MEĐUNARODNI SIMPOZIJUM GRAFIČKOG INŽENJERSTVA I DIZAJNA

Abstract:
Colour is everywhere in design, and yet design education has not kept pace with what colour does in contemporary practice. Across the discipline, colour continues to be framed primarily as a visual element: something applied to a design, concerning aesthetics and composition, addressed once the more consequential decisions have been made. This paper argues that this framing is too narrow, and that its narrowness carries consequences for practice, for education, and for the capacity of design to respond to the challenges it now faces. Colour decisions in contemporary design extend well beyond the palette, into ecological impact, cultural specificity, accessibility and inclusion, and AI-assisted production, among others. In each of these domains, design is already making colour decisions of consequence without necessarily recognising them as colour decisions. The paper presents a framework for colour competence in design, developed across seventeen years of doctoral and post-doctoral research and teaching, and organised into four knowledge domains: Colour Context and Strategic Framing; Colour, Human Experience and Inclusion; Colour Decision and Materialisation; and Colour Performance and Impact. Aligned with the Double Diamond model of the design process, and structured across two dimensions, stable knowledge domains and the five capacities of colour literacy that operate across them, the framework functions as a map of the territory colour actually occupies in design practice. The paper argues that accountability, one of those five capacities, is the competence the framework makes operable: a designer can account for a colour decision only by knowing which domains of colour knowledge it draws upon, and by which ways of knowing.

Keywords:
Colour literacy, Colour competence, Design knowledge, Colour decision-making,

Abstract:
As graphical user interfaces (GUI) evolve beyond static screens into dynamic, high-stakes interfaces—such as autonomous vehicles and healthcare control units—the traditional silos separating visual communication from human factors psychology and broader human-computer interaction (HCI) present a critical barrier to effective education. This paper outlines a seven-year pedagogical framework developed at California State University, Long Beach (CSULB) that structurally bridges the School of Art Graphic Design Program and the Master of Science in Human Factors (MSHF) Psychology program. Informed by Activity Theory (Kaptelinin & Nardi, 2006), this interdisciplinary model evolved from ad hoc usability testing of Environmental Control Units (ECUs) at the VA Hospital into a formalized "Design-as-Research" infrastructure. By establishing a shared laboratory environment equipped with a BeamNG.drive physics simulator, graphic design students shifted from designing static visual aesthetics to engineering "XUI in Motion"—interfaces shaped by the temporal, physical, and cognitive constraints of driving. This framework shows that pairing graphic design students with rigorous human-factors testing produces joint peer-reviewed publications, advances human-factors capstone research, and prepares graphic design students for successful placement across leading technology and automotive sectors.

Keywords:
Interdisciplinary Design Education, Human Factors Psychology, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), XUI in Motion, Right-to-Left (RTL) Localization, Simulation

Abstract:
Colour naming bridges vision and language. We group colours into categories that we refer to by names such as yellow, turquoise, or periwinkle blue. The number of colour names in languages is often large, as finer distinctions allow colour to be communicated with greater precision (Gage, 1995). For brand owners, designers and colour technologists, this diversity has real consequences: a colour name that communicates clearly within one linguistic community may mislead, or fail to translate at all, in another — with direct effects for the intended audience across branding and visual communication design.

Keywords:
Colour naming, Cross-linguistic communication, Serbian, Colour translation

Abstract:
The discipline of packaging development has historically evolved not as a unified science, but as a fragmented collection of independent sub-disciplines. Academic and industry packaging development frameworks mimic this fragmentation where packaging design, material science, logistics, and end-of-life recovery are treated as isolated domains rather than a single, integrated system. Recent changes where sustainability requirements through more system thinking approach (life cycle analysis) and different economic instruments like plastic taxes, extended producer responsibility fees and new directives regarding toxicology requirements require a paradigm shift. Driven by escalating climate pressures, stringent European Union regulatory mandates, and the imperative of the circular economy, packaging is no longer evaluated merely as a single-use vessel. Instead, we must conceptualize it as a Total Packaging System (TPS). While similar to Total Quality concepts (reduce waste, continuous improvement, data driven) this review outlines a new comprehensive framework which goes beyond as tries to go outside just the rigid fragmented techno sphere domain. This new framework harmonizes structural material performance (permeability, mechanical integrity) with advanced chemical safety standards—specifically the complex convergence of REACH, Food Contact Material (FCM) regulations, and the newly active Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR, Regulation (EU) 2025/40) together with sustainability requirements done through new material development approaches like Sustainable and Safe by Design (SSbD) tools, life cycle analysis (LCA) and multifactorial optimization.
Keywords: Packaging development, Material performance, Sustainability, System thinking

Abstract:
Digital transfer printing technologies such as Direct-to-Film (DTF) and dye-sublimation printing are increasingly used for personalized textile production; however, the influence of textile surface structure and fiber orientation on the stability of tone and line reproduction remains insufficiently investigated. In this study, a comparative assessment of the reproduction of halftone and fine line elements on gabardine fabric using DTF printing with a white underbase, DTF printing without a white underbase, and dye-sublimation transfer printing is presented. A digital test scale containing cyan and magenta halftone areas and black line elements with different orientations was printed under identical resolution conditions (720 × 1440 dpi). Optical density measurements and relative information capacity loss were used as quantitative indicators of tonal and line reproduction. The obtained results showed that all investigated technologies provide stable reproduction in highlight tonal regions, whereas DTF printing with a white underbase provides improved colour field saturation in midtones and shadows compared to the other variants. Analysis of line reproduction demonstrated a significant influence of textile surface anisotropy, with relative spatial information capacity losses exceeding the reference threshold level of 15% in all investigated cases and reaching maximum values in prints produced without a white underbase. The results confirm the effectiveness of the white intermediate layer in improving the stability of reproduction of fine image elements on structured textile substrates and provide experimental data for the optimisation of digital transfer printing workflows.
Keywords: DTF printing, Dye-sublimation printing, Textile printing, Halftone reproduction, Line reproduction, Optical density, quality, Information capacity loss

Abstract:
The aluminum beverage can manufacturing process is a highly automated and tightly controlled industrial system where surface preparation plays a critical role in ensuring product quality and long-term performance. Within this production chain, the Washer system represents one of the most important stages, as it is responsible for removing process contaminants, preparing the aluminum surface, and enabling proper adhesion of subsequent coating and printing layers. This paper analyzes the role of Washer systems in aluminum can manufacturing, with a specific focus on their impact on product quality, process stability, and overall production sustainability. The study combines a literature review, analysis of industrial practice, and operational process data from production environments. Key process parameters such as pH, conductivity, fluoride concentration, and FA/TA ratio are discussed in relation to their influence on surface treatment efficiency and defect prevention. An experimental Etching Rate Test was conducted to quantitatively evaluate the intensity of aluminum surface etching as an indicator of accelerator activity within the Washer system. The results showed an average material loss of 8.6 mg per can (114 mg/m2), which falls within the established industrial reference range, confirming stable and controlled process conditions. The findings highlight the Washer system as a critical interface between mechanical forming and final surface finishing operations, directly influencing coating adhesion, defect formation, and downstream process efficiency. In addition, the study emphasizes the dual role of the Washer in ensuring both product quality and environmental sustainability through optimized chemical consumption, water recirculation, and process control strategies.
Keywords: Aluminum can manufacturing, Washer system, Aluminum surface preparation, Chemical process control, Etching rate, Quality control, Sustainability

Abstract:
This study investigates the influence of halftone dot geometry on dot gain and tone reproduction in UV flexographic printing on non-absorbent aluminium foil 20 μm thick. Two screening technologies were compared — conventional regular round dots (AM) and a fractal structure. The microstructure of the imprints was examined by optical microscopy (150× magnification), followed by analysis of dot perimeter and area in the DinoCapture 2.0 software environment; the effective dot area was determined densitometrically for nominal tone values from 1 to 99%. The fractal screen was found to exhibit substantially higher dot gain in the midtone region (a maximum of ΔA = +23.8% at the 50% tint, compared with +6.1% for the round screen), whereas in the highlight region (1–5%) the fractal structure provided better isolation of individual dots and lower dot gain. Regression models of the dot-gain curves were developed; the best fit to the experimental data (R2 = 0.93–0.99) was achieved by a third-degree polynomial and a smoothing spline. The results confirm the perimeter-driven ink-squeeze mechanism as the dominant factor in dot gain on metallised non-absorbent substrates and indicate the need to construct separate dot-gain compensation curves (DGC) for fractal screening in foil flexography.
Keywords: Flexographic printing, Aluminium foil, Screening, Dot gain, Tone reproduction, Fractal geometry, Optical density, Regression modelling

Abstract:
White printing is a general trend necessary for the production of printed media on highly saturated substrates and transparent surfaces. Such industrial printing is achieved primarily via classical technologies. However, electrophotography with liquid white ElectroInk is now increasingly common. A new trend is printing ElectroInk white on metallised substrates, where it serves as a base layer (mask) for subsequent in-line CMYK colour reproduction. Applying white ElectroInk in thicker layers is challenging. Achieving higher TiO2 pigment concentration requires more white layers. In this work, the reproduction of standard white ElectroInk is investigated on an HP Indigo WS 6800 machine, using one, two, and three machine prints repetitions. To enhance the white ink effect, experimental embossing of the metallised substrate (Vacuum metal silver lux ultra ws label material) will be performed with the Pantek Rhino S510 unit. This process forms a rough surface layer using two embossing plates. Printing white ElectroInk and overprinting on such a surface introduces a new challenge. It creates visual effects with better white acceptance on the metallised surface. Experiments show the best sample is the one printed on an HP Indigo machine with two coats of white ElectroInk. It was also found that changing the surface structure with embossing causes greater changes at higher white tone coverage. White halftone patches achieve rapid tone change (1 layer: ΔE00=1.95; 2 layers: ΔE00=2.34; 3 layers: ΔE00=1.55), while solid tones change slightly (1 layer: ΔE00=1.55; 2 layers: ΔE00=0.70; 3 layers ΔE00=0.32).
Keywords: Digital Colour Offset, Embossing, White ElectroInk, Metallised substrate

Abstract:
Thermochromic printing inks are functional graphic materials widely used in various applications, including the development of temperature indicators. For such systems, material compatibility and the optimization of thermochromic ink properties are essential to ensure reliable temperature indication. In this research, a functional printed indicator was developed for monitoring the temperature conditions of insulin therapy during storage and use. The multilayer indicator consists of a pictogram printed in full tone using thermo-chromic ink on a self-adhesive label. In its inactive state, a single-coloured graphic indicator signifies the insulin has been stored within the recommended temperature range. Upon activation, the thermochromic ink undergoes a reversible transition from coloured to transparent state, revealing an underlying warning pictogram. This colour change provides an immediate visual alert that the insulin should be stored to a lower-temperature environment to preserve its efficacy. The study was conducted using two thermochromic printing inks formulated with pigment concentrations of 8%, 10%, and 12% in the binder. Each formulation was printed in one, two, and three ink layers to determine printing conditions for achieving optimal opacity and colorimetric properties. The results could provide recommendations for optimizing ink formulation and printing parameters in the production of functional thermo-chromic temperature indicators for specific purposes.
Keywords: Thermochromic ink, Temperature indicators, Functional printing, Colorimetric properties

Abstract:
Offset print quality emerges from coupled interactions among standardized process control, substrate structure and surface chemistry, ink formulation and rheology, and post-print finishing. Although these factors are frequently investigated separately, their combined influence on ink transfer, film formation, tone value increase, gloss, colour stability, and final visual appearance remains insufficiently synthesized. This critical review evaluates the technical and material factors governing offset print quality through an integrated process-material perspective. It examines the role of ISO 12647-2-based process control and objective measurement, then compares evidence concerning paper grammage, roughness, porosity, coating composition, surface wettability, ink formulation, ink sequence, varnishing, and drying or curing methods. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms that connect substrate properties and ink behaviour, including wetting, capillary penetration, pigment retention, ink setting, film levelling, and optical changes caused by transparent finishing layers. The review shows that individual indicators such as grammage, roughness, or water contact angle cannot independently predict printability because their effects depend on coating structure, surface-energy components, ink-vehicle polarity, dampening conditions, and ink rheology. It further identifies limitations in the current literature, including inconsistent characterization methods, insufficient separation of aqueous and non-aqueous wetting behaviour, and limited integration of sustainability and end-of-life criteria. The review concludes that high quality and sustainable offset printing requires both standards based measurement and a mechanism oriented understanding of material–process interactions.
Keywords: Critical review, Ink formulation, ISO 12647-2, Offset printing, Paper properties, Print quality, Surface coatings, Surface wettability

Abstract:
The article investigates one of the key challenges of modern reproduction technology—the quality of color reproduction, the overall efficiency of printing production largely depending on its accuracy and predictability. The study employs a comprehensive empirical and theoretical approach based on the instrumental measurement of colorimetric parameters and chromatic coordinates of experimental prints produced on different output systems. These measurements were used for mathematical modeling and for determining the actual limits of the color gamut of the equipment. The obtained results demonstrate that the Indigo digital printing press provides the widest and most stable color gamut among the analyzed systems. To ensure a comprehensive technical and economic evaluation of the technologies, the article also presents experimental data on production time for different print-run volumes and graphical representations of printing efficiency. The analysis proves that, according to time-related criteria, digital printing systems are superior for short print runs, whereas conventional offset equipment remains the most appropriate and technologically justified solution for large-volume production.
Keywords: Quality of color reproduction, Digital systems, Color gamut

Abstract:
Packaging design has evolved beyond its traditional role of protecting products to become a strategic communication tool that supports branding, cultural identity, and consumer engagement during global and local events. This research investigates the role of packaging design in enhancing the visual identity and promotional impact of major international and local events through the development of event-inspired packaging concepts. The study aims to identify the design elements and visual strategies that strengthen the relationship between products and event branding while increasing consumer attraction and emotional engagement. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining a literature review, analytical study of selected local and international product packages associated with major events, a questionnaire targeting consumers and design specialists to evaluate public perceptions of event-oriented packaging, and experimental design applications developed by the researcher. The experimental designs explored the integration of event visual identity, color schemes, typography, illustrations, structural packaging, and interactive features into commercial packaging to create memorable consumer experiences. The findings demonstrate that packaging inspired by global and local events significantly enhances product visibility, reinforces brand recognition, increases purchase intention, and strengthens consumers' emotional connection with both the product and the event. The analytical and experimental results further indicate that integrating cultural and event-specific visual elements into packaging contributes to effective marketing communication and product differentiation in competitive markets. The study concludes that event-oriented packaging design represents an innovative marketing and communication strategy capable of creating added value for brands while promoting cultural and sporting events. Accordingly, the research recommends encouraging collaboration between packaging designers, manufacturers, and event organizers to develop limited-edition packaging that celebrates local and global events, enhances consumer experience, and supports economic and cultural sustainability.
Keywords: Packaging design, Limited-edition packaging, Consumer engagement, Visual communication, Event marketing

