radiation through the films, the mean values of the transmission coefficient of the films in the three states are determined, in the wave interval from 350 to 820 nm. The obtained results for the mean value of the transmission coefficient are used to simulate the illumination in the virtual reality, to a real object in which the outer illumination is modulated when passing light on the case when the windows would be examined films in the state as the film was obtained, in a coloured and shades condition. The simulation of the process is using Quest3D software for virtual reality.
Keywords: Electrochromic materials, copper oxide, virtual reality, 3d model, illumination

Abstract:
This study investigates the effectiveness of two outreach strategies, reciprocation and conventional, on the response times of Instagram pet influencers when collaborating with a small business. Drawing from the principle of reciprocity, we aimed to determine whether offering upfront favours in the form of digital pet portraits leads to faster influencer posting times. A sample of 232 Instagram pet influencers was selected, with 203 approached using a conventional strategy and 29 using a reciprocation outreach strategy where the portrait was provided upfront. The key parameter analyzed was the time it took influencers to post the provided portrait on their Instagram feed after agreeing to collaborate. Results show that the reciprocation approach prompted faster and more consistent responses, with all influencers posting within five days, compared to 83.33% of conventional outreach participants posting in the first week. These findings suggest that upfront favours may encourage quicker influencer responses, offering insights into more effective influencer outreach strategies for small businesses.
Keywords: Instagram influencer marketing, reciprocity principle, outreach strategies, pet industry

Abstract:
In this work, black and white photographs of Mate Kaić were colorized. Colorization was done manually and using several artificial intelligence software. In this research, 15 photos were colorized, the artificial intelligence needed less time than a human. By conducting an online survey and subjective evaluation, Artificial Intelligence in most cases showed a better result in the choice of colors and a more aesthetically attractive choice of combination of tones. However, artificial intelligence proved to be less intelligent with examples of photos showing traditional clothing. The results show that the best way to colorize photos is actual a combination of artificial intelligence and human.
Keywords: Colorization, artificial intelligence, convolutional neural network

Abstract:
Implementing artificial intelligence within the applications for mental health has improved their services. As the most common application, Chatbots that simulate communication with a therapist stand out. With this feature, individuals who shy away from accessing therapy due to the stigma associated with mental health have the opportunity to access therapy without fear of negative feedback. This research aimed to investigate the impact of virtual therapists' visual characteristics on users' reactions. Six characters, created using MetaHuman Creator software and augmented with audio recordings, were evaluated by respondents on parameters such as likability, naturalness of appearance, excitement, positivity, and sense of trustworthiness. Video stimuli were employed to encourage these assessments. Results indicated that the third female character received the highest likability rating, while the first male character was considered the most natural and reliable. The first female character aroused the most incredible excitement and positive feelings. In contrast, the second male character received the lowest ratings across multiple parameters, and the second female character scored poorly overall. Statistical analyses, including T-tests and one-factor ANOVA, revealed no significant variations across characters for most parameters except for excitement. Post hoc tests highlighted notable differences, especially between the second female character, other female characters, and the first male character. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between likability and the naturalness of appearance with user trust. These findings underscore the importance of planning virtual therapists' visual characteristics to suit users, revealing interesting observations such as respondents' perceived differences in character voices and the greater attention to detail exhibited by male subjects towards male characters.
Keywords: mHealth, mobile apps, virtual therapists, visual characteristics, user perception

Abstract:
In this paper, several generative art methods for image creation are discussed. Generative art is a form of image and video creation using artificial intelligence and machine learning. The methods explored include Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), and Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPMs). GANs involve two submodels: a generator, which generates image examples, and a discriminator, which classifies whether the generated examples are real or fake. VAEs consist of an encoder, which compresses input data into latent variables, a latent space representing the compressed data, and a decoder, which reconstructs the original data from the latent samples. Diffusion models generate image data by gradually adding noise to the data (diffusion) and then reversing the process (denoising) to produce new data. This paper also discusses the challenges, applications, ethical considerations, and future directions of generative art in the field of graphic design.
Keywords: generative art, GAN, VAE, diffusion models

Abstract:
AI models are being used and further developed daily. In graphic design, one of the most common uses is background removal from product images. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of background removal for common products by varying the depth of field. Tests were conducted using two AI background removal models on products of different shapes and textures, with both uniform and structured backgrounds. The results indicate that a shallow depth of field can be beneficial for background removal when the background is not uniform. Conversely, for a uniform background, a larger depth of field can aid AI, especially when the product is larger in size.
Keywords: AI model, background removal, product images

Abstract:
The article investigates the potential applications of free open-source software in image processing for a diverse range of industrial uses, including laser texturing, machining, and additive manufacturing. A case study is presented, wherein digital photography is utilized to capture a scene, followed by processing in the GNU Image Manipulation Program. The processed image in the form of a height map is then imported into the Blender software suite to generate a high-resolution 3D model. The quality of this model is further enhanced using various software functions such as object modifiers, and mesh sculpting. Based on the high-quality 3D model, a high-resolution height map is rendered. Subsequently, the exported height map is utilized for surface modification through laser beam technology and additive manufacturing via fused deposition modeling. This analysis aims to investigate the efficacy and adaptability of open-source software in industrial settings. The article also highlights the steps involved in: 1) capturing an image digitally through photography, 2) creating a 3D artistic relief in Blender, 3) converting the polygonal model of the relief for laser micromachining graphics, and 4) adapting the polygonal model for 3D printing graphics. The study concludes with an evaluation of the results, examining the suitability of use of open-source software for generating relief from photographs for various industrial applications
Keywords: 3D relief, 3D printing, Laser micromachining, Blender software

Abstract:
Restoration of old photographs is a demanding task that requires a lot of skill and attention to detail. It can involve many different steps in photo editing and, until recently, was almost always done by photo editing professionals. Thanks to numerous photo editing AI applications, nowadays even the inexperienced users can perform this task. However, the results may not always be satisfactory. In this work, we evaluated the effectiveness of different free web-based AI applications in restoring old photographs that exhibited the most frequently seen damage. Tested AI solutions enabled significantly faster photo editing compared to manual techniques, while still providing visually pleasing results. On the other hand, they showed tendency to smooth out graininess, important details, and textures in images. When automatic processing failed to correct certain details, the results heavily depended on the user's skill to recognize and mark the errors for post-processing. Therefore, we believe that AI tools for photo restoration are a great choice for fast image processing, but their outcomes should be manually adjusted to ensure the authenticity and naturalness of old photographs.
Keywords: photo restoration, AI software, old photographs, photo editing

Abstract:
The introduction of artificial intelligence into graphic design is widely understood as a fundamental game-changer. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of applied machine learning has revolutionized the field of graphic design, introducing advanced tools to foster creativity and productivity. Machine learning has brought forth tools that enhance creativity and speed up work processes. However, this technological progress also presents significant legal, especially intellectual property (IP) challenges that need to be addressed to safeguard innovation and ownership rights. This paper explores the intersection of AI-enhanced graphic design and IP issues. The core of AI enhanced design is commonly based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) and machine learning algorithms (MLA) in the design process where input parameters often include existing protected works under copyright. These processing activities often present a challenge from an IP rights perspective. By analysing current EU legal framework and relevant case law, we present examples of processing activities where AI systems contributing to creative outputs fall under regulatory obligations and potential risk of litigation. The paper presents potential solutions and best practices for interdisciplinary work that includes engineers, designers and lawyers to navigate these challenges, hopefully contributing to bridging the gap between diverse fields incorporating technology and law that designers face in the era of AI-enhanced creativity.
Keywords: intellectual property, machine learning, artificial intelligence, copyright limitations, digital rights management

Abstract:
Facial images are a very common element on the World Wide Web and in mobile applications. With the widespread use of eye-tracking systems, research in the field of viewing and memorizing facial images has greatly expanded. The main issue in analyzing facial images is to understand the way of viewing, memorizing and recognizing. Most of the research is done for the frontal facial images, but we focused on profile facial images. One of the most widely used methods for determining memorization and recognition of facial images is the internal facial feature method. However, in our research we have focused on the new heatmap method. In this method, the results of area, perimeter and circularity of heatmaps are analyzed. For the whole research we used a standardized memory test comprising two phases: an observation test and a recognition test. To analyze the influence of time on recognition success, we set four display times of facial images in observation test (1s, 2s, 4s, 8s). The results show that the recognition success increases with increasing display time of the facial images in the observation test. The turning point occurs at a display time of 4 seconds, as the recognition performance in the 8s test is almost the same as in the 4s test. The heatmap analysis method shows an increase in the area and perimeter of the heatmap areas up to the 4s test, after which both values remain practically the same. After that, both values remain practically the same. At this point, the circularity of the viewing areas also no longer decreases and is the same in the 8s test as in the 4s test. The results of the heatmap analysis are therefore in good correlation with the results of the facial recognition and proved the usefulness of heatmap analysis for research into the observation and recognition of facial images.
Keywords: profile facial images, observation test, recognition test, eye tracking, heatmap

Abstract:
In the rapidly evolving landscape of digital marketing, the quest for more effective and engaging visual content is relentless. With artificial intelligence (AI) making significant strides, an important question arises: Can AI tools for design surpass the creativity and effectiveness of human graphic designers? This intriguing inquiry forms the cornerstone of our study. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of AI-generated versus human-designed advertisements through a practical approach. In the first phase, both a human graphic designer and an AI tool were given identical tasks and prompts to create visual ad solutions. In the second phase, the efficiency of these designs was assessed using Meta's A/B testing solution for Facebook and Instagram ads. This method allows the testing of visual variables by showing different ad versions to segmented audiences, ensuring that no individual sees both versions and that the budget is evenly distributed. The test duration is recommended to be two weeks or until 100 conversions are collected. This experiment, conducted in August 2024 as part of a campaign for FTN Business School's 2024/2025 enrollment, aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the actual capabilities of graphic solutions created by human designers versus AI tools. The outcome of this test promises to offer valuable insights into the real-world performance of AI-generated designs compared to those crafted by human designers. Will AI tools emerge as the new maestros of design, or will the nuanced touch of human creativity prevail? Our research aims to shed light on this cutting-edge debate, providing data-driven conclusions.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Graphic Design, Digital Marketing, A/B Testing, Visual Content Effectiveness

Abstract:
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that allows machines or systems to perform tasks that usually require human capabilities such as learning, thinking, or decision-making. AI can be applied to packaging design to achieve more sophisticated features, such as personalization for product specifications or optimal use. AI systems can analyze images to identify defects in packaging materials, ensuring that only high-quality products are delivered to the market. In addition, artificial intelligence can improve production and distribution processes by analyzing historical sales data and market trends, ultimately reducing costs and reducing inventory. Moreover, AI algorithms can create customized packaging designs and propose appropriate materials based on consumer preferences, market trends and product data. Manufacturers can create packaging solutions that are unique and meet the diverse needs of their customers using this. This paper will discuss some of the application of artificial intelligence in packaging design, using the analytical descriptive approach by analyzing emerging technologies, global packaging trends and market needs. The research concluded with a set of results, the most important of which is that AI applications are added value in packaging design as well as the ability to read the future trends of the market based on the use of modern technologies to analyze the different data and variables of the market.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), User Experience (UX), Smart Packaging, Packaging Efficiency, Sustainable Packaging

Abstract:
This paper explores how effectively Artificial Intelligence (AI) can translate text descriptions into accurate and functional 3D models of mechanical components, highlighting both the potential and the current shortcomings of this technology. A functional 3D model implies that it is suitable for 3D printing. Three different AI 3D model generators were selected for this analysis. Text prompts involving gear mechanisms were used as input. Each generated model was assessed on key parameters such as the accurate depiction of gear teeth, the correct alignment and meshing of gears, and the overall structural integrity required for functional gear mechanisms. Additionally, the generated models were verified for any deviations from the expected design standards of mechanical gears. The analysis revealed that none of the selected AI 3D model generators could consistently produce fully functional and technically accurate gear models based on simple text prompts. While the AI generators could produce visually correct models that generally resembled gears, significant shortcomings were observed in their functional and technical accuracy. The generated models often failed to meet the precise geometric and structural requirements necessary for practical application in mechanical systems. Automating the 3D modelling process for mechanical components using AI technology would reduce time and cost. However, further advancements in AI and machine learning are required to enhance the accuracy and reliability of AI-generated 3D models for use in real-world mechanical design and manufacturing.
Keywords: 3D Model Generator, Artificial Intelligence, Text-to-3D Model, Mechanical Components

Abstract:
While production methods with 3D printing are developing day by day, studies on this method are also increasing. 3D layered manufacturing is a method of creating layer-by-layer 3D solid models designed with computer-aided drawing (CAD) programs using melted raw material for each layer. In addition to PLA being the most commonly used filament in 3D printing, filaments such as ABS, PETG, and TPU are also used. A wide variety of products can be produced with this production method depending on the design. The mechanical properties of the products resulting from 3D printing depend on many parameters such as the number of layers, fill rate, material used, and printing speed. Various methods are also applied to further strengthen the products produced from printing. In this study, PLA samples obtained from 3D printing were reinforced with carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite (CFRP). The reinforcement process was carried out by placing CFRP material during PLA sample production, and the mechanical properties of the resulting samples were examined. Increased hardness as well as improved tensile, bending, impact, and wear strengths of the CFRP reinforced samples were observed.
Keywords: CFRP reinforced PLA,3D printer, Carbon Fiber, PLA, CFRP

Abstract:
The manufacturing industry has a long tradition in the European Union, being one of the key employers providing jobs for highly skilled and qualified staff. Despite this, the sector is currently facing challenges related to global competition and rising costs, leading to declining profit margins. Additionally, companies are required to meet new environmental initiatives, demanding an ambitious voluntary commitment effort from their side, which has been proven to be difficult to implement. At the same time, manufacturing companies generate vast amounts of unstructured data daily yet struggle to leverage this data for supply chain optimization. This problem is especially noticeable in situations when there are many semi-structured data sources, like the ones found in offset printing operations (images, sensor data, etc.), typically leading to the creation of data silos storage and inefficiencies. Thus, a systematic approach is needed to optimize the process of receiving, combining, and analyzing data, which can, in turn, promote the creation of innovative business models based on manufacturing data. Similarly, the usage of a digital twin in production offers several advantages, primarily enhancing productivity, quality and cost efficiency. This paper presents two use cases illustrating how Digital Twin technologies and the CyclOps platform can be applied to offset printing operations, digitalizing factory processes and enabling AI-driven models, towards achieving Zero-Defect Manufacturing (ZDM), fostering improved efficiency and innovation in the manufacturing process.
Keywords: Offset printing, digital twin, artificial intelligence, CyclOps

Abstract:
The paper presents a comparative pilot analysis of an AI-based visual attention prediction system with the traditional eye-tracking method in the context of UI/UX design. The study assesses the accuracy and reliability of AI-generated attention heatmaps compared to empirical eye-tracking data. The results indicate that AI systems show a strong ability to approximate human attention, achieving ROC-AUC values between 0.75 and 0.84. The study highlights AI's potential in early-stage design iterations, offering a suitable alternative to time-consuming eye-tracking testing sessions, but recommends combining AI tools with traditional methods for critical design decisions.
Keywords: visual attention, eye-tracking, AI predictions, UI/UX design, ROC, saliency

Abstract:
The main objective of this research was the production and characterization of bio-based indicators for pH-controlled smart packaging. Since pH-sensitive indicators can change color depending on the freshness or spoilage of the food, they can be used to monitor the freshness level and safety of food products. Potato and maize starch without and with the addition of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) were used as a polymer matrix for the immobilization of pH-sensitive indicators. The natural pigment anthocyanin, extracted from the peels of red onions, was used as a pH-sensing element. In addition, an ultrasound treatment of the extracted anthocyanins was performed to determine the influence of the treatment on the color response of the produced films. The colorimetric and optical differences between the different starch films with ultrasound-treated and untreated anthocyanins were observed. To observe the color response of the prepared indicators when exposed to different pH environment, their optical and colorimetric changes were monitored before and after exposure to altered pH values. The results obtained show the potential for the production of pH-sensitive films immobilized by BNC. In addition, the results will provide the information about the influence of ultrasound treatment during anthocyanin extraction on the optical and colorimetric changes of the pH-sensitive starch-based films.
Keywords: pH indicators, BNC, anthocyanins, UAE, colorimetric properties