Abstract:
The present study investigates the wear process of the cutting edge of an eccentrically positioned circular knife when cutting book blocks. The study further explores methodologies for prolonging the operational longevity of vibrating circular knives within high-speed book production environments. A new method for monitoring circular knife blade wear is proposed. The experimental part of the study involves a comparative analysis of the operational lifespans of traditional and vibrating circular knives (from sharpening to dulling). Computer-aided simulations of cutting processes using eccentric and non-eccentric circular knives have revealed that the vibrating knife blade’s trajectory is significantly influenced by its vibration parameters during the cutting process. This reduces the cutting path and consequently minimizes blade wear. The conducted analysis suggests a way to optimize tool wear in bookbinding processes utilizing eccentric circular knives.
Keywords: Vibration cutting, Tool life, Eccentric circular knife, Book-edge trimming

Abstract:
Modern colour image reproduction technologies in the printing industry require coordinated integration of colour separation, halftoning, colour synthesis, and ink consumption management while accounting for the nonlinear behaviour of printing processes. Traditional approaches do not always provide both accurate colour reproduction and efficient ink use. This study aims to establish methodological foundations for prepress preparation of colour images and to develop the conceptual model of the IT Color Print information technology for controlled colour reproduction and optimized ink consumption. The proposed methodology integrates mathematical modelling of colour synthesis, colour coordinate transformations, geometric clustering of the colour gamut, nonlinear transformation analysis, and experimental printing. A set of algorithms was developed for four-colour and multicolour prepress processing. The nonlinear transformation index of the printing process and the colorimetric characteristics of printing inks were incorporated into the colour transformation model. A relationship was established between the nonlinear transformation index and the optical densities of printed patches, indicating that minimisation of this index can be used as a criterion for identifying favourable colour reproduction conditions. Based on these relationships, a gamma-correction method for CMY and K components was developed to preserve neutral grey balance and maintain tonal and colour stability. Analysis of colour separations showed that CMY inks are used primarily to reproduce chromatic image components, whereas black ink mainly forms image structure, tonal gradation, and achromatic content. This redistribution reduced CMY ink consumption by approximately 60% while increasing the contribution of black ink. Experimental validation was performed by printing fine-art photographs on an HP Indigo 5500 press. The results confirmed agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data and demonstrated substantial CMY ink savings without significant deterioration in colour reproduction accuracy. The IT Color Print model integrates colour separation, synthesis, halftoning, and ink-component correction into a unified framework for controlled and resource-efficient
Keywords: Colour image prepress preparation, Ink consumption optimisation, Colour space, Colour synthesis, Colour reproduction, Optical density, Gamma correction.

Abstract:
The incorporation of zinc oxide (ZnO) into bio-based printing formulations offers the potential to introduce additional functionality, while its presence may also influence the optical properties and colour development of the resulting prints. This study examined the colour development of halftone and solid screen prints produced on cotton fabric using a sodium alginate-based printing paste containing aronia pomace extract and ZnO. Printing was performed using a screen with a mesh count of 32 threads cm−1. Prints with a nominal tonal value of 50% and solid prints were produced using one to five successive passes. The prints were evaluated using CIE L*a*b* colour coordinates, while colour differences relative to the unprinted cotton substrate were calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula. K/S values were calculated according to the Kubelka-Munk equation. For the halftone prints, increasing the number of passes resulted in a gradual decrease in L*, while ΔE00 increased from 3.97 to 9.60 and the hue angle shifted towards red. The K/S value generally increased from 2.22 to 2.55. In solid print areas, the most pronounced reduction in lightness occurred between the first and second pass, after which the hue angle remained relatively stable. The lowest L* value (59.87), the highest ΔE00 (19.40) and the highest K/S value (3.90) were obtained after four passes. Applying a fifth pass did not improve the optical response of the solid print. These findings indicate that the number of successive passes influences both colour strength and hue development, with four passes providing the strongest colour response in solid print areas under the investigated printing conditions.
Keywords: Aronia pomace, Zinc oxide, Screen printing, Colour strength, Halftone printing

Abstract:
Indigo digital printing presses are commonly used today for packaging printing. The packaging industry utilizes a much wider variety of print substrates, which makes standardization in this sector much more challenging than in commercial graphic arts printing. Proofing printers are commonly used in color management systems to visualize the final printed product and for ongoing color monitoring. The main advantage of proofing is obtaining a physical sample of the printed product before the costly and irreversible step of producing a printing plate is done. However, proofs also have their place in digital printing when they simulate the output of a production press. This paper focuses on the preparation of profiles for simulation of output of an HP Indigo 6K Digital Press on 11 different substrates. The proofs were printed on an Epson SureColor P5000 inkjet printer.
Keywords: Proof, Profile creation, Color management, Printed material

Abstract:
One of the major challenges in flexographic printing on kraft papers is the accurate reproduction of colour, which is strongly affected by the inherent yellow-brown shade of the printing substrate. Due to the limited opacity of most process and spot-colour inks, including CMYK and Pantone water-based flexographic inks, significant deviations in colour appearance occur when they are printed directly on kraft-based materials. The conventional technological solution is the application of one or more opaque white ink underlayers in order to create a sufficiently white printing base. However, this approach is associated with several disadvantages, including increased production costs, additional printing units or passes, the need for extra flexographic printing plates, higher ink consumption, and possible technical problems such as anilox roller clogging caused by the highly pigmented nature of opaque white inks. The present study investigates an alternative approach based on the addition of different quantities of opaque white ink directly into water-based flexographic process inks and Pantone inks. The influence of this modification on the colour characteristics and colour reproduction accuracy was evaluated by measuring the spectral properties and opacity of the white ink, as well as the CIE Lab* colour coordinates of the printed samples. Colour differences, expressed as ΔE values, were determined in relation to reference colour characteristics. The inks were printed on brown kraft liner and on white double-coated testliner. Comparative analyses were performed between inks printed on a white substrate and inks printed directly on kraft material with the addition of varying amounts of opaque white ink. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the colour accuracy characteristics of inks printed on brown kraft paper when opaque white ink is added to the ink formulation. Depending on the investigated ink colour, the colour difference from the reference values was reduced by approximately 30–40%. These findings indicate that controlled addition of opaque white ink may represent an effective technological approach for improving colour reproduction accuracy in flexographic printing on kraft-based substrates. The results are of both scientific and practical importance and are particularly relevant to high-volume printing of corrugated board and packaging production, where kraft papers are widely used and colour consistency remains a critical quality requirement.
Keywords: Packaging, Flexography, Water-based flexography inks, Opaque white ink, Kraft papers, Colour reproduction accuracy, Colour difference, Corrugated board

Abstract:
Print quality evaluation in electrophotographic printing continues to rely predominantly on operator expertise, visual inspection, and conventional quality control procedures, which may limit the consistency and objectivity of decisions made in digital print production. This study investigates whether an AI-assisted recommendation framework, developed from spectrophotometric measurements and experimental colour-difference data, can support the selection of paper substrates and screening conditions for specified CMYK inputs. The purpose is to examine the feasibility of transforming measured print-quality data into practical decision support for the operator. The study introduces Artificial Intelligence-assisted Print Quality Intelligence (AI-PQI), a data-driven recommendation framework that uses spectrophotometric colour measurements and local CMYK-based estimation of CIEDE2000 colour differences. The experimental dataset comprised 400 CMYK patches printed on four paper substrates using six screening conditions on a Xerox electrophotographic printing system. This produced 24 paper–screening combinations and 9,600 measured colour patches. Target CIELAB values, measured CIELAB values and the corresponding ΔE00 values were retained as generated within the original experimental and measurement workflow. The results show that the screening condition with the lowest measured colour difference can vary among individual CMYK patches and paper substrates. The proposed framework uses these experimental relationships to estimate the expected ΔE00 for the investigated paper–screening combinations and to identify a potentially suitable production condition. Because the reference CIELAB values were defined within the original substrate-specific workflow, the present recommendations should be interpreted as preliminary decision support within the investigated experimental system rather than as a fully standardised comparison against a single substrate-independent colour target. Establishing such a common target and validating predictions for previously unmeasured inputs remain objectives for future research.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Electrophotographic printing, Print quality evaluation, Decision support, Digital printing

Abstract:
The growing demand for sustainable packaging and printed products has increased interest in biodegradable polymeric materials as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastics. However, their printability and color reproduction characteristics remain insufficiently investigated. This study evaluates the suitability of biodegradable polymer films based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and its blends with poly (butylene succinate) (PBS), poly (hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) for UV inkjet printing applications. Biopolymer films were produced by flat-die extrusion under controlled processing conditions. The printed samples were obtained using a UV inkjet printing system under standardized printing parameters. Print quality was assessed through optical density and CIELAB color measurements using a spectrophotometer, while the chemical structure of the prepared blends was examined by FTIR spectroscopy to verify the absence of chemical reactions during processing. The obtained results indicate that all investigated biopolymer blends provide high optical density values with only minor variations among formulations. Although differences in lightness (L*) were observed between individual blends, chromatic coordinates (a* and b*) remained relatively stable, demonstrating consistent color reproduction across the tested materials. FTIR analysis confirmed that no new chemical bonds were formed during extrusion, indicating that the prepared materials represent physical polymer blends. The findings demonstrate that PLA-based biodegradable films and their blends exhibit promising printability for UV inkjet technology while maintaining their chemical integrity after processing. These results contribute to the development of sustainable printed products and provide a basis for further optimization of biodegradable substrates intended for graphic and packaging applications.
Keywords: UV inkjet printing, Biopolymer films, PLA blends, Color reproduction, Print quality, FTIR analysis, Sustainable packaging

Abstract:
Geometric drift in the printing process can alter the position and orientation of graphic elements, degrading print quality and reducing the reliability of print inspection. Timely detection of such deviations is essential for maintaining process stability and ensuring consistent product quality. This study investigates latent reference patterns for detecting translational and rotational drift. The objective was to determine whether a non-periodic spatial arrangement of reference elements can reliably estimate pattern position and orientation and serve as a reference structure for geometric drift detection. Latent reference patterns were generated as binary point structures using Bridson's Poisson disk sampling algorithm. Poisson disk sampling was selected to produce a non-periodic spatial configuration with a controlled minimum separation distance between reference elements, reducing the likelihood of ambiguous geometric correspondences during geometric registration. The centers of the circular reference elements were generated pseudo-randomly subject to a predefined minimum separation distance, while the domain dimensions and generation parameters remained constant, making the spatial arrangement of the reference elements the only variable. Two-dimensional rigid geometric transformations were applied to the generated patterns. Translation was modeled by displacement components Δx and Δy, each varied from −10 px to +10 px in 1 px increments, while rotation was modeled by a rotation matrix about the pattern center over the range from −5° to +5° in 0.5° increments. A transformed latent reference pattern was generated for each translation-rotation combination, forming a dataset of simulated geometric deviations. The original and transformed configurations were compared by estimating the translation and rotation that produce optimal geometric alignment of the corresponding reference elements through minimization of the mean squared coordinate error. The estimated transformation parameters were compared with the prescribed values, and absolute estimation errors were calculated. The results demonstrated that the non-periodic spatial configuration of the latent reference pattern enables reliable estimation of translational and rotational drift within the investigated transformation range. These findings support the use of latent reference patterns as reference structures for developing automated geometric drift detection methods under simulated geometric conditions relevant to the printing process.
Keywords: Geometric drift, Latent reference patterns, Poisson disk sampling, Geometric registration, Printing process

Abstract:
This study presents a preliminary image-based method for assessing the quality of laser-engraved graphic elements on colored paperboard. Uncoated, pulp-dyed paperboards in yellow, light blue, and black were engraved with a CO2 laser at three power settings. The samples were digitized using a flatbed scanner and analyzed in ImageJ with substrate-specific image channels and automatic thresholding. Quality was assessed by measuring the dimensional reproduction of line elements, the area and contour properties of positive and negative geometric shapes, and the uniformity of larger engraved areas. The results showed that engraved lines were consistently wider than their nominal dimensions, with relative deviation rising markedly as nominal line width decreased. The finest lines (0.25 pt) showed the largest dimensional errors and, in several cases, the greatest variability. Positive geometric elements generally increased in area, while lateral expansion of the engraved region could reduce the preserved area of negative elements. Circularity and perimeter measurements revealed contour changes that area measurements alone did not always capture. Surface analysis also showed that the response of normalized non-uniformity to laser power varied by paperboard color. Overall, the findings demonstrate that line-width measurements, shape descriptors, and normalized surface-uniformity parameters provide complementary information and support a multi-parameter approach to objectively evaluating laser-engraving quality on colored paperboard.
Keywords: Laser engraving, Paperboard, Image analysis, Dimensional accuracy, Contour fidelity, Surface uniformity

Abstract:
Due to the increasing need for flexible and lightweight electronic components, the market for printed electronics is continuously growing and is to reach almost 40 billion USD in 2030. Therefore developing a more sustainable conductive inks is highly important. The aim of this paper is to propose conductive ink with graphite as a conductive component, dispersed in starch paste for the application on cardboard using screen printing technique. For the purpose of this research printed samples were prepared on two types of cardboard (coated and uncoated) by printing with various screen printing mess thread count. The samples were evaluated by measuring optical density, visual inspection and by measuring electrical resistance. The results of the evaluation showed that both cardboard surface finish and screen printing mesh count is significantly influencing ink film formation. Additionally, only samples printed with 32 lpcm screen printing mesh count achieved electrical resistance lower than 2 kΩ. It can be concluded that graphite-starch conductive ink has the potential for use in printed electronics, but due to the high electrical resistance and relatively bad ink film forming on coated cardboard, it should be improved. The future work will be focused on increasing conductivity and improving wetting on smooth, coated surfaces.
Keywords: Screen printing, Conductive ink, Graphite, Starch

Abstract:
White Lined Chipboard (WLC), made from wastepaper, is widely used for high-quality packaging applications that require consistent optical density and uniform tonal reproduction. A critical printing defect affecting visual appearance in multicolor offset printing is mottling—characterized by localized variations in ink transfer, uneven ink setting, and cloudy tonal reproduction in solid areas and halftone gradients. This study examines the relationship between wet-end process conditions, middle and print ply formation, baseboard structural uniformity, and offset printability on a 200,000 t/a recycled WLC machine (GD2, GD3 and GT2 grades). Non-uniform fiber distribution creates micro-scale variations in basis weight, porosity, coating holdout, and surface absorbency, which lead to uneven ink absorption during printing—particularly visible in fine screen rulings, light cyan/magenta tones, and smooth gradients. To mitigate mottling, a systematic wet-end optimization program was implemented, focusing on raw material fiber ratio adjustments (OCC and recovered paper blend), shake roll parameters, stock consistency control, and jet-to-wire speed ratio optimization to reduce local basis weight variations prior to blade coating. Process modifications were continuously evaluated in the laboratory using an IGT Amsterdam 2 printability tester to isolate water-interference mottling from back-trapping mottling. Findings were validated through commercial offset press trials operating at 10,000–12,000 sheets/hour. The results confirmed that wet-end formation improvements significantly reduced both laboratory-measured mottling indices and commercial print non-uniformities. The study demonstrates that resolving print mottling requires an integrated, process-oriented methodology connecting board machine wet-end control with laboratory printability simulation and commercial press validation.
Keywords: Recycled cardboard, Board machine, Formation, Wet end optimization, Mottling, White lined chipboard (WLC), GD2, GD3, Offset printing, IGT Amsterdam 2