Abstract:
Ethylene plays a significant role in the ripening and aging processes of fruits and vegetables, ultimately reducing their shelf life. Consequently, the presence of ethylene can restrict the marketability and consumer accessibility of certain horticultural products, leading to heightened post-harvest losses and increased food waste. In this study, nanocomposite packaging films with ethylene scavenging activity, which will help preserve freshness during distribution, were developed and tested as packaging for fresh products. Nanocomposite packaging films were prepared by adding different amounts of halloysite nanotubes (HNNTs) to polylactic acid (PLA). Structural characterization of nanocomposite packaging films was performed by FTIR. The thermal properties of nanocomposite packaging films in an inert atmosphere were studied using TGA. The nanocomposite films' surface energies, colours, transparency, and gloss were also measured. The nanocomposite films were printed with gravure and printability parameters were investigated. Finally, the effects of PLA/xHNNTs nanocomposite packaging films on the quality of packaged bananas were also monitored in terms of hardness, colour change, and weight loss. It has been observed that increasing the amount of HNNTs in PLA/xHNNT nanocomposite packaging films improves the storage time of bananas.
Keywords: Active packaging, Protect fresh bananas, Polylactic acid, HNNT

Abstract:
This study explores the use of natural substances as resources in the development of UV protective coatings, offering an environmentally sustainable alternative to toxic and synthetic materials, mostly organic compounds used as UV stabilizers in various industrial and commercial applications. Therefore, the focus of this study is on different natural sources possessing protective properties. To ensure adequate protection, it is necessary to carefully consider and properly blend various substances that possess protective properties against UV radiation and free radical formation. UV radiation poses a constant threat to materials, promoting oxidative stress that can cause serious damage. In this context, UV stabilizers play a crucial role in protecting materials from degradation caused by solar radiation. Their ability to absorb or reflect UV radiation is crucial for preserving the physical and chemical properties of polymeric materials, coatings, inks and coloration. On the other hand, antioxidants are additives that protect against oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals - reactive compounds that are formed under the influence of UV radiation and can cause material damage. UV stabilizers, in synergy with antioxidants, often result in optimal material protection, ensuring durability and preservation of the aesthetic and functional properties of products. Therefore, a formulation that includes carefully selected UV stabilizers and antioxidants, is crucial for achieving a high level of protection against the harmful effects of UV radiation and free radicals. This integrated approach not only ensures material durability but also contributes to sustainability. This study emphasizes the need for further research aimed at developing new technologies that could enhance the interaction between UV stabilizers and antioxidants to achieve optimal material protection.
Keywords: UV radiation, antioxidants, natural resources, sustainability

Abstract:
Cold supply chains are an important part where perishable food can be transported and kept fresh until it reaches the desired destination. The lack of these systems which provide the necessary temperatures can lead to large food loss, which has multiple consequences from hunger to increased environmental impacts in the form of waste of invested greenhouse gases during production. The strategies of keeping the food under a certain temperature can be achieved by active, passive and hybrid systems combining electrical components (coolers and freezers) and packaging materials in the form of insulating materials. The energy consumption of the cooling devices is running in many cases on fossil fuel sources and requires energy efficiency to achieve decarbonization efforts. On the other hand, certain passive packaging systems are made from materials which are not yet fully recyclable on the scale throughout the EU. In the paper, an overview of potential energy efficiency strategies combining hybrid systems (electric and packaging) are presented with possible savings in energy and carbon footprint values.
Keywords: cold supply chain, insulating packaging, energy efficiency, carbon footprint

Abstract:
In this work, we present an efficient and rapid green method for silver nanoparticles synthesis by using extract from Sideritis Scardica and direct sunlight irradiation. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Then, the as obtained silver nanoparticles were mixed with water-based varnish, which is widely used for paperboard packaging in the food industry, pharmaceutical industry and others. Evaluation of the results of a microbiological study showed that water-based varnish with incorporated silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli K12 NBIMCC 407 bacteria and Bacillus subtilis NBIMCC 3562 bacteria. From the results obtained it is clear that these water-based and UV coatings with incorporated silver nanoparticles could find industrial applications in medicine and food industry as packaging with antibacterial properties.
Keywords: coatings, antibacterial coatings, packaging, silver nanoparticles, green synthesis, antibacterial activity

Abstract:
Due to its good properties, paper and paper-based materials are significant substrates in the visual communication industry. With the increased concern about plastic materials usage and their influence on the environment, the use of paper and cardboard increases. Cardboard packaging is often used as secondary packaging, and it carries visual information about the product but must have certain mechanical properties to protect the product. As cardboard deteriorates with age, it must be protected to maintain its basic function. This paper aims to investigate the influence of allantoin in addition to the water-dispersive varnish to protect cardboard during accelerated thermal ageing. For the research, the coatings including allantoin were prepared and applied onto cardboard prints. The prepared prints were characterized by their optical and mechanical properties before and after exposure to accelerated thermal ageing. Results of this research showed that the application of coatings including allantoin do not significantly influence cardboard prints, but at the same time do not provide protection in the accelerated thermal ageing. It could be concluded that including allantoin in the water dispersive varnish will not provide higher protection of prints compared to the one without allantoin.
Keywords: allantoin, water dispersive varnish, cardboard, accelerated thermal ageing

Abstract:
Effective ergonomic packaging ensures efficient and intuitive product handling, providing easy access and a secure grip, thereby enhancing user experience. Achieving this involves optimizing packaging size, shape, and material. This study investigates the application of screen printing with puff-enhanced ink to improve packaging ergonomics. Puff-enhanced ink augments surface roughness, thereby enhancing tactile perception and grip security. This research utilized objective measurements and subjective evaluations to assess the impact of tactile properties on manual pulling force. Building on prior work where the mesh count of 120 l/cm was investigated, this study explores prints created using a screen with a mesh count of 63 l/cm. Three substrates were used: bulky paper, paperboard, and matte-coated kunstdruk paper, with the amount of added puff base varied between 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. The findings reveal that surfaces with increased roughness not only enhance grip and increase the manual pulling force but also suggest how different substrates and mesh counts impact the ergonomic properties of packaging. This contributes to a better understanding of the optimal conditions for effectively applying the puff base in the packaging industry.
Keywords: packaging, ergonomics, screen printing, puff base

Abstract:
This study examines the effect of colour on users in the context of online sales of organic cosmetics. The primary goal is to identify which colours most effectively capture attention and drive engagement, ultimately influencing purchasing behaviours for organic cosmetic products. Through the use of eye-tracking technology, participants' attention and focus were monitored as they observed products displayed in various colours on screens. Key metrics such as Time to First View and Time Viewed were analyzed to gain a comprehensive understanding of how participants' attention and engagement were impacted by the recommended colour tones, particularly concerning their perception of organic cosmetics. The analysis revealed that lighter tones are detected more rapidly than darker tones, with statistical analysis supporting the finding that lighter colours more effectively attract immediate attention. Additionally, stimuli in lighter tones were viewed for longer periods compared to those in darker tones. This study provides a preliminary exploration of how colour tones influence the attention and engagement of e-commerce users. The findings offer valuable insights into the emotional and cognitive dimensions of consumer engagement, enhancing our understanding of how colour affects purchasing behaviour.
Keywords: Impact of colour, Online sales, Organic cosmetics

Abstract:
This study examines the ability of the artificial intelligence (AI) generator to create packaging with taste impression. Influence of packaging design on taste impressions is well researched and achieved through transfer effects of symbolic associations from the visually perceived packaging to the products taste. The experiment was conducted by generating packaging designs with gradation in the strength of taste by AI image generator. This was done for sweet, sour, bitter, salty taste and feeling of hotness for spicy food. Afterwards participants were asked to grade packaging designs on their perception of the presumed product taste. Results indicate that AI image generator was able to generate packaging designs with recognizable strength of taste, although limited, as fine gradation of the presumed taste perception was not achieved.
Keywords: Packaging design, artificial intelligence, perceived taste

Abstract:
Nowadays, manufacturers across various sectors, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other industries, are continually expanding the range of products available in the market. Given this expansion of products, branding, and packaging have become critical differentiating factors. To effectively influence consumer behaviour and encourage brand preference, packaging designers must thoroughly understand the challenges faced by existing products and the needs of consumers. By employing various graphic elements, such as colour palettes, illustrations, typography, and others, designers can effectively present products and communicate with consumers, thereby enhancing product recall. To achieve these objectives, it is essential to investigate whether specific patterns exist in consumer perception regarding packaging. This is precisely why this preliminary research was conducted. A total of 40 participants, divided into two groups, aged 20 to 25, from the same demographic group (students) participated in this eye-tracking analysis. Each group of participants had a different set of stimuli, depending on whether the subject of the test was logo font-weight variation or illustration size variation. The results of this preliminary research show that logo font weight has no statistically significant effect. Also, the results of this research show that the specific graphic element - illustration is observed the longest, regardless of the size change.
Keywords: font-weight, packaging, graphic design, eye tracking, illustration

Abstract:
Starch-based films are suitable for applications such as single-use food packaging for products with a short shelf life, offering a potential green alternative to certain plastic packaging materials. Although starch-based films offer suitable gas barriers and optical properties for packaging applications, their poor moisture resistance and mechanical strength limit broader use. Ultrasonication presents a promising and efficient solution to these challenges, offering high effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and safety. Selected properties of potato starch-based films with or without ultrasonication were investigated. To explore the impact of glycerol (GLY) content and ultrasonication on starch-based films, a series of films with varying concentrations of glycerol (ranging from 20% to 80%) were developed. The resulting films were characterized by tensile properties, water contact angle (WCA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), surface roughness, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. It was observed that the application of sonication treatment had both positive and negative effects on the films' overall characteristics. Specifically, the tensile strength values increased by 20% following ultrasonication treatment, particularly in films containing 20% and 40% GLY. Furthermore, the values of WCA increased, indicating slight hydrophobization of the film surface. Finally, the SEM images confirmed the smoothness of the film surface. It was found that ultrasound treatment can improve the overall film performance.
Keywords: potato starch, starch films, mechanical properties, ultrasonic treatment

Abstract:
Non-alcoholic beverages (NAB) are widely consumed by diverse demography. Also, there are myriads of names for branding NAB for identification purposes. However, the proliferation of various naming styles on NAB packaging—such as cans, bottles, cartons, and plastics—can lead to misinterpretation, causing consumers to mistakenly associate these products with different categories. This misinterpretation can result in consumers spending more time searching for their preferred products or avoiding them altogether. Previous research highlights instances of negative brand names that evoke strong responses that may send contary signal. In Nigeria, despite the potential impact of such naming styles on consumer behavior, there has been little public outcry against them. This paper contributes to existing knowledge on product naming strategies by focusing on NAB packages commonly sold in Akure, Nigeria. Utilizing a quantitative research design associated with a survey method, the study involves visiting the Akure shopping mall to observe NAB package designs. The sample includes 184 NAB package designs across various categories: 37 milk brands, 46 soft drink brands, 31 wine brands, 38 fruit drink brands, 16 tea brands, 13 cocoa-based drink brands, and 9 coffee brands. Data collection methods include participatory observation, and the brands are classified based on onomastic styles. Participants aged 12 to 41 years observe a visual display (VD) of the sampled NAB, where only the names and shapes are available for viewing, with all other packaging variables eliminated to avoid noise. Participants then rate the ease of product identification on a scale from 5 (Very Easy) to 1 (Very Difficult). This study aims to examine how consumers perceive these brand identities in terms of onomastics, providing insights for stakeholders—brand managers, manufacturers, marketers, entrepreneurs, food regulation agencies, and designers—to achieve successful product branding.
Keywords: branding, consumers, NAB, onomastics, packaging design

Abstract:
This study aims to explore how e-labelling can moderate consumer confusion caused by atypical packaging designs, thereby promoting sustainable consumption. The pursuit of sustainability in product packaging has prompted the quest for exploration of various innovative approach to reduce environmental impact while maintaining user friendly interface for consumers. Utilizing a literature review to establish the theoretical framework, the research employs focus groups and Delphi techniques for data collection. The focus groups, comprising diverse consumer segments from Akure, Nigeria. The Delphi technique engages a panel of experts, including brand managers, marketers, and packaging designers, to achieve a consensus on the efficacy of e-labelling in mitigating confusion. Findings from the literature review suggest that clear and informative e-labels can significantly enhance product identification and reduce confusion. Focus group discussions reveal that consumers are receptive to e-labels, appreciating the additional information that aids in quick and accurate product recognition. The findings of the study shows that e-labelling will enable circular economy and environmental sustainability by preventing material waste. it may help reuse of product package as well as encourage recycling through education that can be provided. Also, e-labelling is considered preferable because it will enable comprehensive product packaging design due to its adaptation for multilingual content and real time update. In conclusion, the integration of e-labelling into sustainable packaging design represents a promising avenue for reducing environmental impact, enhance consumer engagement and drive innovation in the packaging industry. The Delphi panel supports these findings, emphasizing the role of e-labels in fostering sustainable consumption by reducing waste and promoting informed purchasing decisions. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on sustainable packaging practices and offers practical implications for stakeholders. By demonstrating the potential of e-labelling to alleviate consumer confusion, the research provides a pathway towards more sustainable consumption patterns in Akure, Nigeria.
Keywords: Atypicality, consumers' confusion, design, e-labelling, physical label, sustainable product packaging

Abstract:
At a time of increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the design and shaping of media messages, it is important to understand how people perceive messages shaped by artificial intelligence compared to those created without the help of artificial intelligence. This article investigates whether authorship information (AI vs. designer) affects the perception and evaluation of graphic messages. The goal of the research is to determine whether information about authorship can become part of a communication strategy that achieves a better connection with the content and can have a marketing value that contributes to shaping the desired image. An experimental study was conducted with randomly selected participants, divided into two groups. The first group rated graphic messages that were told they were designed by an AI, while the second group rated the same messages with the information that they were designed by designers without the help of AI. Questionnaires with a Likert scale were used to assess aesthetic value, creativity and overall impression. The results of the research are presented through descriptive and inferential statistics to understand the perception of the participants. The research results provide a basis for further research and practical applications in design practice and marketing communication, with the aim of optimizing the use of AI technology in design.
Keywords: authorship, design, artificial intelligence

Abstract:
The role of packaging in influencing consumer perceptions is widely recognized within the domain of graphic communications. It is particularly effective in encouraging consumers to opt for healthier snack alternatives by incorporating visually appealing design elements, such as digital illustrations. This study employed an online survey with 116 Croatian participants with a diverse age range (18-71 years) to investigate the impact of digital illustrations on the attractiveness of packaging and product perception. Participants evaluated four different packaging samples for new healthy snack bars in two flavors using a 5-point Likert scale. The presence of digital illustrations served as the independent variable, while the packaging shape, size, composition, and typefaces were held constant. A choice task between packages with and without illustrations was also conducted. The results indicated the surprisingly infrequent consumption of this type of food product among participants. Additionally, the results on attitudes towards the importance of design suggested that the majority of respondents consider the packaging graphic design as a relevant product attribute, emphasizing its substantial impact on product perception. The implications regarding the role of digital illustrations in promoting healthier product choices were discussed, highlighting the potential benefits of deliberate packaging design in encouraging consumer preferences for healthier food options.
Keywords: illustration, packaging, snack, graphic design

Abstract:
Stop motion is an animation technique, where objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames, creating the illusion of movement, when the series of frames is played in sequence. Both stop motion animation and digital animation can attract and engage a user. Stop motion is known for its handcraft character and offers the feeling that what you watch really exists. It brings prototypes to life and highlights their characteristics, while at the same time, allows the storytelling transfer and offers dynamic visualization. Digital animation provides a versatile and dynamic platform capable of intricate detail and seamless integration with other digital media, making it suitable for a wide range of applications i.e. technical presentations, marketing campaigns. In the present paper, four rooms inspired by the four seasons of the year were created. All rooms include a set of furniture and several products, which are presented both physically and digitally. The main idea is to use the stop motion visual technique as an innovative tool for presenting, promoting and communicating the use of the products within the designed 3D space. In this way, an alternative advertising method is offered and can attract the user’s attention. The implementation consists of using both physical and digital prototyping for presenting the use of the designed products.
Keywords: stop motion, digital animation, prototyping, product