Abstract:
Printing facilities have significant fire and explosion hazards, i.e., combustible paper and toner dust, flammable inks and cleaning solvents, ignition sources from electrical equipment, and static electricity generated during high-speed printing processes. Despite these hazards, the extent of peer-reviewed fire research dedicated to the printing industry remains unclear. This study addresses this gap through a PRISMA-guided systematic review of the academic literature, supplemented by a structured review of key grey literature sources. The academic search was conducted across Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect for publications in the past 10 years. A total of 314 articles were identified, of which only 4 met the eligibility criteria, and only 1 directly investigated fire or explosion hazards in a printing-adjacent facility. To complement the limited academic evidence, the grey literature review examined widely adopted technical guidance, including FM Global Data Sheets 7-96 (Printing Plants), 3-26 (Fire Protection for Nonstorage Occupancies) and the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) guidance on Fire and Explosion Risks in Printing. The findings reveal that the fire-safety knowledge base for the printing industry exists predominantly within technical standards, insurer guidance, and regulatory documents rather than peer-reviewed publications. This work highlights a critical research gap and identifies priorities for future fire research to strengthen the scientific evidence base supporting fire-safety design and risk management in printing facilities.
Keywords: Fire Safety in Printing, Printing Industry, Printing Plant, Fire Protection

Abstract:
In the complex process of recalling a distinct colour, memory plays a crucial role. The accuracy of recall is particularly important in some cases, for example when recognising the colour of food, as it communicates information about its freshness, taste and ripeness. Food manufacturers establish their first contact with consumers through various forms of advertising. To attract attention and encourage purchase, the colour of food must be carefully selected and depicted. This process relies on memory colours for different groups of fruit and vegetables, i.e. the colours of well-known and frequently seen objects. In 2024, a new Preferred Memory Colour (PMC) chart was published, which contains the memory colours of selected objects and foods and enables accurate colour reproduction. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the influence of the mode of colour presentation on the observer's ability to recall a colour sample, namely the colour of fruit or vegetables. In the experiment, three different ways of presenting the colour were used. The experiment took place in a controlled environment under constant observation conditions. The colour vision of the observers was previously checked with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test. The test charts were prepared based on the preferred colours of selected foods, and the results were numerically evaluated using the parameters of the CIELAB colour space. The results showed that the accuracy of colour recall is greatly improved with additional directed instruction, due to subconscious associations with a specific object. In addition, it emerged that some food colours are remembered more accurately than others.
Keywords: Colour perception, Colour memory, Memory colours, Food colour, Colour recall

Abstract:
This study examines the consistency of displayed colour between Blender’s EEVEE and Cycles rendering engines under the Standard, Filmic and AgX view transforms. A test matrix comprising 36 rendered samples (six primary and secondary colours across six engine-transform combinations) was shown on a profiled Philips 288E2 monitor and measured with an i1PRO 3 spectrophotometer using an Argyll CMS workflow. The virtual scene used frontal illumination with a simulated 6500 K, 1000 W light source. Corresponding EEVEE and Cycles measurements were compared using the CIE 1976 colour difference ΔE*ab (hereafter ΔE76). All inter-engine differences were below 1.0. AgX produced the lowest mean ΔE76 (M = 0.234, SD = 0.085), followed by Filmic (M = 0.438, SD = 0.187) and Standard (M = 0.440, SD = 0.207). The largest individual difference was measured for red under Standard (ΔE76 = 0.803). The results indicate that inter-engine agreement was greatest under AgX, although the experiment does not establish absolute colour accuracy or perceptual equivalence.
Keywords: Colour management, Blender, Colour difference, Rendering engine, View transform, EEVEE, Cycles, AgX

Abstract:
The use of colour in branding has long relied on fixed hue–meaning associations: blue for trust, red for energy, green for sustainability. Treated as rules rather than conventions, these associations limit creativity and differentiation, and in sustainability communication the overuse of green has produced predictable, homogenised visual identities. Through the case of ECODeCK, a research project that supports manufacturing companies in a paradigmatic shift towards sustainable transition, this paper presents a six-step colour design methodology that considers hue, lightness and saturation together: i) researching the project’s context and aims; ii) exploring and analysing colour benchmarking; iii) translating concepts into colour attributes; iv) defining a key colour identity palette; v) testing and applying the palette; and vi) scaling it into a chromatic system. The resulting identity departs from the green convention of sustainability communication by distributing meaning across the key palette and the extended chromatic system, rather than relying on a single symbolic hue. The case also shows that the methodology structures, rather than replaces, the designer’s judgement. The paper contributes to the beyond-hue approach to colour meaning with a practical methodology for colour design in visual identity, and argues for colour design as a tool for research and knowledge dissemination.
Keywords: Colour design methodology, Colour in branding and visual identity, Colour semantics, Beyond-hue approach, ECODeCK project

Abstract:
Congenital red-green Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) affects approximately 8% of Caucasian males and 0.5% of females and can interfere with color-dependent daily and occupational tasks. This review synthesizes psychophysical and computational evidence on passive spectral filters (including EnChroma®, VINO®, and Colorlite®) and active digital recoloration methods. Passive filters alter color appearance but do not restore normal trichromatic vision and do not consistently improve diagnostic chromatic discrimination. Nevertheless, some filters may provide stimulus- and task-dependent enhancement of chromatic contrast or appearance in selected anomalous trichromats. Computational analyses also show that VINO® can reduce the number of discernible colors (NODC) under some simulated conditions. The CVD-MET metric, developed in previous papers, provides complementary measures of efficiency and naturalness for comparing visual aids. In the methods originally evaluated with CVD-MET, active recoloration achieved better efficiency than the tested passive filters, but naturalness did not uniformly favor active methods: EnChroma® showed the lowest total naturalness difference, whereas VINO® showed the highest. Thus, active recoloration offers greater potential for targeted compensation, but not restoration of normal color vision, and its benefit depends on the trade-off between discrimination and naturalness. Current development is moving toward degree-adaptable, real-time, and user-specific recoloration, supporting future evaluation frameworks that combine observer-specific discrimination, task performance, naturalness, and user preference.
Keywords: Color vision deficiency, Visual perception, Spectral filters, Daltonization, CIECAM02

Abstract:
This study investigates how the surface coverage of water-based magenta inkjet ink printed on uncoated wood-free offset paper influences its lightfastness under long-term exposure to light. The initial hypothesis of the research is that photodegradative changes in the paper substrate directly modify the colorimetric response of printed patches. Furthermore, it is assumed that an increase in surface coverage will result in a smaller total colour difference (ΔE). Over an 18-month period of simulated exposure inside an accelerated ageing chamber, the photodegradation of prints was monitored using CIE ΔE00 colorimetric parameters (ΔE00, ΔC00, ΔL00). Obtained results confirmed the initial hypothesis. The unprinted paper substrate exhibited lower lightfastness compared to the printed patches. Due to pronounced photodegradative yellowing, the paper primarily dictates colorimetric deviations in the light tone domain, resulting in light tonal patches undergoing greater colour change compared to middle and dark tones. However, with increasing surface coverage, the higher concentration of magenta pigment reduces the transmission of radiation to the paper fibres. This diminishes the optical contribution of the degraded substrate to the total reflectance, leading to a general decline in the overall colour difference (ΔE00). A notable exception is observed in the 70% TV patch, which achieves higher stability (lower ΔE00) than the full-tone patch (100% TV). Analysis of individual parameters confirmed that chroma variation (ΔC00) represents the primary factor determining the total colour deviation. Conversely, the effect of lightness variation is negligible, with average ΔL00 values remaining up to merely 1.26. By considering the synergy between substrate photodegradation and the optical coverage effect of the applied pigment, this work provides deeper insights into ink–substrate interactions and key factors influencing long-term colour reproduction stability in graphic products.
Keywords: Water-based inkjet, Magenta pigment, Lightfastness, Uncoated offset paper, CIEΔ00, Climate chamber

Abstract:
This study examines perceptual and Kansei responses to alphanumeric onomastics in emotional packaging design across different age groups. Grounded in contemporary perception theory and Kansei Engineering, the research investigates how alphanumeric naming cues on packaging function as affective stimuli that shape emotional meaning and product interpretation. A total of 204 consumers were recruited through convenience sampling and categorized into five age groups, ranging from 12 years to over 41 years. Experimental packaging stimuli featuring alphanumeric names (e.g., H2O) were designed using Adobe Photoshop. Participants evaluated their affective responses by selecting from 11 emotion-related descriptors, including healthy, desirable, amazing, reliable, and fearful. Word-frequency analysis was used to identify dominant Kansei descriptors, while ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests assessed age-related differences in perceptual responses. Results indicated no significant differences across age groups (ANOVA: F(4, 50) = 1.27, p = .294; Kruskal–Wallis: χ2(4, N = 204) = 8.43, p = .077), suggesting a consistent perceptual and emotional interpretation of alphanumeric onomastics. Overall, alphanumeric naming elicited moderately positive Kansei responses, with healthy and amazing emerging as the most frequently associated perceptions. These findings suggest that alphanumeric onomastics operate as age-independent perceptual cues, supporting theories of shared cognitive processing and affective perception. The study contributes to Emotional Design of Packaging (EDOP) by demonstrating how alphanumeric naming can function as a universally resonant design strategy, reinforcing Kansei-based approaches to inclusive and emotionally engaging packaging. Also, these findings align with universal design principles, suggesting that alphanumeric onomastics function as inclusive perceptual cues capable of eliciting consistent Kansei responses across age groups.Future research is recommended to explore broader product categories and larger samples to further validate the perceptual robustness of alphanumeric onomastics in packaging design.
Keywords: Generative artificial intelligence (genAI), Graphic arts students, AI literacy, Self-control, Technology dependence, Ethics

Abstract:
The convergence of physical and digital media has created new opportunities for developing interactive packaging that enhances product functionality and user experience. This paper explores the potential of Near Field Communication (NFC) technology to integrate physical packaging with digital content through the development of an interactive music album as a case study. The research is based on a review of the evolution of physical and digital music formats, the role of packaging in shaping user experience, and recent applications of NFC technology in interactive products. Based on these findings, an NFC-enabled CD package was developed, providing seamless access to multimedia content, artist information, and exclusive digital materials via embedded NFC tags. The proposed solution demonstrates how NFC technology transforms conventional packaging into an interactive communication interface that connects physical and digital environments while preserving the aesthetic and collectible value of the product. In addition to improving user engagement, the concept enables product authentication, dynamic content updates, and long-term interaction between creators and users. The presented approach highlights the potential of NFC-enabled packaging as an innovative solution for graphic products and demonstrates its broader applicability in the development of functional, interactive, and user-oriented packaging systems.
Keywords: Interactive packaging, NFC technology, Smart packaging, User experience, Physical–digital integration

Abstract:
Distinctive packaging has a major role in differentiating products within competitive markets by combining visual, structural, material, and communicative characteristics that strengthen the product identity. Through a holistic design approach and based on design thinking, packaging can become a strategic tool that communicates product values, thereby enhancing brand recognition. Therefore, this study focuses on the promotion of local tea products through the application of appropriate design methodologies, tools, and interdisciplinary expertise. Using a case study approach based on design thinking, the study aims to present a product development process that supports brand visibility, addresses the needs of the target group, and enhances the overall functionality.
Keywords: Holistic product design, Packaging design, Design thinking, Product identity, Branding, Product development, CAD

Abstract:
Packaging finishing techniques are widely used to increase the visual appeal and perceived value of products. This study investigates the influence of foil stamping, blind embossing, and window cut-outs on consumer perception of packaging attractiveness. A total of 27 digital packaging prototypes representing three product categories (computer mouse, chocolate, and pharmaceutical products) were evaluated through a questionnaire conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. The results show that packaging enhanced with finishing techniques was consistently preferred over packaging containing only printed graphics. Window cut-outs achieved the highest attractiveness ratings for chocolate and pharmaceutical packaging, while respondents equally preferred window cut-outs and embossed designs for computer mouse packaging. In all product categories, packaging without additional finishing techniques received the lowest preference. The findings indicate that finishing techniques improve the perceived attractiveness of paper packaging and demonstrate that their effectiveness depends on the product category. The study provides practical guidance for selecting finishing techniques that enhance consumer perception and packaging appeal.
Keywords: Packaging design, Packaging finishing, Foil stamping, Blind embossing, Consumer perception, Paper packaging

Abstract:
Packaging is one of the most widespread communication channels in every-day consumer life, carrying the message between sender (manufacturer) and receiver (consumer) at the point of sale and use. Interactive or "smart" packaging like QR codes, NFC tags, embedded video and companion applications extends this channel from a static, printed medium to a mediated, digital one, and is widely promoted as a way to make product information more accessible, including older and visually impaired audiences. This study asks whether that channel actually reaches the audience it is meant to serve. Based on a survey of 404 Zagreb residents aged 18-75 (a probabilistic sample stratified by age and gender), it analyses awareness and use of interactive packaging elements, and the perceived importance of accessing additional product information through apps or video and tests them against age and visual status using chi-square, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and linear regression. The findings reveal a communication failure rather than a design failure. Reach is weak: 39% of respondents had never encountered interactive packaging and only 9% had ever used it, with awareness collapsing among the oldest group (81% of those over 66 had never heard of it) and among glasses wearers (58% are unaware of it). Perceived value of the channel declines with age (r = −0.294, p < .001; respondents over 66 rating it lowest, M = 1.65), and the products recalled are dominated by beverage and snack brands, indicating that the packaging as a communiction channel functions more often as a marketing tool rather than an accessibility tool. Interpreted through the diffusion-of-innovations framework and the knowledge-gap hypothesis, the results describe an accessibility paradox: a channel introduced to widen access to information instead reproduces an information gap, leaving the audience most in need of accessible communication the least reached by it. The paper argues that the limiting factor is not the technology itself but channel reach, and proposes that the social environment of older consumers - family, caregivers and peers acting as interpersonal intermediaries should be treated as a complementary link in the communication chain, helping to explain the function and use of smart packaging and supporting its capacity to reach and empower the audience it was designed to serve.
Keywords: Packaging communication, Channel-audience mismatch, Knowledge gap

Abstract:
Understanding consumers’ needs and preferences provides a basis for the systematic assessment of the ergonomic quality of packaging solutions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate consumers’ experiences with commercially available bottles and jars with screw closures, with particular emphasis on perceived difficulties during use, problematic packaging characteristics, and strategies adopted to overcome these difficulties. An online questionnaire was conducted using Google Forms and completed by 240 participants aged 19-25 years. The results showed conventional glass jars with metal lids and plastic bottles with plastic caps were frequently identified as problematic packaging types. Participants associated opening difficulties with closure dimensions, surface texture, sharp edges, closure height, and packaging body shape. Participants reported various difficulties when opening packages, including slipping, pain, and difficulty applying sufficient force. Some participants stated that they used improvised tools or asked other people for help. In some cases, difficulties with opening led participants to stop using a product. The findings provide insight into consumer experiences with packaging usability and identify perceived ergonomic challenges that should be considered in the design and development of user-oriented packaging solutions.
Keywords: Packaging ergonomics, Screw closures, Consumer experience, Opening difficulties

Abstract:
Brand archetypes are established tools for differentiating visual identities, but their effects on physical packaging remain underexplored. This study combined a self-report survey and eye-tracking to examine how two coffee-package designs—Fikaféa (Everyman archetype) and Kaffari (Explorer archetype), each with a tear-notch and a standard opening—shape attention to product information and perceived ease of opening. A brand-level survey first confirmed that both identities communicated their intended values: the familiar Everyman identity was rated more aesthetically appealing, whereas the Explorer identity was perceived as more innovative. At the package level, a 2 × 2 repeated-measures design showed that the tear notch improved perceived ease of opening and attracted more fixations to the opening area. Brand design also shaped attention: the high-contrast Everyman layout was rated clearer for product information and drew longer fixations on informational AOIs, whereas the Explorer layout directed relatively more attention to brand-related elements. Because the survey and eye-tracking data sets could not be linked at the participant level, convergence was assessed only at the condition level. At that level, self-report ratings, fixation measures, and qualitative heat maps showed a consistent pattern: opening cues supported ease-of-use perception, while brand design redistributed attention between functional and brand-related package content.
Keywords: Packaging design, Eye-tracking, Brand archetypes, Visual attention, Consumer perception

Abstract:
Packaging is the first point of visual communication between a brand and its consumers, where graphic design and product security converge. Throughout transit, packaging endures drops, stacking compression, and vibrations that threaten its structural integrity, printed graphics, brand identity, and tamper-evident features. This paper explores how AI-powered digital twins - dynamic virtual replicas - can transform graphic packaging design by realistically simulating logistics conditions before physical production. By integrating AI, designers can predict deformation, print distortion, color degradation, and label damage under handling scenarios - enhancing prepress accuracy and digital image processing - while simultaneously optimizing package geometry, material selection, and visual layouts. The framework enables virtual evaluation of branding elements, authentication graphics, QR codes, and security seals, as well as protective performance, including functional security printing, to ensure packaging remains visually compelling and functionally reliable throughout the supply chain. Acting as an “invisible prototype,” the digital twin offers a collaborative platform where graphic designers, prepress operators, engineers, and logistics specialists co-design solutions that drastically reduce physical prototyping and material waste. Rather than replacing creativity, AI augments design decision-making with data-driven insights. This approach effectively bridges graphic aesthetics with engineering performance, positioning intelligent simulation as a key enabler for secure, resilient, and visually impactful packaging systems.
Keywords: Graphic design, Packaging design, Digital twin, Artificial intelligence, Visual perception

Abstract:
The cosmetic packaging market is increasingly influenced by Generation Z, whose purchasing decisions are shaped by visual identity, functionality, environmental responsibility, and brand authenticity. This study investigates the redesign of packaging for hair-care products produced by a Slovenian cosmetic brand, with a particular focus on the preferences and expectations of Generation Z consumers. The research combined an analysis of the Slovenian hair-care packaging market with a student-led design process. Existing products were evaluated according to packaging format, materials, visual communication, functionality, sustainability claims, and differentiation at the point of sale. Based on the market analysis and the defined characteristics of the target group, students developed alternative packaging concepts for selected hair-care products. The proposed solutions were subsequently analysed and compared in terms of visual identity, usability, material selection, environmental considerations, and suitability for the existing brand. The results showed that the student concepts introduced greater visual differentiation and stronger alignment with Generation Z preferences than many existing products identified on the Slovenian market. Recurring design directions included contemporary and simplified graphics, clearer product information, more distinctive colour systems, improved ease of use, and greater emphasis on recyclable, reusable, or refillable packaging solutions. The analysis also revealed that sustainability communication must be clear, credible, and integrated into the overall packaging design rather than presented only as an additional marketing claim. The study demonstrates the value of involving students as representatives of the target generation in packaging development. Their concepts provide relevant insights for cosmetic brands seeking to modernise their packaging, strengthen consumer engagement, and respond to changing environmental and communication expectations.
Keywords: Generation Z, Cosmetic packaging, Hair care, Packaging redesign, Sustainability, Student-led design, Visual communication

Abstract:
Texture represents an important element of multisensory packaging design, which can be experienced not only through visual perception but also through tactile interaction with the packaging. Through touching and observing the packaging, texture can convey certain expectations, as well as aesthetic, emotional, and functional values to consumers. However, with the development of online sales, the formation of these expectations and values during purchasing is largely limited to the visual perception of the texture of packaging and products. For this reason, a study was conducted with the aim of identifying differences in perception that arise solely from the visual perception of texture and from texture that, in addition to visual perception, can also be touched. A total of 237 participants aged between 20 and 27 years took part in the study. The participants were divided into two groups depending on the conditions of interaction with the packaging. For the purposes of the study, physical wine packaging stimuli were created, on the surfaces of which texture was formed using glass, wax, paper, textile, twine, and stone. The results of the study showed that tactile interaction with the texture of wine packaging was generally associated with higher ratings of perceived packaging attributes. However, it was also observed that visual perception of certain textures and examined attributes may result in higher ratings compared with interaction that also includes tactile perception.
Keywords: Packaging design, Surface texture, Tactile perception, Visual perception, Consumer perception

Abstract:
Sustainability has become a central requirement in graphic engineering and packaging design, driven by environmental regulation and the shift towards a circular economy. At the same time, machine learning and other Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods are being applied across production workflows, material selection and quality control in the printing industry. This paper examines how these methods can support the design and production of environmentally conscious, interactive packaging, treating sustainability and consumer experience as related rather than separate problems. The first part deals with graphic materials: recycled paper substrates and eco-friendly inks are discussed in terms of colour stability and ink penetration during printing, and a machine-learning-based approach is proposed for selecting ink–substrate combinations at the prepress stage. The second part addresses the design process itself: Design Thinking, AI-assisted colour management, and Augmented Reality (AR) are discussed as complementary tools for turning packaging into a channel that also carries traceability and product information. This paper draws on published evidence from graphic engineering, printing science, and consumer research to assess which parts of the proposed framework are already supported by experimental results and which still need testing. The paper ends with a concrete plan to validate the framework on a defined set of substrates, inks, and AR content.
Keywords: Packaging design, Artificial intelligence, Sustainability, Graphic materials, Smart packaging, Colour management

Abstract:
More than five per cent of the world’s population are estimated to experience difficulties associated with dyslexia. This disorder affects communication abilities, particularly reading and writing. This study examined the impact of different typefaces on reading speed, text comprehension, and short-term memory in individuals with dyslexia. We tested two typefaces specifically designed for people with dyslexia (OpenDyslexic and Sylexiad Sans Spaced Med) and two commonly used typefaces (Arial and Comic Sans MS) that were not designed for this purpose. Four short texts were prepared, each written in a different typeface. Special care was taken to ensure that the texts were of approximately equal length and that they used the same type size and line spacing, thereby providing equal conditions for all participants. For each text, two questions were prepared: one to assess reading comprehension and another to evaluate short-term memory. After reading the texts and answering the questions, participants were also asked to share their subjective impressions and experiences regarding reading in the different typefaces. The study involved 20 participants with dyslexia, aged between 18 and 28 years. After calculating the average reading time for each typeface, the results showed that the text written in Arial, a general-purpose and non-specialised typeface, was read the fastest. In contrast, the text written in Sylexiad Sans Spaced Med required the longest reading time. The text with the highest percentage of correct answers was the one written in Comic Sans MS, whereas the text written in Sylexiad Sans Spaced Med achieved the poorest results. Most participants reported that the texts written in Comic Sans MS and Arial were the easiest to read. To generalise these findings, further research with a larger sample size and a broader age range of participants is required.
Keywords: Dyslexia, Comprehension, Legibility, Reading time, Short-term memory, Typography

Abstract:
This study presents the development of Dixi, a variable typeface designed to improve legibility for individuals with dyslexia while remaining suitable for everyday use by a wider audience. Based on a review of typographic recommendations and existing dyslexia-oriented typefaces, several key design principles were identified: increased letter spacing, a larger x-height, simplified sans-serif letterforms, and enhanced differentiation between visually similar characters. These principles guided the creation of four typeface variants: Dixi Regular, Dixi Round, Dixi Regular Contrast, and Dixi Round Contrast. To address the highly individual nature of dyslexia, the typeface was developed as a variable typeface, allowing continuous adjustment of visual characteristics through interpolation axes. The effectiveness of the different variants was evaluated with a group of adult readers with dyslexia. The results demonstrate the potential of variable typography to support individual reading preferences while maintaining aesthetic quality and functional legibility. To further communicate the benefits of the typeface, a promotional presentation was developed. The promotion highlights the functionality and adaptability of the variable typeface system, showing how users can customise typographic characteristics according to their individual reading needs and preferences. The Dixi typeface demonstrates how legibility, aesthetics, and personalisation can be successfully integrated within a contemporary variable typeface system.
Keywords: Dixi, Dyslexia, Legibility, Promotion material, Typeface design, Typography, Variable typeface

Abstract:
Paper examines partisan printmaking as one of the most important forms of communication, artistic expression, and propaganda in Slovenia during the Second World War, and its influence on contemporary graphic design. Effective visual communication requires messages that are clear, accessible, and quickly understood by the public. These principles were already present in early propaganda practices following the First World War and reached their peak in partisan graphic production during the national liberation struggle. Partisan print encompassed posters, leaflets, newspapers, brochures, illustrations, caricatures, book design, partisan currency, and other printed materials. Despite severe material and technical limitations, it served as a powerful tool for the dissemination of information, political mobilisation, and the strengthening of national identity. Its visual language relied on direct communication, strong symbolism, expressive figuration, reduced visual elements, and purposeful typography. Beyond supporting the armed resistance, partisan print became an integral part of a broader cultural movement that connected the visual arts, literature, music, and theatre. Building on this legacy, a design-research project marking the 80th anniversary of the end of the Second World War was carried out within the course Visual Analysis of Graphic Products. Through posters, illustrations, photography, digital collages, and animation, students explored contemporary meanings of war, peace, and freedom while establishing a dialogue between partisan visual heritage and present-day social realities. The study demonstrates that partisan print remains a relevant model of visual communication and a valuable cultural heritage that continues to inspire contemporary design through its immediacy, symbolic power, and social engagement.
Keywords: Partisan propaganda, Poster, Visual communication, Collective memory

Abstract:
Printed money in Slovenia represents an important part of the country's graphic, artistic, and technological heritage, as thirteen different currencies and means of payment have circulated within Slovenian territory since 1820. This paper examines the relationship between the visual design of banknotes and their material and structural properties. The aim of the study was to determine how age, wear, and developments in graphic production technologies affect the quality of the paper substrate and its physical characteristics. Three banknote samples were included in the study: a Yugoslav 100-dinar banknote (V1), a Slovenian 10-tolar banknote (V2), and a 5-euro banknote (V3). In addition to a visual and formal analysis, we examined the basic, surface, structural, and optical properties of the paper, as well as its microscopic characteristics using optical microscopy. Although all analysed samples were manufactured from cotton fibres, they were produced under different historical, economic, and technological conditions. The results indicate that the contemporary euro banknote exhibits the highest degree of material homogeneity, density, and structural compactness, reflecting advances in manufacturing processes and quality control. The older samples, particularly the Slovenian tolar, showed more pronounced signs of mechanical wear, fibre deformation, and changes in surface structure. The findings confirm that prolonged circulation and use significantly contribute to the degradation of banknote paper. At the same time, the study demonstrates that modern banknote production technologies provide a more effective balance between durability, security, and resistance to wear.
Keywords: Banknotes, Paper, Graphic design, Paper properties, Microscopic analysis

Abstract:
Environmental graphic design is often approached through orientation, legibility, and the organization of spatial information. However, in post-conflict urban contexts, everyday visual communication may carry meanings beyond functional wayfinding: it may communicate memory, authority, belonging, exclusion, care, or neglect. This paper aims to develop a theoretical framework for understanding environmental graphic design and everyday visual communication as functional, symbolic, material, and civic layers of urban space, with particular reference to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper uses a critical literature review and conceptual synthesis, connecting environmental graphic design, wayfinding, semiotics, place identity, civic design, and post-conflict urban studies. Six analytical lenses are proposed: functional legibility, graphic and material coherence, semiotic meaning, place identity and affective experience, post-conflict fragmentation, and civic care. These lenses position signs, street names, memorial plaques, commercial graphics, informal markings, scripts, typographic systems, and material conditions as part of the broader public realm. The paper argues that visual communication in post-conflict urban space should be understood not only as a navigational or graphic-design issue, but as something concerning architectural and urban design, and which is equally connected to identity, dignity, memory, belonging, and civic experience.
Keywords: Environmental graphic design, Wayfinding, Civic identity, Post-conflict urban space, Visual communication

Abstract:
Visual artworks are usually experienced through sight, which can limit meaningful engagement for children and for blind and partially sighted (BPS) users. This practice-based study examines how Gabrijel Stupica’s Atelje (Studio, 1979–1985) can be reinterpreted as a coordinated set of didactic, interactive and tactile products while retaining a recognisable relationship with the original painting. The developed set comprised a 20-piece and a 154-piece jigsaw puzzle with dedicated packaging, an insert puzzle with removable figures, and two tactile three-dimensional (3D) face reliefs. Production combined image processing, vector drawing, laser cutting, ultraviolet (UV) inkjet printing, 3D modelling and fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing in polylactic acid (PLA). Prototype development examined cutting accuracy, piece fit, material stability, edge finishing, tactile clarity and visual contrast. A formative session with nine children aged 6–13 years, most partially sighted and one with very limited residual vision, was used to identify practical issues in the insert puzzle and to compare the two tactile face versions. Repeated jigsaw-piece geometries were redesigned after they allowed incorrect assembly; manual edge finishing improved the insert puzzle; and the simplified facial relief supported clearer tactile recognition than the more source-derived version, which preserved more of the irregular visual character of the painting but required slower exploration. The findings indicate that accessible reinterpretation depends on selective translation rather than direct reproduction: material, geometry and post-processing must be aligned with the intended perceptual task. The study demonstrates a feasible workflow for developing related didactic and tactile products from one complex artwork and identifies directions for further co-design and structured user testing.
Keywords: Artwork reinterpretation, Tactile reproduction, Inclusive design, Didactic products, 3D printing, UV printing

Abstract:
This paper examines the intersection of graphic design, human-centered design thinking, and generative AI technologies. It highlights how AI can accelerate tasks such as ideation, prototyping, image generation, typography exploration, and brand experimentation while simultaneously raising important questions about originality, ethics, authorship, and visual culture. Drawing on existing research, this paper demonstrates how designers can use generative AI as a collaborative tool rather than viewing it solely as a replacement for human creativity. Central to the discussion is the argument that design thinking becomes even more valuable in an AI-driven world. While AI excels at producing rapid outputs and identifying patterns, human designers remain essential for empathy, storytelling, critical judgment, cultural understanding, and meaningful communication. The paper emphasizes that the future of graphic design will depend not only on mastering new technologies but also on preserving the human qualities that make design impactful and socially relevant. Ultimately, this paper invites audiences to reconsider the evolving identity of the designer and to envision a future in which creativity, strategy, and technology coexist within a more intentional and collaborative design ecosystem.
Keywords: "Graphic design, Design thinking, Artificial intelligence, Generative AI, Human-centered design"