Abstract:
Humans perceive a considerable amount of information through vision, with an estimated 80-85% of environmental information being processed through our eyes. This emphasises the importance of vision for human perception and interaction. The visual system detects and interprets stimuli such as colour, brightness, contrast, shapes, movement, speed, depth and texture. This enables us to navigate our environment, interact with it and respond to it effectively. Vision is crucial for activities such as reading, driving, recognising people and objects and maintaining balance and coordination. As part of the bilateral cooperation between the Republic of Slovenia (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering) and the US state of Kansas (Wichita State University), a joint project entitled Typography World Map was initiated. One of the goals of the project was to educate students from both countries about the importance of data visualisation and information design. This collaboration emphasised the professional integration of technology and graphic arts design and showed how their synergy can enhance the presentation and understanding of complex data. Properly presented, this approach can simplify the perception of complex information, such as statistical data, by making it visually appealing and easier to understand. As part of the project, students were given pre-designed names of different US states. This paper presents the results of their assignment, which was to compile and visualise selected statistical data and key information about the assigned states in the form of an infographic. As the visualisation of key information can greatly enhance the presentation and understanding of data, we wanted to assess how well the students could apply their newly acquired skills in typography, design and graphic prepress techniques to create these infographics. The results were interesting and provided valuable insights into the importance of data visualisation and individual data presentation.
Keywords: education, graphic prepress, graphic design, visualisation of information

Abstract:
The 19th century stands as a pivotal period in art history, marked by significant strides in both artistic expression and the struggle for women's rights. Women encountered various obstacles as they endeavoured to carve out their identities, seeking greater recognition and acceptance within the artistic sphere. However, this journey was fraught with substantial impediments to women's artistic and educational development. Initially, during the first half of the 19th century, access to art education for women was severely restricted. Often deprived of formal artistic training, they were typically relegated to home or private tutoring. This limitation significantly hindered women's efforts to establish themselves in the art world. Moreover, upon entering the realm of art, women faced societal resistance. A considerable portion of society questioned, and even outright rejected, the notion of women actively participating in the art world. Nevertheless, certain progressive artists and advocates endeavoured to strengthen the identities of female painters and secure their recognition. Over time, particularly in the latter half of the 19th century, educational opportunities expanded for some women, leading to their admission into art schools. This represented a significant step in enabling female painters to develop their artistic talents and find their expressive voices. Female painters often utilized their art to advance the cause of women's rights. Through their works, they sought to promote social change and emphasize the strength and worth of women. Consequently, female painters frequently collaborated with feminist movements. In this context, female painters typically focused on female experiences in their works. Themes such as gender roles, family dynamics, nature, and the female body were commonly explored. Additionally, female painters developed various techniques and styles to articulate their emotions and thoughts. This paper will focus on the growing interest in new techniques and styles emerging at the beginning of the 20th century, specifically focusing on Western female painters. Furthermore, it will examine the interaction between the development of the Western female artist identity and the traditional Japanese printmaking art, which holds significant prominence in Eastern art.
Keywords: 19th Century Women Artists, Printmaking, Ukiyo-e

Abstract:
Knowledge means power. Having knowledge has empowered human beings and provided new opportunities throughout history. Nowadays, with technological developments, accessing information has become easy for everyone. "Information Design” has emerged as an interdisciplinary field facilitating efficient access to necessary information and transforming complex data into comprehensible formats for broad audiences. Its primary objective is to ensure accessibility and understanding of intricate information. Currently, information design actively guides and simplifies information transfer through visual elements such as guidance and marking systems, symbols, graphics, pictograms, maps, panels, and typography. Environmental graphic design encompasses the planning, design, and presentation of graphic elements within communication systems deployed in both natural and constructed environments. This discipline encompasses guidance systems, markings, display designs, corporate identity graphics, urban design, pictogram design, store design, mapping, and thematic landscaping. Environmental graphic design has increasingly integrated into everyday life through the implementation of guidance and marking systems. Guidance designs enhance efficiency, create positive impressions, and foster a sense of safety in unfamiliar environments. Meanwhile, marking designs serve as visual indicators directing individuals towards their destinations. Presently, elements such as information, guidance, and signage facilitate communication between urban environments and inhabitants. Beyond their primary roles in guiding, informing, and delineating within cities, these elements play a crucial role in enhancing urban identity, improving legibility and coherence within the cityscape, and fostering a harmonious relationship between people and their urban surroundings. This study focuses on typography, a fundamental aspect of information design. Through an analysis of information, guidance, and marking systems, it becomes evident that elements such as signs, directional cues, symbols, pictograms, and traffic signs, integral to environmental graphic design, are closely interconnected with typography. This study conducted a thorough review of sources to ensure the provision of original and comprehensive content. The research primarily utilized printed visual sources, augmented by archival research, internet and library databases, books, magazines, articles, and theses. Findings were presented through detailed explanations, quotations, comparisons, and identification of common themes. This article comprises five stages. The first stage introduces the study, encompassing definitions of communication and graphic design, and an exploration of the concept of perception. The second stage defines the relationship between urban spaces and information design, discussing contemporary urban dynamics, urban identity, the intersection of urban spaces with graphic design, visual elements in urban environments, and the role of environmental graphic design. In the third stage, the study explores the role of typography in information design within urban contexts, defining information design principles, application areas, components such as typography, pictograms, symbols, emblems, and signs, and discussing criteria for readability and perceptibility in typographic analysis within information design. The fourth stage focuses on a typographic evaluation of routing systems through illustrative examples. Case studies of exemplary institutional guidance systems are examined, and recommendations for enhancing these systems are presented using tables and graphs. Finally, the study concludes with a summary of findings, evaluations, and proposed solutions.
Keywords: Information design, graphic design, environmental graphic design, architecture, interior design, exterior design, pictograms, signs, indicators, wayfinding, guidance systems

Abstract:
A holistic approach to product design is a design mindset that creates desirable products but also fulfills stakeholders' needs and considers production limitations. Design is more than aesthetic results and takes into consideration a great number of topics such as the sustainability of the product by using the best practices in material resources, examining the parameters of the industrial production and the re-usability of the product. Additionally, the strategy of holistic design aims to extend the product's life cycle beyond its initial use, making it self-promoting and attractive to customers, while enhancing the company's brand image to gain a competitive edge. Ultimately, each experience associated with a product, whether it's a tangible item or a service, is deliberately crafted with the user in mind. The proposed paper uses a holistic design approach for luxury secondary metallic champagne packaging, highlights the importance of the correct data gathering and analysis from research, and then translates to parameters and limitations that they will embed into the design decisions delivering the final product. In conclusion, the paper presents various methodologies and cutting-edge tools to generate rendered representations of the product, ensuring effective communication with all relevant stakeholders.
Keywords: Holistic product design, user experience, sustainability, re-use, product life cycle, CAD, metallic packages, packaging, branding

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to develop techniques for computer-aided design (CAD) in fashion using CorelDraw a vector graphics software and a graphics tablet to produce technical fashion packs. The study adopted a design-based action research method to develop digital fashion illustrations and patterns. The study sought to solve the problem common among fashion designers of integrating CAD in their operations. Results revealed that designers can create complex digital fashion illustrations easily by using the graphics tablet and CorelDraw. The techniques explored in this study can assist fashion designers and pattern makers in quickly expediting the process of digital pattern development at the least cost. Digital fashion illustrations provide a better and more accessible format for customer design communication. The steps described in the study can assist early career fashion illustrators to easily combine their traditional physical skills with technology so that they can communicate their design ideas with much ease. In conclusion, the study recommends that more effort be made to encourage technology adoption through digital drawing and illustration in the fashion industry.
Keywords: CorelDraw, Fashion, Illustration, Design, Pattern

Abstract:
This study investigates the influence of symbol orientation and border line thickness on subjects' aesthetic preferences for icon design. Iconography, a critical element in user interface design, relies heavily on visual clarity and aesthetic appeal. Not only shape but also colour and colour combinations influence and make more complex icon design. That implies shape and colour have to be investigated both separately and in interaction. By systematically varying the orientation and border line thickness of icons, we aim to understand how these design parameters affect user preferences. A sample of participants was presented with a series of icons, each differing in orientation and border line thickness, and asked to rate their preferences. Obtained results revealed that both orientation and border line thickness noticeably influence user preference. Icons with certain orientations and moderate border line thickness were consistently rated higher in terms of visual appeal and usability. These findings have important implications for designers, suggesting that careful consideration of these variables can enhance user satisfaction and interface effectiveness.
Keywords: symbol, shape, icon, orientation, thickness

Abstract:
In this research, the carbon footprint for the book and e-reader was calculated for all phases of the product's life cycle. The scientific paper also compares the amount of CO2 equivalents by stages of the life cycle analysis of the listed products, identifies possible places in production or individual habits that can be responsible for reducing the carbon footprint, and suggests ways to reduce the carbon footprint. The CO2 equivalent was used in the carbon footprint calculations because other greenhouse gases such as methane, N2O and fluorinated gases are also emitted during the life cycle of books and e-readers. Calculating the carbon footprint is essential for understanding, monitoring and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The calculation can contribute to raising people's awareness of issues important for reducing the negative impact on the environment, can be a driver of necessary changes in lifestyle with the aim of more sustainable business and lifestyle, and contributes to global efforts in the fight against climate change. The importance of the obtained indicative numbers lies in the fact that individuals and organizations can use the obtained values to make informed decisions that positively affect the environment, society and the economy.
Keywords: carbon footprint, product life cycle stages, book, e-reader

Abstract:
Particulate matter (PM) emitted during the digital printing process is potentially dangerous in the sense that it penetrates deep into the operator's lungs. The mass concentration levels of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 particles emitted in the working environment of digital machines were measured after applying two sampling methods, spatial and individual. A sensor sampler with an optical particle counter was used for the spatial method, while a personal sampler of particulate materials was applied for the individual process. The paper's primary goal is to assess the comparability of the concentration of PM particles obtained by different sampling methods.
Keywords: particulate matter, digital printing, sensor, optical and gravimetric analysis

Abstract:
The potential use of commercial activated carbon for the removal of water-based phthalocyanine printing dye (Cyan) form aqueous solution was investigated. Screening and optimization of four variables (initial dye concentrations, adsorbent mass, pH of the aqueous solution and reaction time) influencing the adsorption process are performed using a new design of experiments methodology, the definitive screening design (DSD). Maximum removal efficiency of 88.5% for Cyan dye was achieved under following conditions: 32.8 mgL-1 of the initial dye concentration, 0.09 g of the adsorbent mass, pH 6 and 20 minutes of the reaction time. The kinetic adsorption modelling followed the Elovich model, indicating monolayer chemisorption process on a heterogeneous adsorbent surface, with possible van der Waals interactions, hydrogen and halogen bonding, as an integral part of adsorption mechanisms of printing dye on activated carbon.
Keywords: Cyan dye, activated carbon, adsorption, optimization, kinetic models, mechanism

Abstract:
The basic printing material of the printing industry is paper. The paper industry uses trees as a source of raw materials. Due to the increasing need and the environmental effects of tree cutting, recycling of used papers, deinking and making papers reusable are among the popular study subjects. The chemicals used in traditional deinking processes are highly toxic. For this reason, environmental protection, which is one of the main reasons for recycling, cannot be adequately achieved with this method. In studies carried out for this purpose, environmentally friendly enzymatic ink removal methods can be used. The enzymatic deinking process is preferred because it has advantages such as high efficiency, low environmental impact, less harmful chemicals needed to achieve equal gloss, better strength, as well as a lower carbon footprint. One of the printing areas where paper is used most in daily life is the products printed with personal printing machines. In this study, it is aimed to print it with a desktop digital printing machine and deink it with amylase enzyme. In this sense, prints were made on 80g/m2 UPM office papers with black toner. Unprinted papers and printed papers were first chemically deinked according to the Ingede 11 method. Then, treatment with enzyme was added to the system as a secondary cleaning method. The amount of amylase enzyme used is 150 FPU/100 g paper. After the deinking process, filter papers were produced. The surface properties, color, brightness, amount of contamination and amount of recycled ink of the produced papers were determined. Papers with only chemical deinking and those with additional enzymatic treatment were compared. As a result, it was concluded that cleaner papers were obtained with additional treatment with enzyme.
Keywords: Deinking, Amylase, Green Recycling, Paper

Abstract:
Printed electronics are preferred over traditional circuit systems in various fields such as energy, healthcare, packaging, and automotive due to reasons like lower silver ink usage, thinner product production, and suitability for mass production. The most commonly used type of ink in printed electronics is silver-based ink. Due to silver's high conductivity and the conductivity of its oxide, it is the most widely used material in printed electronic inks compared to other organic materials and metals. The growing needs of developing technology and the use of silver in other industries continually drive up its price. Considering environmental issues, the recovery of silver from printed electronics has become quite significant. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of two different methods in the recovery of silver ink printed on textile material. In the study, commercial silver paste inks were printed on textile material using screen printing. After drying, the printed samples were aged for two years, and then the silver recovery process was applied. Two methods were employed for silver recovery. In the first method, the silver-printed sample was burned at high temperature, and the silver in the resulting ash was dissolved in nitric acid. In the second method, the silver-printed sample was cut into small pieces and treated with nitric acid without burning to dissolve the silver. The amount of silver dissolved in the solution in both methods was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Additionally, the effects of nitric acid concentration on recovery were investigated. As a result, it was determined that the amount of silver recovered by the incineration method was higher, but the energy cost was also higher compared to the other method.
Keywords: silver recovery, printed electronics, sustainability, screen printing

Abstract:
Adsorption's high efficiency, low operating cost, and versatility have made it a popular and successful approach for removing contaminants from wastewater. Various synthetic and natural adsorbents have been created for this purpose and used to remove a variety of contaminants, including printing inks. Growing environmental concerns have spurred interest in creating more environmentally friendly and biodegradable materials. Hydrogels are produced using a variety of recently developed or identified monomers and cross-links, as well as pre-made biocompatible polymers and cutting-edge synthesis techniques. Hydrogels can be made more intelligent by altering their morphology, crosslinking, chemical structure, or manufacturing methods. Hydrogels must be collected, regenerated, and reused in order to be deemed life cycle sustainable. This is an economic system in which natural ecological feedback or technological means transform waste into resources. In this work, dye adsorption experiments were carried out using wastewater from printing. Hydrogels based on nanocellulose were employed as adsorbents. Firstly, nanocellulose was produced. Nanocellulose was used to create hydrogels, while ZnCl2 was used as a cross-linker. The batch technique was used for the adsorption trials. ATR-FTIR, or attenuated total reflection/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, was used to examine the chemical structures of the hydrogels. The different parameters were found, including pH, contact time, and removal quantity. Thus, with the aid of produced hydrogel, red coloured dye used commercially in flexography inks effectively cleansed the wastewater.
Keywords: nanocellulose, hydrogel, dye adsorption

Abstract:
This paper presents investigations on the utilization of xylan hemicellulose and its derivatives (hydrophobized and acetylated xylan) combined with chitosan biopolymer to improve the barrier and strength properties of paper. In this context, coatings based on hardwood xylan hemicellulose in different combinations, were used for surface treatment of paper. The results demonstrated improved barrier properties to water, gases, oil, and grease, as well as enhanced resistance to microbial attacks and increased mechanical strength of the coated papers. Based on these results, it can be concluded that xylan hemicellulose is a promising biopolymer to substitute synthetic polymers in the treatment of papers for food packaging applications.
Keywords: xylan hemicellulose, coatings, packaging papers, barrier properties

Abstract:
Fluorescent printing inks are often used for design elements in printing, signage, highlighted segments on packaging, and similar applications. In this research, commercially available papers made from recycled and non-woody fibers, such as hemp and cotton, will be used as substrates for printing with fluorescent inks. Paper printing substrate made entirely from virgin fibers will serve as a reference paper. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of paper made from recycled and non-woody plants on the effect of printed fluorescent inks. These paper printing substrates will be examined for their structural, surface, and optical properties, as well as screen-printed with fluorescent inks. The characteristic fluorescent effect of the printed ink will be evaluated using spectrophotometric method on all printing substrates. The difference between papers made from non-woody plants and recycled fibers compared to the reference paper made from virgin fibers will be determined, as well as their impact on the optical effect of fluorescent inks, printed elements, and line width. Additionally, a survey will be conducted to identify the most acceptable paper substrate for designs printed with fluorescent inks.
Keywords: recycled paper, non-woody plant paper, fluorescent printing inks, spectroscopy