Abstract:
The authors—who have been working in the world of printed books for decades—sought to identify the challenges and trends that will shape Europeans’ future relationship with printed books by analysing recently published academic papers, conference presentations, and expert reports. The report details the driving forces that will have the greatest impact on the European book printing market in the future, as follows. End-user preferences are changing the demand for printed books and other formats. Changes in physical book production methods are driving significant market shifts. Optimizing book production locations will become necessary as supply chains evolve, publishing business models transform, and print-on-demand becomes more widespread. A focus on sustainability - reducing waste during production and throughout the supply chain - is of paramount importance. The availability and cost of paper will be critical following the closures of paper-making machines and mills. The authors also seek to determine what role printed books might play in the development of the European knowledge economy, amid the spread of digitalization. They highlight the strengths of printed books, particularly their proven benefits for reading comprehension and learning. Alternative channels and social media can give printed books a boost. Viral marketing can boost sales of titles. BookTok, a sub-community on TikTok focused on books and literature, has become increasingly popular. Members of this sub-community (known as BookTokers) create videos in which they review, discuss, and joke about the books they’ve read. The printed book has a unique dual nature: it is both a cultural and a technical product. In this regard, its physical appearance is also important. The authors present the results of a joint research program conducted by Óbuda University and Alföldi Nyomda PLC. - Hungary’s leading book printer - which aimed to create modern, attractive visual designs for books and implement them technologically, as well as to develop connections and integrations with digital devices.
Keywords: Book publishing, Trends and driving of book printing, New methods of book sales, Impact of reading

Abstract:
Museum collections remain predominantly visual, which restricts access to cultural heritage for blind and visually impaired (BVI) visitors when original objects cannot be touched or visual information cannot be perceived directly. This practice-based study investigates how archival photographic material can be translated into tactile museum objects through digital reconstruction, three-dimensional (3D) modelling, additive manufacturing and multimodal interpretation. Two cases from the National Liberation Museum Maribor were examined: an architectural fragment of the Maribor court prison complex with an adjoining courtyard well, and an identification badge associated with Dachau. Because the available source material consisted of photographs rather than measured drawings or scans, the reconstructions required interpretation of relative proportions, repetition, graphic structure and tactile salience. The architectural model therefore preserves relational rather than absolute scale, while the well was enlarged and produced separately because its perspective did not permit reliable spatial placement. The badge was enlarged, its typography was redrawn in Glyphs, visual distinctions were translated into differentiated relief, and the prominent letter J was produced as a removable element. Models were prepared in Blender and OrcaSlicer and manufactured by fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing using polylactic acid (PLA). 3D animations and audio descriptions were linked to the tactile objects through quick responsive (QR) codes. The results demonstrate a technically feasible workflow that can be implemented in a museum setting to transform incomplete two-dimensional (2D) records into tactile interpretations while making uncertainty explicit. As systematic testing with BVI participants was not completed before exhibition deployment, the findings concern design feasibility, manufacturability and interpretive potential rather than measured accessibility performance.
Keywords: 3D modelling, 3D printing, Tactile reproduction, Museum accessibility, Inclusive design, Cultural heritage

Abstract:
A pop-up card combines graphics with a three-dimensional and interactive form, enriching the way content is presented. The purpose of this article is to analyze the use of moving mechanisms as a means of visual expression in card design. The research material consists of 28 cards designed and made by students of the Department of Printing Technologies at the Warsaw University of Technology. The analysis focused on the relationships between the mechanisms used, the graphic elements, and the visual effect achieved when the card is opened. Multiple layers mechanism appeared most frequently, in 25 cards. Spirals were used in 18 cards, V-folds in 14, and flaps in 4. The most common combination was multiple layers and spirals, used together in 15 cards. The results indicate that these mechanisms serve functions that go beyond mere construction: multiple layer mechanisms create depth and organize the compositional planes, V-folds bring selected elements forward toward the viewer, and spirals introduce a sense of movement and dynamism.
Keywords: Pop-up cards, Moving mechanisms, Paper engineering, Visual expression, Graphic design

Abstract:
Facial images are a ubiquitous component of modern web platforms and mobile applications. The widespread use of eye-tracking technology has substantially increased research interest in facial perception and memory. A fundamental question is how facial recognition performance is influenced by observation time and by attention directed towards specific facial features. Memory experiments generally consist of two phases: an observation phase and a recognition phase. To investigate the effect of observation time on recognition accuracy, four image presentation durations were defined during the observation phase: 1 s, 2 s, 4 s, and 8 s. The results showed that correct recognition improved and incorrect recognition decreased as observation time increased. However, a plateau was observed at 4 s, as recognition accuracy in the 8 s condition was nearly identical to that in the 4 s condition, suggesting a threshold beyond which additional observation time provides limited benefit. To validate these findings, heatmap-based analysis was employed. This analysis confirmed the existence of the 4 s threshold and provided evidence for the observed trend. Both the area and perimeter of gaze regions increased with observation time up to 4 s and remained virtually unchanged thereafter. Similarly, the circularity of gaze regions decreased up to the 4 s condition and then stabilised, exhibiting comparable values in both the 4 s and 8 s conditions. These findings demonstrate the utility of heatmap analysis for investigating face observation and recognition processes and support the existence of a critical observation period of approximately 4 s for effective facial memorisation and recognition.
Keywords: Frontal facial images, Eye tracking, Face observation, Face recognition success, Heatmap analysis

Abstract:
Medication errors resulting from the misinterpretation of dosing instructions remain an important medication safety concern. Visually supported medication instructions may improve the clarity and comprehension of dosing information. This study compared four medication dosage instruction formats displayed on the packaging of a fictitious medicinal product: a conventional handwritten instruction, an action-oriented pictogram, a symbol-oriented dosing instruction, and an action-oriented pictogram accompanied by explanatory text. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to one of the four formats. Comprehension was assessed through response accuracy and confidence, while visual attention was recorded using eye-tracking. Response accuracy differed significantly between the instruction formats, with V3 and V4 achieving the highest accuracy (86.7%) and significantly greater odds of correct interpretation than the conventional handwritten format (46.7%). Eye-tracking measures also differed between formats, with V3 showing a lower proportion of fixation duration within the instruction area than V1. Overall, the findings indicate that the visual representation of medication dosage instructions can influence both comprehension and visual attention and support the potential use of appropriately designed visual and textual elements to improve medication instruction comprehension.
Keywords: Pictograms, Dosage instructions, Medication instructions,Patient comprehension, Medication safety

Abstract:
This paper examines how distributed audiovisual production can support the communication of large-scale cultural events through the case of the Festa dos Tabuleiros in Tomar, Portugal. It reconstructs the 2019 operation, which grew from a public-screen service into complete online coverage and signal sharing with local media. The study follows an exploratory qualitative single-case design and draws on planning records, public recordings, a control-room time-lapse, participant observation and YouTube analytics. The operation showed that an academic and institutional team could coordinate distributed acquisition and central production without relying on a conventional outside-broadcast structure. It also exposed a critical communication weakness: a short interruption ended the original streaming sessions, changed the audience entry points and left three unattended public screens outside editorial control. Replacement sessions attracted smaller audiences, although the late stage of the procession prevents that difference from being attributed solely to link discovery. From these observations, the paper proposes a 2027 model based on a non-public clean feed, independently produced partner programmes, an optional official programme and a dedicated silent, graphics-led service for public screens. The case suggests that distributed production should be treated not only as an engineering workflow, but as a communication process involving editorial alignment, audience continuity, platform choice, public information and preservation of audiovisual memory.
Keywords: Audiovisual communication, Distributed audiovisual production, Cultural heritage, Media convergence, Case study

Abstract:
Digital advertising requires visual content that simultaneously attracts users and effectively communicates information. While aesthetic quality is commonly regarded as an essential component of graphic design, its relationship with communication effectiveness has not yet been sufficiently investigated through empirical user studies. This research experimentally compares two contrasting design strategies: a design-oriented approach emphasizing visual aesthetics and an advertising-oriented approach prioritizing communication efficiency. Following an analysis of contemporary design practices, twenty advertisements covering ten thematic categories were created according to both approaches. User perception was evaluated through a structured survey measuring both message comprehension and visual attractiveness. The experimental results reveal hat advertisements designed according to advertising principles consistently achieve higher communication effectiveness. Unexpectedly, these advertisements also receive higher aesthetic ratings than those designed primarily according to visual refinement. The findings indicate that communication clarity has a stronger influence on users’ overall evaluation than aesthetic sophistication alone. The study contributes to a better understanding of visual communication in digital media and provides practical recommendations for balancing aesthetics and communication performance when designing digital advertising content.
Keywords: Graphic design, Digital advertising, Visual communication, User experience, Visual perception

Abstract:
User interface design can influence how users perceive and evaluate mental well-being mobile applications. However, empirical evidence regarding users’ preferences for specific visual interface characteristics remains limited. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of user preferences for alternative interface designs of a mental well-being mobile application prototype. The study focused on four visual characteristics: interface colour, colour palette, interface theme, and graphical elements. An A/B testing approach was used to compare alternative design solutions, with data collected through a questionnaire completed by 35 participants. Five interface colours were examined (blue, green, purple, red, and orange) together with contrasting and monochromatic palettes, light and dark themes, and illustrations versus photographs. The results showed the highest perceived attractiveness for blue and green interfaces, an overall preference for light themes, and a consistent preference for illustrations over photographs. A statistically significant association was also found between interface colour and preferred colour palette (χ²(4) = 40.112, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.239). The findings provide practical insights into users’ visual preferences for mental well-being mobile applications.
Keywords: User interface design, mHealth, Mental well-being, Mobile applications

Abstract:
A key feature of the JPEG standard is the ability to control the degree of compression, and, consequently, the extent of information loss that occurs during image encoding. Modern image-editing environments, including professional software suites such as Adobe Photoshop, allow users to select the desired compression level. However, the soft-ware documentation rarely contains a comprehensive analysis of the precise relationship between the intensity of compression and the resulting deterioration in image quality. This study analysed the impact of different JPEG com-pression levels on perceived image quality and selected digital image characteristics. Following analysis of the results, a set of practical recommendations has been formulated.
Keywords: JPEG, Lossy compression, Block artefacts, Adobe Photoshop

Abstract:
Digital advertising requires visual content that simultaneously attracts users and effectively communicates information. While aesthetic quality is commonly regarded as an essential component of graphic design, its relationship with communication effectiveness has not yet been sufficiently investigated through empirical user studies. This research experimentally compares two contrasting design strategies: a design-oriented approach emphasizing visual aesthetics and an advertising-oriented approach prioritizing communication efficiency. Following an analysis of contemporary design practices, twenty advertisements covering ten thematic categories were created according to both approaches. User perception was evaluated through a structured survey measuring both message comprehension and visual attractiveness. The experimental results reveal that advertisements designed according to advertising principles consistently achieve higher communication effectiveness. Unexpectedly, these advertisements also receive higher aesthetic ratings than those designed primarily according to visual refinement. The findings indicate that communication clarity has a stronger influence on users’ overall evaluation than aesthetic sophistication alone. The study contributes to a better understanding of visual communication in digital media and provides practical recommendations for balancing aesthetics and communication performance when designing digital advertising content.
Keywords: Graphic design, Digital advertising, Visual communication, User experience, Visual perception

Abstract:
Digital communication has increased the need for techniques that protect information not only by securing its content, but also by concealing the existence of the message itself. This paper focuses on image steganography, with particular emphasis on Least Significant Bit (LSB) methods, which hide data in digital images by modifying the least significant bits of pixel values. The aim of the study is to compare selected LSB based approaches for data hiding in images and to assess their performance under different image processing conditions. The main hypothesis of this paper is that LSB based steganographic methods enable reliable extraction of hidden data from unchanged Portable Network Graphics (PNG) images, while their extraction efficiency decreases significantly when the images are exposed to processing operations that alter pixel values or image structure. At the same time, it is assumed that the use of Reed-Solomon coding can improve the resistance of hidden message when the number of errors remains limited. To test this hypothesis, three methods were examined: 1-bit LSB substitution, 2-bit LSB substitution, and an LSB method combined with Reed-Solomon error correcting coding. The comparison is performed on five selected images in the PNG format, and the stego-images are evaluated before and after different image processing operations, including Gaussian noise, blurring, image downscaling, image copying, and format conversion. The results show that all three methods provide successful extraction of the hidden message when the carrier images remain unchanged. However, the reliability of extraction is reduced after operations that modify the LSB plane or change the structure of the image. Gaussian noise negatively affects all methods, although the Reed-Solomon based approach demonstrates better resistance in cases with limited number of errors. Blurring and down-scaling have the most destructive effect, while image copying and format conversion don’t significantly influence extraction reliability when the pixel values remain preserved. These findings confirm that LSB steganography is suitable mainly for unchanged or losslessly preserved images, whereas its main limitation is low robustness against subsequent image processing operations.
Keywords: Least significant bit, Steganography, Image data hiding, Image processing, Reed-Solomon codes

Abstract:
This paper investigates whether the degree of visual realism of a player’s self-avatar affects user experience in video games, building on a 2024 pilot study (Kerac et al., 2024). While the original study used a third-person runner game with lower-fidelity avatars generated through Ready Player Me, the present study applies the same experimental paradigm to a third-person shooter game using Avaturn, a newer and more realistic avatar-creation platform. Responses from two temporally separated samples (2024, n = 17; 2026, n = 36) were compared on perceived character resemblance, enjoyment of the character-creation process, attitudes toward applying this approach to other media, and privacy concerns, alongside gaming skill level as a control measure. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test due to violations of normality. No statistically significant differences were found between groups on any of the measured variables, including character resemblance (p = .724), enjoyment of the creation process (p = .571), attitudes toward other media (p = .761), or privacy concern (p = .165), and the two samples were comparable in gaming skill level (p = .163). These findings suggest that, at least within this sample, increased avatar realism alone does not produce a measurably different user perception.
Keywords: Digital avatars, Avatar realism, Identification, User experience, Data privacy

Abstract:
In today’s globalised world, rapidly evolving digital technologies increasingly shape our daily lives. Their continual development brings both challenges and opportunities, including new ways to preserve cultural and natural heritage Animation – with its many styles and subgenres – has become an essential part of modern media and everyday communication. Although originally created for entertainment, it is now widely used in marketing, advertising, and especially education. Animated storytelling can vividly bring the past to life, presenting traditions, heritage, and artefacts in ways that capture attention and help preserve knowledge for future generations. It is particularly valuable for presenting artefacts that, although well known, lack accessible professional or scientific material. One such example is the nearly complete skeleton of the Nevlje mammoth, one of Slovenia’s most important palaeontological discoveries, dating back roughly 20,000 years. Public information about the find remains limited, especially in terms of visual material and reconstructions of the mammoth’s life and the circumstances of its death. Existing presentations are further weakened by outdated interpretations that no longer align with current scientific understanding. A 2D animated presentation offers an engaging new way to explore this discovery. It is suitable for all generations and can be made accessible to visually and hearing-impaired audiences through sound design and subtitles. By introducing animation as an additional medium, we can enrich the scarce existing material and broaden public understanding of the mammoth’s story.
Keywords: 2D animation, Nevlje mammoth, Palaeontology, Natural heritage, Cultural heritage

Abstract:
The growing adoption of mobile applications has transformed access to travel-related services, increasing the demand for intuitive and clearly structured digital products. This paper presents a user-centered UX/UI design process for a mobile flight search application prototype. The research combined an analysis of existing flight search platforms with two surveys conducted at different stages of the design process. The first survey comprised 24 questions and involved 50 respondents. It examined travel habits, expectations of flight search services and preferences regarding the presentation of information, informing functional requirements and a low-fidelity prototype. The second survey comprised 20 questions and involved 35 respondents. It examined preferences for navigation, interface components, colour palettes and typography, guiding the high-fidelity prototype developed in Figma. In the first survey, 48 of 50 respondents rated information clarity as important or very important, and 46 assigned these ratings to the visibility of additional costs. In the second survey, 28 of 35 respondents preferred bottom navigation and 24 preferred colour changes as button feedback. The resulting prototype combines persistent navigation, structured flight information, card-based results and consistent visual components across search, booking and ticket management screens. The findings support an emphasis on clear information architecture and restrained visual complexity within the surveyed samples. They provide a traceable rationale for interface decisions, while improvements in task performance, satisfaction and cognitive load remain to be established through task-based usability testing. The case study illustrates how staged preference research can inform the design of travel-related mobile applications.
Keywords: User experience, User interface, Mobile application, Flight search, User-centered design

Abstract:
In the saturated digital marketplace, Augmented Reality (AR) has shifted from a novelty to a critical interface tool, directly overcoming the physical limitations of product evaluation. This paper investigates the structure of conditional dependencies within brand experience indicators across two distinct digital environments: traditional static web interfaces and interactive AR virtual try-on tools. Utilizing a field experiment design with a global cosmetics brand (Garnier) as the stimulus, data were gathered through a single-phase protocol focusing solely on AR (Study A) and a sequential within-subjects protocol comparing Web and AR platforms (Study B). To capture the dynamic, interconnected nature of consumer perceptions, a network approach using Gaussian Graphical Models (GGM) was deployed to map and compare the conditional networks of brand experience items across both mediums. The structural analysis reveals moderately dense networks in both contexts, empirically demonstrating that brand experience operates as a highly integrated, holistic system rather than a set of independent dimensions. Ultimately, the findings highlight how immersive technologies reconfigure consumer touchpoints, offering fresh methodological insights for digital interface design and visual marketing analytics.
Keywords: Augmented reality (AR), Virtual try-on, Brand experience, Gaussian Graphical Model (GGM), Network analysis

Abstract:
Photographs captured under low-light conditions are often characterized by reduced contrast, pronounced noise, loss of detail, and color reproduction deviations, which can significantly reduce their visual quality. Traditional image enhancement methods can partially alleviate these problems, but their effectiveness often depends on parameter selection and the characteristics of a particular scene. The development of artificial intelligence and deep learning has enabled the use of more advanced models in which image enhancement is learned directly from data. This paper reviews contemporary methods for enhancing photographs captured under low-light conditions, with particular emphasis on CNN- and Retinex-based models, GAN and zero-reference approaches, Transformer architectures, and diffusion models. Their basic principles, training strategies, datasets, and quality assessment metrics are analyzed. A comparative review of selected studies shows a shift toward models that improve perceptual quality and generalization and reduce dependence on paired training data, while computational efficiency remains an important challenge.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Low-light image enhancement, Deep learning, Retinex, Transformer, Diffusion models

Abstract:
Influencer marketing combines personal communication with commercial content, making audience engagement and promotional disclosure important aspects of influencer–brand communication. This study examines engagement with personal and promotional influencer content on Instagram and TikTok, as well as differences in the use of official platform disclosure labels. The analysis included 795 publicly available Reel/video posts from 20 local and regional influencers active on both platforms. Engagement rates were compared across content types and platforms, while promotional posts were additionally analysed according to disclosure practices. No significant overall effect of content type, platform, or their interaction was found. Personal content showed higher engagement than promotional content on Instagram, while no significant difference was observed on TikTok. The use of official platform disclosure labels differed significantly between the two platforms, with higher use on TikTok. The findings indicate that engagement patterns are not determined by platform or promotional content alone and that disclosure practices may vary across platform environments.
Keywords: Influencer marketing, Instagram, TikTok, Engagement rate, Promotional content, Disclosure transparency

Abstract:
The simultaneous presence of synthetic dyes and microplastics in industrial wastewaters represents an emerging environmental challenge that may significantly influence the performance of advanced oxidation processes. In this study, the efficiency of Fenton-like oxidation for the removal of Cyan printing dye in the presence of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics was investigated. Process optimization was performed using a three-level Definitive Screening Design (DSD) by evaluating the effects of five operating parameters, namely initial dye concentration, green-synthesized nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) dosage, PET concentration, solution pH and hydrogen peroxide concentration. The developed statistical model exhibited excellent predictive capability with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.977 and an adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj) of 0.967. Analysis of variance confirmed the statistical significance of the model (p < 0.0001). Statistical analysis revealed that solution pH was the most influential factor affecting Cyan dye removal, followed by nZVI dosage, while H2O2 concentration, initial dye concentration and PET microplastic concentration also showed statisticaly significant effects. In addition, a significant interaction between nZVI dosage and H2O2 concentration confirmed the importance of their balanced ratio, wheras increasing PET concentration slightly reduced decolorization efficiency. The maximum experimental decolorization efficiency reached 85%, while model optimization predicted a maximum efficiency of 96% under the following operating conditions: 108.9 mgL−1 initial dye concentration, 48.7 mgFeL−1 nZVI dose, 5.3 gL−1 PET concentration, pH of 5.82 and 4.78 mM hydrogen peroxide. The obtained results demonstrate that efficient treatment of Cyan printing wastewater in the presence of PET microplastics requires simultaneous optimization of all process variables and provide valuable insight into the combined effects of adsorption and oxidation occurring during the Fenton process.
Keywords: Fenton oxidation, PET microplastics, Cyan printing dye, Advanced oxidation processes, Wastewater treatment, Process optimization, Definitive screening design

Abstract:
Highly colored effluents from printing and related industries are an environmental concern because many colorants persist in aqueous environments and resist conventional biological treatment. In this study, a phosphate-functional hydrogel was prepared via UV photopolymerization and evaluated as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB), a model cationic dye. The network was formed by UV-induced thiol–(meth)acrylate reactions of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), the tetrafunctional thiol pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP), and the phosphate-containing comonomer bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate (BMEP; about 10 wt% of the monomers), which was intended to introduce ionizable sites for interaction with MB. A BMEP-free PEGDA/PETMP hydrogel with the same PEGDA-to-solvent ratio and thiol:(meth)acrylate molar ratio (0.78:1) served as a control. Both hydrogels were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and swelling measurements, while dried Hfunc was also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MB removal from 10 mg L−1 solutions was followed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry as a function of contact time. FTIR spectra showed differences in the C-H and fingerprint regions, consistent with compositional differences between the formulations. After 24 h in deionized water, the swelling ratio was 55.5% for the control and 65.1% for the BMEP-containing hydrogel. After 24 h in 50 mL of 10 mg L−1 MB, removal reached 80.8% for the BMEP-containing hydrogel and 27.0% for the control. Under the conditions examined, the BMEP-containing formulation showed substantially greater MB removal than the BMEP-free control. These results indicate the potential of UV-curable phosphate-functional hydrogels as adsorbents for cationic dyes, with possible relevance to colored aqueous streams from printing and related processes.
Keywords: UV photopolymerization, Thiol–acrylate hydrogel, PEGDA, PETMP, BMEP, Phosphate-functional hydrogel, Methylene blue, Adsorption

Abstract:
This paper presents an overview of the theoretical basis of liquid–solid adsorption, with an emphasis on physical and chemical adsorption, the main stages of mass transport and the most frequently applied kinetic models. Particular attention is paid to the limitations of interpreting kinetic data and to the distinction between mathematical fitting and the actual adsorption mechanism. The overview indicates that reliable interpretation of adsorption processes must consider both surface interactions and mass-transfer resistances in the boundary layer and in adsorbent pores. In the context of printing engineering, these theoretical considerations are particularly relevant for the treatment of offset printing effluents such as waste developer and waste fountain solution, where adsorption is used as a polishing step following electrocoagulation/flotation as the primary treatment stage.
Keywords: Adsorption, Mass transport, Adsorption kinetics, Offset Printing effluents

Abstract:
This study investigates a light-driven green synthesis strategy with light emitting diodes at 590 nm for the production of silver nanoparticles using Mentha spicata extract as a bioactive reducing and capping agent. Unlike conventional sunlight-assisted approaches, a controlled LED irradiation system was employed to promote nanoparticle formation under reproducible conditions. The influence of the plant-derived compounds on the nucleation and stabilization of silver nanoparticles was evaluated through UV–Vis spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The obtained silver nanoparticles were subsequently incorporated into a specific water-based varnish matrix designed for paperboard packaging coating applications. The antimicrobial performance of the developed nanocomposite coatings was assessed against Escherichia coli K12 and Bacillus subtilis 3562, demonstrating effective antibacterial activity after nanoparticle incorporation. The results highlight the potential of LED-assisted biosynthesis as a controllable and sustainable route for the preparation of silver nanoparticle-based coatings with antimicrobial functionality, offering promising perspectives for advanced packaging applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.
Keywords: LED (590nm) photo-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, Silver nanoparticles coatings, Antibacterial coatings, Packaging

Abstract:
The growing demand for recyclable and high-performance paper-based packaging has intensified research on biopolymer coatings as alternatives to conventional petroleum-derived barrier layers. This review examines peer-reviewed studies published primarily between 2017 and 2026, focusing on chitosan, cellulose and nanocellulose, starch and other polysaccharides, proteins, lignin, bio-based and biodegradable polyester systems. Representative studies were selected to cover major material classes, modification strategies, coating methods, functional properties, processing aspects, and end-of-life performance. Particular attention is given to crosslinking, polymer blending, hydrophobic modification, nanocomposite reinforcement, and multilayer coating design. Relationships between coating composition, morphology, continuity, filler dispersion, coating weight, and processing conditions are discussed in relation to water resistance, water-vapor and oxygen barrier performance, grease resistance, mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and printability. Because experimental and testing conditions differ among studies, the results are compared primarily in terms of general trends and improvements relative to control samples rather than by direct numerical ranking. The reviewed literature shows that no single material class provides optimal performance across all functional requirements. Recent developments increasingly focus on low-coat-weight and scalable coating systems, waste-derived and fully bio-based raw materials, multifunctional coatings, end-of-life criteria such as biodegradability, laboratory-scale repulpability, fiber recovery, and potential compatibility with paper recycling. Future progress will depend on balancing functional performance, processability, resource efficiency, safety, and potential compatibility with existing paper-recycling streams, to be confirmed under industrial conditions.
Keywords: Bio-based coatings, Biodegradable coatings, Paper-based packaging, Barrier properties, Repulpability

Abstract:
The increasing environmental concerns associated with conventional petroleum-based plastics have accelerated the development of sustainable and biodegradable packaging materials for food preservation applications. In this study, biodegradable films based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), and chitosan were developed and evaluated as active packaging materials for extending the shelf life of strawberries. Six different film formulations were prepared, including neat PLA, PLA/chitosan, neat PBAT, PBAT/chitosan, PLA/PBAT blend, and PLA/PBAT/chitosan composite films. Chitosan was incorporated for its biodegradability, film-forming ability, UV-blocking properties, and antimicrobial properties, while PLA and PBAT were selected to combine the rigidity of PLA with the flexibility of PBAT. The structural, thermal, and optical properties of the prepared films were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and UV–Visible spectroscopy. FTIR analysis was employed to investigate intermolecular interactions among the polymeric components, whereas TGA was used to evaluate the thermal stability and degradation behavior of the films. UV–Vis measurements were conducted to determine the light barrier properties, which are critical for reducing photooxidative deterioration of fresh produce. The color and gloss properties of the obtained films were measured using an X-Rite eXact spectrophotometer. To evaluate the printability performance of the films, flexographic printing trials were conducted using an IGT F1 laboratory printing tester under controlled conditions. Following printing, the colorimetric and gloss characteristics of the printed films were re-evaluated to determine the influence of the film formulations on print quality. The practical applicability of the developed films was assessed through strawberry storage experiments. Changes in weight loss, visual appearance, color retention, firmness, and overall quality parameters were monitored during storage. It is anticipated that incorporating chitosan into PLA/PBAT-based systems will improve barrier properties and enhance strawberry preservation by reducing moisture loss and delaying spoilage. The findings of this study are expected to provide valuable insights into the design of environmentally friendly active packaging materials and demonstrate the potential of PLA/PBAT/chitosan composite films as sustainable alternatives to conventional food packaging systems.
Keywords: Biodegradable packaging, Chitosan, Strawberry preservation, Active food packaging

Abstract:
The production of packaging from molded paper pulp represents one of the most promising solutions for improving the sustainability of the packaging and graphics industry thanks to the possibility of using recycled fibers, reducing the use of primary raw materials, and contributing to the principles of the circular economy. However, the process of production and recycling of paper pulp is characterized by intensive water consumption and the generation of significant amounts of industrial wastewater containing suspended matter, organic pollutants, lignin residues, chemicals from the processing process, and other contaminants. This review systematizes the available knowledge about the technological stages of production of molded paper pulp packaging, the sources of wastewater, and their potential impact on the environment. Special attention is paid to the role of recycling of paper materials, the application of circular economy principles in the graphic industry, as well as the importance of rational management of water resources during the production process. The basic characteristics of industrial wastewater from the pulp and paper sector are presented, along with an overview of mechanical, chemical, and biological methods of their treatment, with an emphasis on their possibilities, limitations, and contribution to reducing the burden on the environment. Also, modern trends in the development of more environmentally friendly technologies for the production and purification of wastewater are considered, including the reduction of water consumption, the closing of process water cycles, and the application of sustainable technological solutions. Analysis of the available literature indicates that the integration of efficient wastewater treatment systems with sustainable resource management is one of the key prerequisites for reducing the ecological footprint of the graphic and paper industry and the successful implementation of the principles of sustainable development.
Keywords: Packaging, Industrial wastewater, Wastewater treatment, Circular economy, Sustainable development

Abstract:
The growing demand for sustainable packaging materials has increased the use of agro-industrial by-products as alternative fibre sources in packaging production. However, the recyclability of such materials remains an important factor for their successful integration into circular economy systems. This study investigates the recyclability of pressure-sensitive labels (PSLs) containing citrus, barley, and grape agro-industrial fibres. All label materials were printed under identical conditions using conventional offset printing ink. Recycling was performed according to the INGEDE Method 11 under laboratory conditions. For each label type, laboratory sheets were produced from pulp obtained before and after the deinking flotation process. Recycling efficiency was evaluated through measurements of optical properties, including ISO brightness, CIE Lab* colour coordinates and opacity. Citrus fibre-based labels exhibited the highest recycling efficiency, showing the greatest increase in brightness and the most effective removal of ink particles. Barley fibre-based labels showed moderate improvements, whereas grape fibre-based labels exhibited the lowest deinking efficiency, with a larger amount of residual ink remaining after flotation. The findings confirm that pressure-sensitive labels manufactured from agro-industrial by-products can be successfully recycled using conventional deinking technology. Nevertheless, the recycling performance is strongly influenced by the type of agro-industrial fibres incorporated into the paper structure, highlighting the importance of considering recyclability during the design of sustainable label materials.
Keywords: Pressure-sensitive labels, Agro-industrial by-products, Recycling, Circular economy