Abstract:
The increasing implementation of wastepaper collection and recovery has led to an increase in the use of recycled paper and board as food packaging materials. These materials, which are made entirely or partially from recycled fibres, are widely used for food packaging in Europe. However, the potential presence of contaminants in recycled pulp raises concerns about their suitability for food contact applications due to the potential for migration issues. In this study, three different paperboard food packaging materials from the Croatian market were tested for their chemical stability and migration of potentially harmful substances. The materials included a Kraftliner sample (made of predominantly virgin fibre pulp), a Brown Testliner sample (top ply made of virgin fibres, bottom ply made of recycled fibre pulp) and a printed French Fries Box (combination of deinked and mechanically recycled pulp). The French Fries Box also contained pigment coating and a partial internal print. The research focused on testing the migration of colorants (EN 646) and fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) (EN 648) using food simulants such as olive oil, 3% (m/v) aqueous acetic acid, deionized water, isooctane and saliva simulant. In these test methods the test specimen is placed between two glass fibre papers previously saturated with the test liquids and, after the contact time at room temperature, the bleeding of the colorants or FWAs onto the glass fibre paper is evaluated. In addition, the potential transfer of antimicrobial components, indicating the potential toxicity of the material, was also evaluated by testing the growth inhibition of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis (EN 1104). The results of all analyzes performed were compared with the purity requirements for materials set out in the German national regulation and CEPI’s Food Contact Guidelines for the Compliance of Paper and Board Materials and Articles. The results of migration of colorants were observed only in the Testliner sample in cases where food simulants such as water, acetic acid and saliva solution were used. Unacceptable bleeding of FWAs was confirmed in the French Fries Box sample where the highest level of bleeding was observed in the case when food simulant was water, and to a slightly lesser extent FWAs migrated into glass fibre papers saturated with acetic acid and saliva food simulant. The results of the microbiological tests were positive, as no inhibition zones for bacterial growth were detected in any of the tested paperboards, meaning that none of the samples released antimicrobial substances.
Keywords: food packaging, recycled paperboard, colorant migration, FWAs, antimicrobial transfer

Abstract:
The possibility of integrating printed flexible electronic components into visual solutions that interactively communicate with the consumer represents a new direction in the development of sustainable solutions accessible to all target groups. Flexible electronic thin films are becoming one of the integral elements of visual communication, which means they must be incorporated into the design itself rather than being hidden beneath another element. Today's trends are increasingly directed towards the use of cellulose materials as more acceptable in packaging and other graphic products. In this regard, it was necessary to examine the mechanical, electrical, and colour stability of conductive thin films printed on cellulose substrates. This study examined the possibility of applying conductive silver-based film on cellulose based substrate through the examination of the electric conductivity of silver-based thin films by comparing the quality of prints on two substrates. Additionally, the resistance of printed thin films to double bending and rubbing was investigated. The values of electrical conductivity before and after mechanical testing were compared to explore the potential application of conductive inks in creating visually attractive and mechanically resistant silver-based conductive films. The research has shown that the substrate selection significantly affects the mechanical resistance of prints to bending. Additionally, despite significant visual changes in the conductive thin films, the electrical conductivity of the thin films did not change significantly.
Keywords: Conductive ink, cellulose based substrate, functional printing, mechanical resistance

Abstract:
The objective of this study is to promote a more dynamic utilization of traditionally produced papers for artistic purposes. Specifically, the aim is to enhance the suitability of papers made through traditional methods using bast fibres from hemp, flax and linden plants for drawing and painting. To achieve this goal, a polysaccharide-based biopolymer material was employed during production. This biopolymer material was utilized in two ways: during the papermaking process and subsequently as a surface coating, where it was combined with starch. The visual quality and printability of the resulting papers, both produced and coated, were assessed. In our research, seaweed was utilized as a biopolymer to contribute to sustainability efforts. The inclusion of seaweed extract improved both the surface and barrier properties of the papers. By integrating bi-based seaweed into this study, we aim to introduce a new dimension to traditionally produced papers while promoting the principles of the circular economy. This preliminary study aims to lay the groundwork for future research by providing insights that enhance the quality of artistic papers in both traditional and industrial paper production contexts.
Keywords: Traditional paper, coating, printing, alga, seaweed, biopolymer

Abstract:
This paper explores the cultivation aims and methods for students majoring in graphic technology at universities in the era of the Internet and Artificial Intelligence. The graphic technology major, with an engineering focus, originated from traditional printing technology. By referencing the Washington Accord—an agreement for engineering degree accreditation, this paper introduces the demands of modern engineering education. Tracing back to its traditional focus on the printing industry, the social demands for the graphic technology major have shifted to include cross-media presentation and the reproduction of graphics and images across various media, not just paper. The new social ecosystem requires talent capable of solving complex technical problems and designing innovative print-related products by applying knowledge from multiple disciplines. The development of related printing technologies and the methodologies that support the cultivation of such talent are described in this paper, including the application of printing theories in cross-media contexts, the design thinking approach, STEAM skills training, and aspects of product innovation. These analyses strengthen the related theories in printing and expand the cross-media content and design thinking components when building the cultivation system for students. When we organized activities that brought together students from different disciplinary backgrounds, aiming to enhance their STEAM skills, their enthusiasm could be observed in their designs and products. While the methods suggested in the paper are still in the conceptual stage, they are continuously being promoted and developed.
Keywords: graphic technology, engineering education, product-centred, design thinking.

Abstract:
When teaching English for Graphic Engineering and Design at the tertiary level, it is important to train students to follow professional lectures and presentations and grasp this speech genre. English language classes could be organised to develop this significant skill through systematic training, which includes both the preparation phase, crucial for the activity's success, and the active listening phase. Competence differentiates each phase by adopting and mastering specific strategies. The most crucial method involves anticipating the presentation's topic and key terms, while the next step involves listening to the presentation. The process includes the following steps: a. anticipating the content; b. separating relevant from irrelevant data; c. tolerating ambiguity in the listening data; d. mentally summarising the presented data; e. drawing conclusions about unknown facts based on context; and f. elaborating and connecting previous knowledge with new information. With competent instruction from the teacher and his guidance through the entire process of acquiring and mastering the skills of understanding lectures and presentations in English for Graphic Engineering and Design, the listed strategies can help students gain competence in this field of specific professional knowledge and advance their professional and academic careers.
Keywords: listening comprehension, listening preparation, active listening, approaches

Abstract:
This study examines the impact of incorporating ICT-enhanced peer evaluation throughout the course of 3D modelling, including midterm and final assessments. Rubrics for peer evaluation were developed to ensure structured and consistent assessment of student work, focusing on criteria such as clarity, objectivity, feedback and overall effectiveness. The practical component involved designing peer assessment forms, implementing these assessments in the classroom and comparing teacher and student assessments. As part of the study, students were required to create 10 landscape-themed visualizations using various 3D modeling techniques, textures, and rendering strategies. Assessments were conducted mid-semester and at the end of the course, with students evaluating their peers on communication, modeling, texturing, and stylistic coherence. The results suggest that clearly defined criteria and motivational strategies are essential for successful peer assessment. It was found that students tended to evaluate their peers more leniently than teachers, indicating a possible bias in peer assessment. Effective implementation requires continued engagement and input from educational experts to optimize the assessment categories and ensure meaningful peer feedback.
Keywords: ICT-assisted peer evaluation, study of 3D computer graphic, qualitative analysis, quantitative marks

Abstract:
One of the most challenging and maybe most important tasks of working as a professor and instructor is creating a purposeful and engaging curriculum program. To convey the right theoretical information and practical knowledge, professors go through an iterative process of learning through self-education, teaching, correcting, and adjusting their teaching approach. One must embark on the journey of self-discovery, proper communication, and willingness to change and adapt the curriculum to meet the requirements of industry standards, students, and technology. This paper aims to give insight into the iterative process of creating a curriculum program and practical tasks for students in the third year of Graphic Engineering and Design studies on the subject of Computer Games. Also, the process of transferring skills, acquired by working as an instructor for Unreal Engine and Unreal Editor for Fortnite and collaborating with the game designers, in the classroom will be discussed. As a result of this paper, some guidelines for designing curriculum programs for teaching game design and game development are proposed.
Keywords: video games, education, curriculum program