Abstract:
The overconsumption of fast fashion products and hyper-production cycles are considered as significant causes of the increasing amount of textile-related municipal solid waste (MSW). The textile industry is recognized as a substantial contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, with varying contribution estimates (up to 10%). Systemic solutions and circularity are predominantly proposed, acknowledging that long-term regulations often lead to large-scale implementation of circular economy. This paper aims to explore the contribution of the graphic industry to textile reuse. With that in mind, the 45 studies were chosen for this review based on their focus on reusability, in order to gain insight into the possibilities for a person involved in the graphic industry to aim for sustainability regarding textile consumption. Furthermore, this summarization of knowledge may contribute to raising awareness among students and young people through potential workshops focused on the creative reuse of textiles, in order to encourage them to incorporate the principles of reusability into their future projects and workplaces. In the textile industry, reuse is advised as a preferable solution compared to textile recycling and is presented in literature as an extension of the garment's longevity, mainly through collaborative consumption and sharing systems (for example: bartering and lending). The European Union is marked as the leader in terms of textile reuse, with the percentage of textiles reused of around 18%. Serbia, on the other hand, generates roughly 90 000 tons of textile waste per year, and about 81 000 eventually end up in landfill. These findings served as the motivation for conducting this study, with the aim of exploring the potential contribution of the graphic industry to prolonging garment lifespan and promoting textile reuse.
Keywords: Sustainability, Textile reuse, Upcycling, Circular economy, Graphic industry

Abstract:
Growing environmental concerns and the increasing demand for sustainable packaging materials have accelerated the development of biodegradable and functional paper-based packaging systems. Although paper is widely preferred for its excellent printability, low cost, and recyclability, its inherently poor barrier properties limit its use, particularly in food packaging. Surface coating with biodegradable polymers and antimicrobial nanomaterials has emerged as an effective strategy to overcome these limitations while preserving the desirable characteristics of paper. Among antimicrobial nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Green synthesis approaches further enhance their sustainability by eliminating the need for hazardous reducing agents, with hydroxyethly cellluse (HEC) serving as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. In this study, AgNPs synthesized via an HEC-mediated, autoclave-assisted one-pot green synthesis method were incorporated into a polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix and applied onto paper substrates to improve their functional performance. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed a characteristic absorption band at approximately 430 nm, while DLS analysis revealed an average hydrodynamic particle size of 240 nm with a PDI of 0.303. PCL coating formulations containing different amounts of AgNP were applied onto coarse filter paper surfaces in two layers using a glass rod. The structural, thermal, and surface properties of the coated papers were evaluated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), water contact angle, and surface free energy measurements. The printability of the coated papers was evaluated using an IGT C1 laboratory printing tester at a printing pressure of 350 N and a printing speed of 1 m min−1 using Toyo Process Cyan ink. The color properties of the papers before and after printing were determined using an X-Rite eXact spectrophotometer, while surface gloss was measured using a BYK-Gardner gloss meter. The developed PCL-AgNP coating system successfully combines biodegradability, antimicrobial functionality, and printability while addressing the intrinsic barrier limitations of paper. This environmentally friendly surface modification strategy demonstrates significant potential for developing next-generation active paper-based food packaging materials with enhanced functionality and industrial applicability.
Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Green synthesis, Polycaprolactone, Paper packaging, Antibacterial coating

Abstract:
Polylactic acid (PLA) has been identified as a promising bio-based polymer for sustainable food packaging applications. Nevertheless, its limited functionality and surface characteristics may constrain its performance in advanced packaging and printing applications. In this study, exopolysaccharide produced by Ligilactobacillus salivarius KC66L (EPS-KC66L) was incorporated into PLA films at 1, 2.5, and 5 wt% to investigate its effects on the chemical, thermal, optical, surface, printability, and antibacterial properties of the resulting films. The PLA/EPS films were prepared via solvent casting and characterized by ATR-FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, UV–Vis spectroscopy, contact angle and instrument-derived surface energy measurements, colour and gloss analysis, and printing tests. The analysis of ATR-FTIR spectra indicated that the physical incorporation of EPS into the PLA matrix did not result in significant alterations to the characteristic structure of the PLA. The study found that there was no adverse effect of EPS incorporation on thermal stability, and that the maximum degradation temperature increased slightly, from 384.5 °C for neat PLA to 387.4 °C for PLA/5-EPS. The incorporation of EPS resulted in a modification of the optical and surface characteristics of the films. The 5 wt% formulation exhibited reduced visible transparency, a lower water contact angle (61.2°) and a higher instrument-derived surface energy (42.9 mJ m−2). Following the printing process, PLA/5-EPS demonstrated the lowest color difference (ΔE00 = 1.82) in relation to the printed reference sample. This finding suggests that PLA/5-EPS exhibits enhanced color reproduction capabilities when compared with unprinted PLA (ΔE00 = 4.71). However, no detectable inhibition zones against Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus were observed in the agar diffusion assay. The investigation established that EPS-KC66L modified the surface and printing-related properties of PLA films without compromising their thermal stability. Of the formulations examined, the 5 wt% formulation demonstrated the most favourable surface wettability and print colour reproduction. These findings demonstrate the potential of microbial EPS as a functional modifier for the development of sustainable and printable PLA-based packaging materials.
Keywords: PLA, Exopolysaccharide (EPS), Printability, Surface free energy, Ligilactobacillus salivarius

Abstract:
TThe increasing demand for safer food products and the growing concern over microbial contamination have accelerated the development of sustainable active packaging materials capable of extending shelf life and improving food safety. In this study, bio-based antibacterial paper coatings were developed using a starch matrix reinforced with surface-modified silver nanoparticles (m-AgNPs). The coating formulations were prepared with varying nanoparticle loadings (0, 1, 2.5, and 5 wt%) to investigate the influence of m-AgNP concentration on antibacterial performance and coating functionality. Prior to application, the rheological behavior of the coating dispersions was evaluated to ensure their suitability for coating processes. The formulations were subsequently applied onto paper substrates using an automatic laboratory-scale film applicator under controlled conditions. After drying, the coated papers were characterized in terms of coating deposition and antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial performance of the developed coatings was assessed against the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus using the disk diffusion method. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of surface-modified silver nanoparticles significantly enhanced the antibacterial performance of the starch-based coatings. Increasing nanoparticle concentration resulted in progressively larger inhibition zones, indicating a concentration-dependent antimicrobial effect. Among the investigated formulations, the coating containing 5 wt% m-AgNP exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains. The surface modification of silver nanoparticles improved their dispersion stability within the starch matrix, promoting more effective nanoparticle–polymer interactions and contributing to the formation of highly functional antimicrobial surfaces. The findings highlight the potential of starch/m-AgNP composite coatings as environmentally friendly and high-value alternatives to conventional petroleum-based active packaging materials. The developed system provides an effective strategy for integrating renewable biopolymers and nanotechnology to produce next-generation antibacterial paper packaging with enhanced food protection capabilities.
Keywords: Active food packaging, Starch coating, Surface-modified silver nanoparticles, Antibacterial paper, Sustainable packaging, Bio-based materials, Nanotechnology

Abstract:
This study investigated the development and colorimetric properties of pH-sensitive indicators by incorporating anthocyanins extracted from purple sweet potato into a starch matrix. The ability of pH-sensitive indicators to change color with variations in food conditions enables their application in real-time freshness and safety monitoring of food products. The assumption that purple sweet potato anthocyanins act as pH-sensitive indicators is based on well-established anthocyanin chemistry and experimentally observed color transitions under varying pH. In this study, anthocyanins were extracted from different purple sweet potato sources – fresh flesh, fresh peel, and dried peel – to evaluate their behavior. The aim was to determine which part of the purple sweet potato provides the greatest source of anthocyanins. The obtained extracts were incorporated into starch matrices based on maize and wheat starch. Bacterial nanocellulose was added to each matrix to enhance the functional performance of the produced films. The results of the research showed that fresh flesh extract provided the highest anthocyanin content (296.07 mg/100 g), followed by fresh peel (206.65 mg/100 g) and dried peel (115.72 mg/100 g). The colorimetric and optical differences between the produced films were observed for dry films and after their immersion in buffer solutions with pH values ranging from 3.0 to 10.0. All prepared films exhibited distinct pH-dependent color changes throughout the investigated pH range, with transitions from reddish-pink under acidic conditions through purple near neutral pH to green, blue, and teal shades under alkaline conditions. The fresh flesh extract generally produced the most pronounced color response, while the incorporation of bacterial nanocellulose preserved the pH-responsive behavior and modified the optical and colorimetric properties of the films, with more consistent color trajectories observed for some formulations, especially films with fresh peel extract and 30% bacterial nanocellulose. The findings demonstrate the potential for producing starch-based pH-sensitive films by incorporating anthocyanins extracted from purple sweet potato and bacterial nanocellulose. The developed bio-based films show potential for use as natural visual pH indicators in intelligent food-packaging applications.
Keywords: Smart packaging, pH indicators, Anthocyanins, Purple sweet potato, BNC, Starch matrix

Abstract:
Polymeric materials, especially polyethylene, are among the most widely used materials due to their mechanical properties, low price, and chemical resistance. However, its low surface free energy and poor wettability represent a major problem in cases where good adhesion of inks, adhesives, or coatings is necessary. The surface free energy of polymeric materials can be increased, for example, by corona, plasma, or flame treatment. This work focuses on monitoring the changes in the surface free energy of polyethylene film after corona treatment. The stability of this treatment was evaluated over time at different storage temperatures of the treated polyethylene film (10 °C, room temperature, and 40 °C). The surface free energy was evaluated by the sessile drop method based on the evaluation of the contact angles of four liquids (water, ethylene glycol, formamide and diiodomethane) on the OCA 50 device. The results show a significant decrease in the free surface energy during first day after corona treatment.
Keywords: Surface free energy, Polyethylene, Contact angle, Corona, Temperature influence

Abstract:
Strict EU PPWR and REACH regulations are pushing the packaging industry towards more sustainable and recyclable packaging materials. Although paper is an excellent sustainable and recyclable substrate, demanding packaging applications (e.g. barrier packaging papers) require functional coatings to provide appropriate barriers against moisture and grease and at the same time meet food contact safety requirements. Based on this demand, the presented study investigates the development of bio-based barrier coatings and their application on two different paper substrates (varying in grammage, surface and structural properties). Base papers were characterized for grammage, thickness, porosity (penetration dynamic analysis) and surface morphology (scanning electron microscopy). Following, four different bio-based coating solutions with different additives ((1) starch, (2) starch + bark-based CNF, (3) starch + bark-based CNF + AKD, (4) starch + bark-based CNF + PVA) were developed and applied on the selected base papers using the rod coating technique. The assessment of the coated paper samples regarding water vapour, oil and grease barrier properties was carried out. WVTR (at 50% and 85% RH), Cobb Unger, and KIT tests were evaluated and the results demonstrate how the selected paper base properties and coating formulation (with different additives) influence the barrier properties and provide solutions for over 95% bio-based barrier coating packaging paper. The results of the study showed that the greatest influence on the barrier properties had the base paper grammage and starch coating, while the additives provided fine-tuning of the final barrier performance.

Abstract:
Silicone elastomers can act as effective lubricants in the paper manufacturing process. They reduce friction between paper fibers and processing equipment, such as rollers and presses, thereby helping to prevent paper breakage and improving the overall efficiency of the production line. This research focuses on the formulation and characterization of silicone elastomer-based emulsions that can be used to improve paper properties. In the first part of the investigation, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to analyze the structural properties of the initial silicone elastomers. Following the successful emulsification process, a physicochemical characterization of the obtained system was performed. The quality and stability of the emulsion were evaluated through three key aspects. Particle size and the stability of the dispersed phase were investigated by dispersion analysis, which revealed a predominantly nanoscale droplet distribution with a smaller fraction of larger droplets. The oil-in-water emulsion type was accurately identified using conductometric measurements of the system's electrical conductivity. Surface properties and the interaction of the emulsion with a solid substrate were determined through contact angle measurements using an indirect method. The results indicated a low contact angle, which may present challenges for future applications. The obtained findings confirm the successful formulation of the emulsion and provide insight into the correlation between the structure of the initial elastomers and the final emulsion performance, enabling their precise application in improving paper quality.
Keywords: Silicone composites, Emulsification, Crosslink density, Conductometry, Dispersion analysis

Abstract:
Starch-based films are promising biodegradable alternatives to conventional polymeric materials. However, their poor mechanical properties and high affinity for water limit their practical applications. The combined effects of plasticizer and hydrophobic nanoparticle content on the mechanical and surface properties of starch-based films remain insufficiently understood. In this study, potato starch films containing glycerol and hydrophobic nano-silica were prepared and characterized for their mechanical properties and surface free energy. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effects of film composition and identify a formulation that balances mechanical and surface properties, with potential applications in printing technologies.
Keywords: Starch films, Mechanical properties, Surface free energy, Design of experiment, Response surface methodology

Abstract:
The development of sustainable adhesives from renewable resources represents an important step toward reducing the environmental impact of packaging materials. This study investigated four rice starch-based adhesive formulations (L1–L4), including systems modified with chitosan and alginate, for potential application in paper labels on glass packaging. The physicochemical properties were characterized by measuring pH, apparent viscosity, and non-volatile solids content, while mechanical performance was evaluated using tensile tests on three paper substrates (V1–V3) in the machine direction (MD) and cross-machine direction (CD). The adhesive formulations exhibited pH values between 5 and 7, apparent viscosities ranging from 2,500 to 5,000 mPa·s, and solids contents of 10–20%. L1 (starch–chitosan–alginate) demonstrated the highest viscosity (5,000 mPa·s) despite having the lowest solids content (10%), indicating that rheological behavior was strongly influenced by formulation composition rather than solids concentration alone. Mechanical testing revealed that adhesive with rice starch, chitosan and alginate exhibited the highest average maximum tensile force (3.98 N), whereas rice starch and alginate adhesive achieved the highest average elongation (30.3 mm). The maximum recorded tensile force was 5.1 N, while elongation reached 66.1 mm, demonstrating considerable differences among adhesive formulations, paper substrates, and testing directions. These findings highlight the importance of balancing rheological characteristics, mechanical resistance, and flexibility when designing bio-based adhesives. Overall, rice starch-based formulations showed promising potential for sustainable paper labeling applications. Further investigation of adhesive durability, washing resistance, and industrial processing performance is required to establish their suitability for wet-strength and removable labels on glass packaging.
Keywords: Rice starch-based adhesives, Bio-based adhesives, Chitosan, Alginate, Tensile properties, Paper labels, Sustainable packaging

Abstract:
The physical environment in which learning takes place has increasingly been recognized as an important factor influencing students' motivation, emotions, and academic performance. Contemporary approaches to the design of educational environments emphasize the need for evidence-based planning that considers students' experiences and learning preferences. The aim of this study was to identify the spatial characteristics that students perceive as contributing most significantly to productive learning and to examine how different design elements influence their perception of educational spaces. The research was conducted through a questionnaire administered to fifty students of the Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad. The survey investigated students' preferences regarding learning methods, spatial organization, environmental comfort, collaborative spaces, and architectural characteristics of learning environments. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and interpretation of students' evaluations. The findings indicate that students consider individual learning to be the most productive learning approach, while learning during lectures received the lowest evaluation. Functional characteristics of learning environments, particularly ergonomic furniture, adequate thermal comfort, and appropriate equipment, were identified as the most influential factors affecting learning productivity. Conversely, decorative elements such as colors and interior aesthetics were found to have a considerably lower impact. Nevertheless, students expressed a clear preference for modern, well-lit, technologically equipped learning environments and recognized the value of dedicated spaces for relaxation and informal interaction as contributors to collaboration, knowledge exchange, and academic motivation. The results suggest that improvements to higher education learning environments should prioritize functionality, comfort, and adaptability rather than purely aesthetic interventions. The study contributes to the growing body of research supporting evidence-based design approaches in educational space design and provides practical guidelines for the planning and renovation of university learning spaces.
Keywords: Learning environments, Higher education, Learning productivity, Educational space, Students' perceptions

Abstract:
The rapid development of generative artificial intelligence (genAI) is reshaping higher education by transforming learning processes, teaching practices, and creative disciplines such as graphic design. Despite the growing adoption of genAI tools, empirical evidence on their use and perceived impact among graphic arts students remains limited. This study examines the frequency and purposes of genAI use, students' perceptions of its benefits and risks, and the relationships between AI literacy, usage patterns, and responsible use in higher education. Data were collected through an anonymous online questionnaire completed by 202 undergraduate and postgraduate graphic arts students at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana. Descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis were used to examine the data. The findings indicate that most students are familiar with genAI and use it regularly, primarily to explain course content, generate ideas, write academic texts, summarise materials, and search for information. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between self-assessed knowledge of genAI and the frequency of its use, suggesting that greater familiarity with the technology encourages its integration into academic work. However, no statistically significant relationships were identified between self-assessed AI literacy and either the perceived benefits and risks of genAI or students' self-control in using these tools. Participants recognised substantial advantages, including increased efficiency, time savings, and improved access to information, while simultaneously expressing concerns about unreliable outputs, plagiarism, reduced critical thinking, ethical issues, privacy, and dependence on technology. The results show that effective integration of genAI into graphic art education requires not only technical proficiency but also the systematic development of AI literacy, critical evaluation skills, ethical awareness, and clear institutional guidelines for responsible and sustainable use.
Keywords: Generative artificial intelligence (genAI), Graphic arts students, AI literacy, Self-control, Technology dependence, Ethics

Abstract:
The increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in graphic engineering, design and desktop publishing has created a need for educational environments that combine structured instructional materials with on-demand learner support. This paper presents the second development phase of the ASKING educational platform, referred to as ASKING AI+, in which a dedicated AI chatbot is integrated into the existing multimedia learning environment. The original ASKING platform provides practical lessons for Adobe, Affinity and Microsoft Office applications in text-and-image, video and AI-avatar formats. These instructional modalities have already been examined in two controlled student studies, providing an empirical basis for further platform development. The new ASKING Assistant is configured to answer domain-specific questions, explain practical procedures step by step, support troubleshooting and design decisions, and generate formative quizzes on request. The assistant prioritizes the platform knowledge base and is accessible from the platform homepage and from the end of each lesson, allowing learners to request help at the point of need. The paper describes the development rationale, chatbot configuration, website integration and the relationship between the new conversational layer and findings from the previous evaluations. A dedicated student evaluation of the chatbot-enhanced platform is planned as the next research stage, with particular emphasis on perceived additional learning support, usefulness of question answering and quizzes, clarity, learner control and objective learning outcomes.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Educational platform, AI chatbot, Graphic engineering education, Desktop Publishing, Formative assessment, Multimedia learning

Abstract:
This study explores how industrial graphic heritage can contribute to the contemporary teaching of graphic technologies and design through Project-Based Learning (PBL) and university-industry collaboration. It analyses, as an exploratory case study, the project «Celebrating 140 Years of Tipografia Lousanense», developed by the Polytechnic University of Tomar (Portugal) in collaboration with Gráfica Lousanense. Using PBL as a pedagogical framework, this initiative involved undergraduate students in Design and Graphic Arts Technology in observing production processes, engaging with company specialists and creating communication materials to meet the company’s specific needs. The results suggest that industrial graphic heritage can function simultaneously as a cultural resource and a learning context, bringing together technical knowledge, design practice and professional engagement. The project also produced audiovisual content, graphic objects and exhibition materials that help to publicly communicate the history of this printing company. Although centred on a single case, the study highlights the potential of heritage-related educational projects to develop professional skills and support their public appreciation.
Keywords: Industrial heritage, Graphic technologies education, Graphic design education, Project-based learning

Abstract:
This paper presents Kis magyaróra (Little Hungarian Lesson), an artistic research project that explores visualization and drawing as aids in learning the Hungarian language. Building on Rudolf Arnheim's understanding of visual thinking as equal to verbal thinking, the project develops a personal visual system in which linguistic structures, word formation, and other specificities of the language are translated into drawings, expressive typography, and mnemonic images. The theoretical framework connects medieval memory culture, semiotics, the Gestalt principle of closure in comics, and Jacques Rancière's notion of intellectual emancipation. The results are a series of three risograph-printed zines, each accompanied by a poster and a learning card. The project argues that learning can be a creative rather than a merely reproductive process, and that a personal visual system can become readable to others when it relies on shared, collective experience.
Keywords: Drawing, Semiotics, Visual learning, Mnemonic image, Visualization, Hungarian language

Abstract:
Packaging design projects in the classroom are usually judged in the studio, up close, with full control over lighting, scale, and context. But a real shelf does not offer any of that. This paper looks at three student designed brand systems, Lapinette, Crema Bianca, and PECK, developed in a Fall 2025 undergraduate Package Design course at the American University in Dubai (AUD), and asks a simple question: does packaging that succeeds in a studio critique also succeed on a shelf? Each brand was built from concept to final production and evaluated through instructor and peer critique once completed. What came out of this critique is what this paper calls a translation problem: even the strongest, most carefully researched projects showed gaps once shelf conditions were considered, mainly around legibility at a distance and how clearly color communicated flavor or category. The critique also surfaced a second finding worth separating out, that being noticed on a shelf and being wanted enough to buy are not the same thing. Rather than treating these gaps as mistakes, this paper argues they point to something useful for design education: that the studio and the shelf are simply testing different skills, and that packaging design courses would benefit from treating the shelf itself.
Keywords: Packaging design education, Shelf visibility, Practice-based research, Retail context, Design pedagogy

Abstract:
Working as a teacher, professor, or instructor involves many roles, one of the most important being the conveyance of knowledge to students. Or is it? A shifting and unstable job market, inaccessible equipment, a lack of information, and many other factors represent obstacles that should be addressed in order to update a potentially obsolete curriculum and remain current. In addition, the emerging use of machine learning tools raises questions about the educational system as a whole and the way it conveys knowledge and adapts its programs and curricula to this new environment. The ever-changing job market also influences the way teachers approach designing their classes and how they interact with students. This paper examines the existing literature on different practices for teaching game development in order to better understand contemporary teaching frameworks. It also investigates different methods of teaching video game development to contribute to the scientific community and the existing body of research. As a result of this investigation, a comparison of the reviewed literature, and insights gained from three years of conducting various courses and programs in the field of game development, several suggestions for teaching approaches and possible future directions are proposed in the hope of improving the way game development is taught in schools and universities, and perhaps even help changing how the educational system is perceived in today's rapidly changing world.
Keywords: Video game development, Education, Video game, Curriculum development, Studio-based learning, Project-based learning, Teaching frameworks, Mentorship

Abstract:
The transition from a computer-aided design (CAD) model to physical fabrication is a critical stage in the development of Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs). Despite the efficiency of computational approaches for accelerating the design and optimization of complex geometry forms, the physical validation of these digital models remains a key step to ensure their viability. The proposed paper offers a holistic case study on the fabrication of parametrically designed USVs using 3D printing technologies. The primary objective is to evaluate the practical constructability of the algorithmically generated geometries in order to transform them into tangible products. The physical prototypes are evaluated based on the following parameters: printability, structural continuity of segmented hull parts, surface smoothness, and assembly capabilities. Based on the findings, the integration of additive manufacturing into a parametric design workflow can be established within a reliable framework considering manufacturing methods and assembly strategies that the product requires depending on its operational conditions.
Keywords: Unmanned surface vessels, 3D printing, Rapid prototyping, Computational design, Modular assembly, Fabrication

Abstract:
Skateboard and surfskate decks are typically built from multi-ply laminates whose stiffness is largely uniform across the board, regardless of how load is distributed in use. This case study explores an alternative: a single deck whose internal lattice varies in strut thickness and cell layout according to a local load-intensity field. Using Grasshopper for Rhinoceros 3D, a parametric deck is generated, the field is thresholded into four bands (rigid core, transition, compliant mid-span, edge), and each band is populated with a strut lattice and meshed volumetrically (OpenVDB) for fused filament fabrication (FFF). In this first prototype the field is an analytic proxy based on distance to the truck mounts, not a finite element result; coupling to Karamba3D shell analysis is the immediate next step. The workflow is demonstrated on a 240 mm reduced-scale PLA deck that follows the longitudinal camber and includes strut-free zones at the truck-mount positions, generated by suppressing struts locally rather than by a post-hoc Boolean cut. Hand loading showed the rigid core held as intended, while the thinnest struts in the compliant and edge bands fractured rather than flexed, indicating PLA is unsuitable for this strut geometry at this scale. The aim is to show, through one concrete example, that load-informed lattice grading is a feasible route to digitally fabricated, single-piece sports equipment, and to document the pipeline and its current simplifications as groundwork for a more general design method.
Keywords: Case study, Functionally graded lattices, Generative design, Additive manufacturing, Sports equipment design

Abstract:
Everyday products such as handbags have fixed geometries that cannot adapt to changing loads. Auxetic lattices, which expand laterally when stretched, offer one route to adaptive form, but they have mainly been explored in engineering and wearable-tech contexts rather than in everyday consumer products. This paper presents a case study applying auxetic design to a 3D-printed handbag. Using Rhino and Grasshopper with the Linketix plugin, we built a parametric tote whose four planar walls carry a rotating-unit auxetic pattern driven by a single deployment parameter. A quadrilateral (rotating-square) configuration was developed into a complete bag, with hinge necks between cells and handle attachment holes and rings located parametrically from the handle geometry so that the handles stay usable at every deployment state. A triangular configuration was generated at lattice level for comparison. A prototype of the bag body, without handles or rings, was printed in a flexible TPU and tested by hand to assess expansion and shape recovery. This case study offers an initial, concrete example of how load-responsive auxetic structures might be applied to adaptive consumer products, and as a starting point for a more general design workflow to be developed in future work.
Keywords: Auxetic structures, Negative Poisson's ratio, 3D printing, TPU, Parametric design, Grasshopper, Adaptive products, Handbag design

Abstract:
Lattice structures are extremely useful geometric structures that can exhibit a broad range of desired mechanical properties, allowing them to be tailor-made for specific purposes. However, manufacturing of such structures using traditional methods is difficult or even impossible. 3D printing technologies enable vastly easier production of such structures, allowing for easy and fast production of mechanically tuneable materials. While such structures can have any density, low-density variants provide certain properties that can be desirable in a broad spectrum of applications. This paper explores the tuning and production of one such type of lattice structure using desktop FDM 3D printers, with a special emphasis on lowest possible density that can be achieved. Lattice structures are derived from modified selected parametric infill patterns available in the slicer software. Structures are produced using Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate with optimised manufacturing parameters that allow for low-density lattice production.
Keywords: 3D printing, Lattice, Infill, FDM

Abstract:
The digitalization of cultural heritage represents an important field in contemporary museum object preservation, enabling documentation, research, virtual presentation, and long-term archiving without direct intervention in original artifacts. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of various non-contact technologies for acquiring geometric and visual information from museum objects and to create accurate digital twins of these artifacts. The research was conducted in collaboration with the National Museum of Slovenia and focused on selected examples of silver-plated tableware manufactured around 1900. The acquisition of these objects posed significant challenges due to the high reflectivity of metallic surfaces, complex geometries, and the presence of fine reliefs and decorative details. Within the experimental framework, several acquisition technologies were compared, including laser triangulation, structured light scanning, and photogrammetry. Initial test acquisitions were performed using the EinScan HX system, which supports both laser triangulation and structured light scanning. Simultaneously, photogrammetric acquisition was carried out using flash photography and diffuse illumination. Subsequently, a David 3D structured-light system was employed to capture both geometric and color information from the selected objects. Based on the preliminary results, the research focused on optimizing the photogrammetric workflow through the introduction of polarization filters to reduce unwanted reflections. Further improvements included the use of two polarized light sources and the development of a semi-automated background removal procedure, which significantly enhanced the quality of geometric reconstruction. As an additional improvement, the use of the X-Rite ColorChecker Passport color reference target was proposed to ensure greater color accuracy of the captured models. The results demonstrate that appropriately optimized photogrammetry combined with polarized illumination can provide an effective solution for the acquisition of challenging museum objects. The study contributes to the development of cultural heritage digitalization methodologies and provides a foundation for the creation of high-quality digital twins of museum artifacts.
Keywords: Silver plated museum objects, Digital twin, Photogrammetry, 3D acquisition, Structured-light scanning, Laser triangulation

Abstract:
Tesnière's atlas, published in 1925 and translated into Slovene in 2022, is the first geolinguistic atlas of the Slavic languages as a whole. It represents a form of linguistic heritage that we aim to preserve and pass on to younger generations through digitisation. The atlas is currently available as a printed publication and as a static PDF. Our goal is to transform this static atlas into an interactive web-based resource that enables students and researchers to explore linguistic data dynamically through interactive maps, spatial visualisations, and advanced search. In addition, the digital version will support the integration and reuse of linguistic data across applications and research environments. This article presents the methodology and workflow used to digitise the atlas and prepare its linguistic and geospatial data for the future development of an interactive web atlas. Linguistic reflexes and information about maps and locations were manually transcribed, reviewed, and organised in a multi-sheet Excel workbook. Scanned maps were georeferenced in a GIS environment, and survey locations and linguistic areas were digitised as point and polygon features. The spatial data were exported as GeoJSON files and visually verified in a web environment before being aggregated with the tabular data, transformed, and validated using a custom Python processing pipeline. The resulting four interconnected datasets cover 65 digitised maps and contain 284 locations, 394 linguistic areas, and 6,329 reflexes. These datasets support visualisation, analysis, and reuse across different applications and research environments. Our future work will focus on their use in a fully functional interactive web atlas. However, the workflow presented here is not limited to Tesnière’s atlas and can be applied to the digitisation of other historical linguistic atlases and similar cultural heritage collections.
Keywords: Digitisation, Linguistic atlas, GIS, Georeferencing, Cultural heritage