Abstract:
In this period of the 21st century we can see synthetic pigments everywhere. The primary reason for the widespread use of such synthetic chemicals is that they are cheaper than natively generated substances. The goal of this work is to create ink using an eco-friendly pigment produced from Indian-Almond leaves. In general, the prints over the FMCG packages are to communicate the people about the product inside the packages without. The organic pigments have been extracted from the Indian-Almond leaves at various stages of maturation using an aqueous extraction method. Furthermore, the pigments are combined with solvents, binders, and printing paste to apply the ink to the substrate’s surface. These are non-toxic and commonly utilized in FMCG Packages. This allows us to boost the use of eco-friendly inks in FMCG packaging instead of synthetic chemicals-based inks.
Keywords: Natural pigment, Eco-friendly, Terminalia Catappa, Almond leaf, Non-toxic ink, Printing inks

Abstract:
Due to developing economies and increasing fast consumption, products are constantly in motion globally, causing the need to monitor the products from production to sale and to keep track of their stocks regularly. At this point, smart technological products such as RFID tags make tracking easier and contribute to the smooth progress of business by containing product information. However, these tags, attached to almost every product, contain printed electronics and, therefore, valuable metals. These metals, thrown away after the product is purchased, cause e waste and environmental pollution. It may be possible to recycle these metals for reuse at the end of the tags' life. Therefore, in addition to the durability of the printed RFID tag antennas, recyclability also becomes important in sustainability. In this study, a natural conductive ink containing macroparticles of stainless steel and natural resin was developed. RFID tag antennas were printed by screen printing on PE-coated papers using this novel ink. The recycling of metals on the printed tags was studied using the deinking technique Ingede 11. Screen-printed tag antennas on paper were deinked, and the rates of metal particles remaining in paper residues and wastewater were determined. The results indicate that the metals' particle size and the interaction and adhesion of ink to paper are important for a successful deinking process in conductive inks.
Keywords: deinking, printed electronics, sustainability, recyclability, conductive ink, RFID tag

Abstract:
Fillers are used extensively in all types of polymers such as thermoplastics, elastomers and thermosets. It is considered impossible to develop many polymers without fillers. The primary purpose of using fillers in polymer materials is to reduce cost, but as polymers have become cheaper and more commoditized today, the main purpose of using fillers is no longer to reduce cost. A wide variety of fillers are available, and with their careful selection, composite materials with improved properties for functional use can be produced. The main reasons for using particulate fillers today vary by polymer type but include improved processing, increased hardness, thermal distortion temperature and creep resistance, better wear and tear resistance, and flame retardancy. In this study, it was aimed to use organic-based hornbeam wood sawdust together with inorganic-based calcite filler. Thus, it is aimed to obtain an environmentally friendly green material. General purpose polyester resin was chosen as the matrix material for the composite due to its extensive use in industry. Hornbeam wood sawdust and calcite were used as fillers, mixed with polyester resin in certain proportions. Composite samples were obtained by open mould casting method. The filler rate was determined as 20% limit value, taking into account literature studies. Izod impact tests, tensile tests, and hardness tests of the composite samples were performed and SEM images of the broken surfaces were examined. Since the composite samples contained organic fillers, water absorption tests were also performed. As a result of the study, it was evaluated that the use of hornbeam wood sawdust and calcite together increased the impact and tensile strength, and therefore hornbeam wood sawdust could be used as a filler together with calcite in sectors such as paint and plastic.
Keywords: Calcite, green composite, hornbeam wood sawdust, thermosetting polyester

Abstract:
Many songbooks today are the work of a single author or contain a collection of songs by different artists, groups or singers from one or more genres. However, a scout songbook is always a collection of songs for singing, usually with additional sheet music or chord symbols. The need arose to create a new scout songbook that would improve on the existing songbook “Strune do lune” (“Strings to the Moon”) in terms of content and design. The redesign of the existing songbook required an analysis of songbooks with a similar structure and, above all, a thorough analysis of the existing scout songbook from which we started. Therefore, in the experimental part, we analysed and thoroughly reviewed ten songbooks that are structurally similar to the original songbook. We analysed various criteria (format size and layout, fonts for the main text, titles and subtitles, size and spacing between text lines for the main text, x-height, special features in chorus notation, layout and categorisation of songs according to a theme, illustrations, cover design, binding method of the songbooks and certain special features such as split text verses on the other side of the page) that significantly influence the usability and visual appearance of the songbook. Based on detailed analyses and comparisons, we established sensible starting points for the design. Based on these starting points, we designed a new songbook entitled “Melodije do galaksije” (“Melodies to the Galaxy”) and confirmed that analysing existing songbooks is crucial for the design of a new songbook.
Keywords: songbook, analysis, redesign, layout design

Abstract:
This study investigates the influence of kinetic typography on information transmission efficiency within motion graphics. The focus is on the impact of two variables: word count displayed per minute and typography interpolation method. Type in motion plays a crucial role in conveying information and attracting viewers in new media. The speed at which text elements traverse the screen potentially impacts information perception and understanding. Similarly, the chosen interpolation method, determining transitions between states, affects readability, aesthetics, and overall message delivery. To explore this impact, a combined quantitative and qualitative research approach was employed. Young viewers participated in the study to assess comprehension and information retention. Participants viewed motion graphic animations designed to isolate the two factors under investigation. An optimal speed range was identified, enabling comprehension at a pace that maintains viewer engagement while facilitating information retention. Additionally, the study found that the interpolation method significantly affects information transmission. Specific interpolation techniques enhanced readability, while others hindered it.
Keywords: kinetic typography, interpolation, short-form video

Abstract:
The conservation and restoration of books, documents and manuscripts is aimed at prolonging the life of our written cultural heritage, mainly written on paper, leather and parchment. The main aim of conservation is to preserve the integrity of the object and to prolong its life. In the present experiment, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of water treatment in the conservation treatment of books on the colorimetric characteristics of paper. Unrestored books were selected from the archive of the Bulgarian National Library "St. St. Cyril and Methodius", and the study was conducted in the restoration center of the library. Water treatment of all pages of the book have been done and the colorimetric characteristics before and after water treatment have been measured with a spectrophotometer. Color difference - ΔE, lightness difference - ΔL and hue difference - Δh, between samples before and after water treatment have been calculated. From the obtained results, the effects and changes of the all investigated colorimetric parameters were determined. These results are important from a practical and scientific point of view. The results could be used as valuable information for restoration centers worldwide.
Keywords: Restoration, conservation, color characteristics, color difference, water treatment of papers

Abstract:
This work focuses on the scheduling optimization of the bookbinding process through the application of industrial engineering principles, complemented by artificial intelligence as a key factor in achieving operational efficiency. Flexibility and the need to adapt quickly to fluctuating market conditions in the publishing industry present challenges that require precise operational planning. This includes detailed planning of resources such as time, labour and machinery as well as the optimization of technical and technological processes. Each subprocess is meticulously documented in technological specifications, which precisely describe manufacturing process, product specifications and required quality controls. By analysing input and output parameters in four case studies, a mathematical model was developed to optimize the production process for soft book binding. The model is based on deep learning algorithms that analyse extensive data about the production process and enable an accurate prediction of the optimal production parameters based on current demand and production capacities. For this purpose, an artificial neural network was constructed, which is considered suitable due to its ability to learn complex patterns from data and generate predictions or recommendations based on a large amount of input data. The artificial neural network consists of input, hidden and output layers, each using an activation function that determines the activation of the neurons based on the input data. When training the artificial neural network, the weighting factors between the neurons in the hidden layers are adjusted to minimize the errors between the actual and predicted results. This architecture enables the artificial neural network to learn complicated data patterns and use the derived model for predictions and optimization of the production process in bookbinding. In addition, the model’s predictions facilitate continuous monitoring and analysis of product quality, identifying potential defects or problems before they impact production. By integrating this model, bookbinderies are able to continuously improve their production process and thereby achieve greater efficiency and competitiveness in the market.
Keywords: bookbinding, process, optimization, deep learning, artificial neural networks

Abstract:
This article presents a literature review on women in the printing industry. It explores the diversity of publications on the subject through a systematic literature search based on Web of Science search. It seeks to identify the reasons why women have been marginalized as workers in jobs with higher prestige and pay. What reasons led to the pay gap compared to men. Who are the successful and talented women, whose work has been overshadowed over the centuries. How women have tried to challenge male domination, what women's movements exist today. The writing draws attention to gender inequality, sheds light on the causes of the current situation and provides good examples of how to break down gender stereotypes. In order to address the gender inequality that is still evident.
Keywords: gender inequality, equal pay, women workers, printing industry, literature review